Aggressive superficial acral fibromyxoma of the great toe: A case report and mini-review of the literature

Introduction

Benign soft tissue tumors with aggressive features are commonly encountered in clinical practice. When lesions are found on the toes or digits, one possible differential diagnosis is superficial acral fibromyxoma, a rare myxoid tumor with few cases described (1). Among them, superficial acral fibromyxoma is a relatively uncommon, slow-progressing, benign tumor. Superficial acral fibromyxoma sometimes leads to bone erosion, but a case with this characteristic in a great toe has not yet been reported. Herein, we describe a very rare clinical case in which such a lesion was found.

Case report

We describe the case of a 37-year-old male kickboxer, who presented with a lump under the nail of his left great toe. The lesion had been rapidly growing for the previous 6 months and measured about 2.4×2.7 cm at presentation (Fig. 1A and B). The patient associated the onset of the lesion with kickboxing, but there had not been any trauma to the region. When he first noticed the mass, the patient did not experience any pain; however, he subsequently developed pain and as a result visited Kindai University Hospital (Osaka, Japan). Radiographic imaging showed an osteolytic lesion of the distal phalanx bone (Fig. 1C). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a T1 low, T2 high intensity lobular, cyst-like nodule under the nail (Fig. 1D and E). The MRI also showed a tumor infiltrating the distal phalanx bone. Surgical excision of the tumor with primary closure was performed, with the purpose performing a biopsy (Fig. 2A and B). The tumor was excised piece by piece with transverse skin incision. The nails, including the nail bed, were preserved. The tumor had partially invaded to the distal phalanx bone. The lesion had a firm consistency and was a light pink color (Fig. 2C). Histologically, spindle-shaped cells had proliferated in the myxocollagenous interstitium (Fig. 3A). No evidence of cellular atypia or mitotic figures was found. The immunohistochemical study revealed positivity for CD34 (sc-74499; dilution, 1:100) and negativity for S100 protein (sc-53438; dilution, 1:200), α-smooth muscle actin (sc-53142; dilution, 1:200) (all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), epithelial membrane antigen (M0613; dilution, 1:400; Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, USA), and desmin (60226-1-Ig; dilution, 1:50; Cosmo Bio, Tokyo, Japan) in the neoplastic cells (Fig. 3B-F). The diagnosis was superficial acral fibromyxoma. At 24 months of follow-up, the patient had no symptoms or signs of recurrence. Radiography of the bone after treatment showed no erosive lesion.

Figure 1. (A and B) Tumor appearance. (C) X-ray image of coronal view. Magnetic resonance sagittal images; (D) T1 weighted image, (E) T2 weighted image. (A and B) Budging of the nail was observed. (C-E) In the distal phalanx, bone erosion and invasion of the tumor mass were observed.

Figure 2. (A and B) Surgical findings. (C) Resected specimen, showing a light pink color.

Figure 3. (A) Histological findings of hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that spindle-shaped cells had proliferated in the myxocollagenous interstitium. (B) Immunohistochemistry showed cells with positive staining for CD34, but no positively stained cells were observed for (C) α-smooth muscle actin, (D) S-100, (E) epithelial membrane antigen or (F) desmin.

Discussion

Superficial acral fibromyxoma is a very rare soft tissue tumor that was first described in 2001 by Fetsch et al (1). It is a slow-growing tumor (median duration of ~3 years) with a preponderance in men (male/female ratio of 2:1) and a mean age at presentation of 43 (range, 4–86) years (1,2). The most frequently affected sites are the subungual and periungual regions of the toes or digits (2). Previously, superficial acral fibromyxoma of the great toe had been described in 8 cases (Table I) (3–8). Superficial acral fibromyxoma rarely occurs on the volar surface of the digits (1). In the current case, the tumor occurred on the volar side of the great toe under the nail. It presented as a single, relatively rapid-growing, and generally painless mass. Previous trauma of the affected site has only been reported in a very small number of cases (1,9). Previous superficial acral fibromyxoma of the great toe has also been reported to be slow-growing (3–8). Only two cases have been described in which the patients experienced pain, and only one case involved a patient with a traumatic history (Table I). In the current case, the patient showed a painful rapid-growing tumor without a traumatic history. Despite the absence of trauma, it was suggested that chronic stimulation may have promoted tumor growth and lead to the rapid growth rate. In ~36% of superficial acral fibromyxoma cases, bone involvement may be present in the form of erosion (2), like in our case. Cases involving the great toe have shown no features of erosion or lytic bone lesions (Table I). We hypothesized that chronic stimulation may have promoted the invasion of the bone.

