Perforated gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the small intestine: A rare case of Torricelli-Bernoulli sign

Introduction

The Torricelli-Bernoulli sign (T-B sign) (1) is observed by computed tomography (CT) when an ulcerated/necrotic submucosal gastrointestinal tumor releases air bubbles into the intestinal lumen (2). Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originate from Cajal cells (intestinal pacemaker cells) in the interstitial tissues of the gastrointestinal wall. While more than 90% of GISTs express the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit on the cell surface, some tumors are negative for c-kit (3). Immunohistochemistry is needed to confirm the diagnosis of GIST (4). Approximately 70% of these tumors occur in the stomach, followed by 20–30% in the small intestine and 10% elsewhere in the intestines (5,6). There are no characteristic symptoms/signs of GIST, but it commonly causes fever, abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, intestinal bleeding, or intestinal obstruction (7–11). We encountered a patient who had perforated intestinal GIST associated with the T-B sign. We performed a PubMed search for previous reports about perforated intestinal GIST used the keywords ‘perforated GIST’, ‘free air’, and ‘small intestine’, and we identified 6 articles (12–17). One of these articles reported a mass with an air/fluid level, but did not mention the T-B sign (17). We also conducted a search including the term ‘T-B sign’, but could not identify any additional literature. Accordingly, this rare case of perforated GIST with the T-B sign is reported here.

Case report

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and his family for publication of this case report and the accompanying images. The patient was a 75-year-old man with a history of appendectomy, gastric ulcer, and old pulmonary tuberculosis. He was being treated for diabetes at a local clinic. In early March 2017, he developed acute abdominal pain and was referred to Tokai University Oiso hospital. At the initial examination, his height was 170 cm, weight was 65 kg, pulse rate was 115/min (sinus rhythm), blood pressure was 115/85 mmHg, and body temperature was 36.4°C. Conjunctival pallor suggesting anemia was observed, but there was no jaundice. Rebound tenderness was detected, particularly in the lower right abdomen. Due to exacerbation of pain, acute abdomen was diagnosed. Laboratory tests revealed a white blood cell (WBC) count of 19000/µl and elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) to 17.95 mg/dl. Hb was 8.8 g/dl, indicating anemia. Blood glucose was 191 mg/dl and HbA1c was 8.3%. CT scans revealed an intestinal mass lesion with so called T-B sign which showed mass with an air/fluid level and free gas in the lower right abdomen, findings corresponding to the T-B sign, as well as another intestinal tumor with adjacent nodules that were considered to represent peritoneal dissemination (Fig. 1). Based on these findings, a perforated intestinal tumor with dissemination was diagnosed. Emergency surgery was conducted via a midline lower abdominal incision. A small amount of purulent opaque ascites was observed in the lower right abdomen. There was an ileal tumor located about 30 cm from the ileocecal junction showing adhesion to the greater omentum and peritoneal dissemination was observed in the surrounding area. After partial resection of the small intestine, part of the greater omentum was also resected and peritoneal sampling was conducted. The postoperative clinical course was uncomplicated and the patient was discharged at 11 days after surgery. Examination of the resected specimen revealed an ileal tumor with extramural growth and a diameter of 55 mm. Whitish exudate was present on the serosal surface of the tumor and there was a deep necrotic ulcer at the luminal surface (Fig. 2A). Multiple paraffin blocks were prepared and processed in a routine manner. Then sections were cut and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or for immunohistochemistry. Histopathological examination revealed a submucosal tumor composed of proliferating spindle-shaped cells with a mucoid interstitium. The tumor cells were epithelioid-like and had strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm, with 5 mitotic figures per 50 high power fields. The serosal surface of the tumor was coated with fibrin and inflammatory or necrotic exudate. These findings were consistent with tumor perforation (Fig. 2B and C). The intraperitoneal masses had similar cellular architecture to the primary tumor and were diagnosed as peritoneal dissemination. Immunohistochemistry was positive for CD34, c-kit, DOG1, and Ki-67 (MIB-1) in 15% of the tumor cells, while SMA, S100, and desmin were negative. The tumor was high risk according to the Miettinenn classification/modified-Fletcher classification. According to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)/TNM classification (7th edition, 2009), the diagnosis was pT3, pN1, M0, Stage IV.

Figure 1. Abdominal contrast CT scan. There is an intestinal tumor in the right lower abdomen, with the T-B sign and air inside the tumor (arrow).