Table I. Superficial acral fibromyxoma originating from a great toe.

Table I.

Superficial acral fibromyxoma originating from a great toe.

Authors, year	Demographic data	Erosion or lytic lesion of bone	Reactivity	Management	Recurrence	(Refs.)
Wakabayashi et al, 2012	51 years, female	–	CD10+,CD34+,	2-mm	NR	(3)
	14 months history		VIM+, CD99+,	wide margin
	No trauma		HMB45−, EMA−,
	painless		S-100−, α-SMA−
Schwager et al, 2015	N=3	–		Marginal excision	NR	(4)
	35 years, male		CD34+, S-100−,
	12 months history		XIII−
	No trauma
	Pain+
	47 years, male		CD34+, S-100−
	12 months history
	No trauma
	Painless
	45 years, female		CD34+, S-100−
	12 months history
	No trauma
	Painless
Raghupathi et al, 2015	27 years, female		N/A	Marginal excision	NR	(5)
	2 years history
	No trauma
	painless	–
Moon et al, 2015	46 years, female	–	CD68+, CD99+,	Surgical excision	NR	(6)
	2 years history		CD34−, S-100−	of the distal phalanx
	No trauma
	painless
Braga et al, 2017	88 years, male	–	CD34+, CD99+,	Marginal excision	NR	(7)
	10 years history		EMA−, S-100+
	Trauma
	Painless
Robati et al, 2017	18 years, female	–	CD99+, CD34−,	Marginal excision	NR	(8)
	2 years history		SMA+, VIM+
	No trauma
	Painless
Current case	37 years, male	+	CD34+, S-100-,	Marginal excision	NR
	6 months history		EMA-, α-SMA-,
	No trauma		desmin-
	Painless

[i] NR, no recurrence; N/A, not available; VIM, vimentin; EMA, epithelial membrane antigen; α-SMA, smooth muscle actin.

Simple resection is the basic treatment of superficial acral fibromyxoma (1,2). Although the recurrence rate is ~20%, no malignant transformation has been documented (1,2,9). All cases of superficial acral fibromyxoma of the toe that were treated with marginal resection showed no recurrence (Table I).

Macroscopically, superficial acral fibromyxoma is a non-capsulated, gelatinous or solid lesion with a size range of 0.6 to 5.0 cm. It is located in the dermis and can extend to the subcutaneous tissue. On histologic examination, it consists of a proliferation of fibroblast-like cells with a myxocollagenous matrix. Mild nuclear atypia and mitotic figures are infrequently seen. Most reported cases are immunohistochemically positive for CD34 and CD99 and negative for epithelial membrane antigen, although the staining for these markers is variable. No reactivity is observed for S100 (1,2,10). Superficial acral fibromyxomas of the great toe show varied immunohistochemical features (Table I). We finally reached a diagnosis with histological findings of hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunopositive findings of CD34.

The differential diagnosis of superficial acral fibromyxoma includes fibroma of the tendon sheath, myxoid neurofibroma, glomus tumor, giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath, sclerosing perineuroma, acral fibrokeratoma, cutaneous myxoma, myxoinflammatory acral fibroblastic sarcoma, fibrous histiocytoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. In particular, superficial acral fibromyxoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of glomus tumors when they develop under the nail. The histologic features seen on immunohistochemical analysis are used to distinguish superficial acral fibromyxoma from these other lesions (1,2,10).

There are some limitations in the current study. First, we could not detect CD99 in the specimen by immunohistochemistry. However, we reached a diagnosis with other histological observations including hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunopositive findings. Second, we did not conduct a biopsy before resecting the tumor. We should have treated the tumor carefully because the radiological findings were doubtful for malignancy.

In conclusion, we described a rapid-growing superficial acral fibromyxoma of a great toe with bone erosion. If a soft tissue tumor occurs under the nail, we should suspect superficial acral fibromyxoma and we also should keep in mind that such tumors can grow aggressively.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

KH, SN, HT, NO and RK were involved in the acquisition of data. KH, SN and NO analyzed the data. MA made substantial contributions to conception and design and analysis and interpretation of data. KH and MA prepared the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Ethics Committee of the Kindai University Faculty of Medicine approved the present study, and the patient provided informed consent to participate.

Patient consent for publication

The patient provided written informed consent.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

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References