Figure 2. Resected specimen. (A) Macroscopic appearance, an ulcer (arrow) is observed in the small intestine at the site of a tumor with extramural growth (arrowhead). (B) Thin section, the submucosal tumor shows necrosis and ulceration with necrotic exudate on the serosal surface, indicating perforation. (C) Histopathological findings, the tumor architecture is diverse. GIST was diagnosed by immunohistochemistry.

CT scanning and abdominal ultrasound were conducted at one month postoperatively, with ultrasound detecting 3 hepatic metastases <10 mm in diameter that were not confirmed by CT. Oral administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib resulted in disappearance of the peritoneal lesions, while cystic degeneration of the metastatic liver tumors was seen on both CT and abdominal ultrasound. Treatment is ongoing at 9 months after surgery and there has been no evidence of recurrence.

Discussion

The Torricelli-Bernoulli (T-B) sign (1) is based on Torricelli's law proposed by Evangelista Torricelli (18) and the Bernoulli principle proposed by Daiel Bernoulli (19). This sign occurs when internal necrosis of a submucosal tumor (leiomyosarcoma or GIST) is associated with ulceration into the intestinal lumen, releasing a stream of air bubbles that can be visualized by diagnostic imaging (2). It is rare for an intestinal GIST ≤5 cm in diameter to develop ulceration, and it has been reported that the T-B sign generally occurs in patients with tumors ≥6 cm in size (20). Our patient's tumor was only 5.5 cm in diameter, but the T-B sign was still observed after it underwent necrosis.

While CT is most frequently used for preoperative imaging in patients with intestinal tumors (21), MRI is also useful for the detection of rectal GIST and liver metastasis (22). To confirm the diagnosis of GIST, immunohistochemistry should be performed on a tumor specimen to detect c-kit (a receptor tyrosine kinase protein encoded by kit) and CD34, as well as using the monoclonal antibody DOG1 to stain chloride ion channel protein, with the positive rate being ≥80–90% for these markers (3,23). However, our patient had acute abdomen and required emergency surgery, so biopsy of the lesion could not be performed for diagnosis. Our patient's tumor showed positive immunostaining for c-kit, CD34, and DOG1, confirming the diagnosis of intestinal GIST (22).

GIST is considered to originate from Cajal cells in the interstitial tissue of the gastrointestinal wall, which are pacemaker cells that regulate intestinal motility (4). Approximately 25–35% of GISTs arise in the small intestine, while the most frequent site is the stomach, accounting for 60–70%. The colon, rectum, and esophagus are uncommon sites for GIST (<10% each) (8). Small GISTs ≤2 cm in diameter are usually asymptomatic and are generally found incidentally by imaging examinations or during surgery for other diseases. Most of these small tumors are benign (8) There are no characteristic signs of intestinal GIST (22), but patients frequently develop fever, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Other symptoms include intestinal bleeding, fatigue related to anemia, and respiratory distress (8–11). At diagnosis, ~50% of patients already have liver metastasis and peritoneal dissemination (8,24,25). The first-line treatment for GIST is surgery, if the tumor is resectable (26,27). Our patient presented with tumor perforation and acute abdomen, so emergency surgery with small bowel resection was required. However, peritoneal dissemination was observed during surgery (mainly in the lower right abdomen) and liver metastases were detected by postoperative imaging.

Administration of imatinib, a first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor was initiated after surgery (28). Follow-up imaging after initiation of imatinib therapy revealed cystic degeneration of liver metastases and disappearance of the peritoneal lesions, suggesting that this treatment was effective. In patients with severe adverse reactions to imatinib or those who show an insufficient response, second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors like sunitinib or regorafenib have been reported to be effective (29–31).

Preoperative diagnosis of intestinal GIST is quite challenging and immunohistochemical staining is required for confirmation. However, detection of the T-B sign on CT may be a useful diagnostic clue in patients with a perforated submucosal tumor.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets obtained and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

TT and TN conceived and designed this case report. TT wrote the initial draft of the report. MT, TO and LFC acquired the data in the surgical field. TO and KM acquired the data in the diagnostic imaging. HS supervised the study and critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Written informed consent for surgery was obtained from the patient.

Patient consent for publication

Written informed consent for publication of the present report was obtained from the patient.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Glossary

Abbreviations

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References