Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular and Clinical Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9450 Online ISSN: 2049-9469
Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 10 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 10 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Case Report

Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report

  • Authors:
    • Nobuki Furubayashi
    • Takahito Negishi
    • Tomoharu Uozumi
    • Dai Takamatsu
    • Koichi Shiraishi
    • Daisuke Hirose
    • Motonobu Nakamura
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka 811‑1395, Japan
  • Pages: 304-308
    |
    Published online on: November 30, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2018.1781
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Nivolumab is a monoclonal immunoglobulin G antibody blocking programmed death receptor‑1 (PD‑1) that promotes the restoration of the natural T‑cell‑mediated immune response against cancer cells; however, it also causes a number of autoimmune‑related adverse events (irAEs) that often involve the endocrine system. The present report describes a 71‑year‑old man with clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis in the lung. Following the 14th course of nivolumab therapy, the patient complained of general malaise, loss of appetite and mild consciousness disturbance. Laboratory tests revealed a severely elevated eosinophil ratio (26.2%) and low sodium value (122 mmol/l). Endocrine system tests revealed that the patient's adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; 4.5 pg/ml) and cortisol (0.1 µg/dl) levels were lower than normal, while those of other pituitary hormones were higher than normal. This case was therefore diagnosed as isolated ACTH deficiency induced by nivolumab. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed normal pituitary glands. Hydrocortisone replacement therapy improved the clinical symptoms early and enabled the patient to restart nivolumab therapy. Isolated ACTH deficiency due to nivolumab, a PD‑1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody, is a rare occurrence. This report may be useful for avoiding delays in the diagnosis and treatment of this life‑threatening irAE even if no pituitary abnormalities are identified via MRI.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Xu JX, Maher VE, Zhang L, Tang S, Sridhara R, Ibrahim A, Kim G and Pazdur R: FDA approval summary: Nivolumab in advanced renal cell carcinoma after anti-angiogenic therapy and exploratory predictive biomarker analysis. Oncologist. 22:311–317. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Gianchecchi E, Delfino DV and Fierabracci A: Recent insights into the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in immunological tolerance and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 12:1091–1100. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Postow MA, Sidlow R and Hellmann MD: Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med. 378:158–168. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, Gonzalez R, Robert C, Schadendorf D, Hassel JC, et al: Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 363:711–723. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, Dutriaux C, Maio M, Mortier L, Hassel JC, Rutkowski P, McNeil C, Kalinka-Warzocha E, et al: Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med. 372:320–330. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Weber JS, D'Angelo SP, Minor D, Hodi FS, Gutzmer R, Neyns B, Hoeller C, Khushalani NI, Miller WH Jr, Lao CD, et al: Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma who progressed after anti-CTLA-4 treatment (CheckMate 037): A randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 16:375–384. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE, Chow LQ, Vokes EE, Felip E, Holgado E, et al: Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 373:1627–1639. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, George S, Hammers HJ, Srinivas S, Tykodi SS, Sosman JA, Procopio G, Plimack ER, et al: Nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 373:1803–1813. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ferris RL, Blumenschein G Jr, Fayette J, Guigay J, Colevas AD, Licitra L, Harrington K, Kasper S, Vokes EE, Even C, et al: Nivolumab for recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 375:1856–1867. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Younes A, Santoro A, Shipp M, Zinzani PL, Timmerman JM, Ansell S, Armand P, Fanale M, Ratanatharathorn V, Kuruvilla J, et al: Nivolumab for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma after failure of both autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin: A multicentre, multicohort, single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 17:1283–1294. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kang YK, Boku N, Satoh T, Ryu MH, Chao Y, Kato K, Chung HC, Chen JS, Muro K, Kang WK, et al: Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 390:2461–2471. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Weber JS, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD, Topalian SL, Schadendorf D, Larkin J, Sznol M, Long GV, Li H, Waxman IM, et al: Safety profile of nivolumab monotherapy: A pooled analysis of patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 35:785–792. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Byun DJ, Wolchok JD, Rosenberg LM and Girotra M: Cancer immunotherapy-immune checkpoint blockade and associated endocrinopathies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 13:195–207. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Naidoo J, Page DB, Li BT, Connell LC, Schindler K, Lacouture ME, Postow MA and Wolchok JD: Toxicities of the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint antibodies. Ann Oncol. 26:2375–2391. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Carvajal RD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB, et al: Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 366:2443–2454. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crinò L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, et al: Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 373:123–135. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Gettinger SN, Horn L, Gandhi L, Spigel DR, Antonia SJ, Rizvi NA, Powderly JD, Heist RS, Carvajal RD, Jackman DM, et al: Overall survival and long-term safety of nivolumab (Anti-Programmed Death 1 Antibody, BMS-936558, ONO-4538) in patients with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 33:2004–2012. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, Redman BG, Kuzel TM, Harrison MR, Vaishampayan UN, Drabkin HA, George S, Logan TF, et al: Nivolumab for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results of a randomized phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 33:1430–1437. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Rizvi NA, Mazières J, Planchard D, Stinchcombe TE, Dy GK, Antonia SJ, Horn L, Lena H, Minenza E, Mennecier B, et al: Activity and safety of nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, for patients with advanced, refractory squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 063): A phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol. 16:257–265. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Blansfield JA, Beck KE, Tran K, Yang JC, Hughes MS, Kammula US, Royal RE, Topalian SL, Haworth LR, Levy C, et al: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cancer. J Immunother. 28:593–598. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Ryder M, Callahan M, Postow MA, Wolchok J and Fagin JA: Endocrine-related adverse events following ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma: A comprehensive retrospective review from a single institution. Endocr Relat Cancer. 21:371–381. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ishikawa M and Oashi K: Case of hypophysitis caused by nivolumab. J Dermatol. 44:109–110. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Fujimura T, Kambayashi Y, Furudate S, Kakizaki A, Hidaka T, Haga T, Hashimoto A, Morimoto R and Aiba S: Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency possibly caused by nivolumab in a metastatic melanoma patient. J Dermatol. 44:e13–e14. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kitajima K, Ashida K, Wada N, Suetsugu R, Takeichi Y, Sakamoto S, Uchi H, Matsushima T, Shiratsuchi M, Ohnaka K, et al: Isolated ACTH deficiency probably induced by autoimmune-related mechanism evoked with nivolumab. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 47:463–466. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Takaya K, Sonoda M, Fuchigami A and Hiyoshi T: Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency caused by nivolumab in a patient with metastatic lung cancer. Intern Med. 56:2463–2469. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Faje A: Immunotherapy and hypophysitis: Clinical presentation, treatment, and biologic insights. Pituitary. 19:82–92. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Caturegli P, Di Dalmazi G, Lombardi M, Grosso F, Larman HB, Larman T, Taverna G, Cosottini M and Lupi I: Hypophysitis secondary to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 blockade: Insights into pathogenesis from an autopsy series. Am J Pathol. 186:3225–3235. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Caturegli P, Newschaffer C, Olivi A, Pomper MG, Burger PC and Rose NR: Autoimmune hypophysitis. Endocr Rev. 26:599–614. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Yanase T, Tajima T, Katabami T, Iwasaki Y, Tanahashi Y, Sugawara A, Hasegawa T, Mune T, Oki Y, Nakagawa Y, et al: Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency including adrenal crisis: A Japan Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline [Opinion]. Endocr J. 63:765–784. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Powles T, Albiges L, Staehler M, Bensalah K, Dabestani S, Giles RH, Hofmann F, Hora M, Kuczyk MA, Lam TB, et al: Updated European association of urology guidelines recommendations for the treatment of first-line metastatic clear cell renal cancer. Eur Urol. Dec 7–2017;(Epub ahead of print).

31 

Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Melichar B, Choueiri TK, Plimack ER, Barthélémy P, Porta C, George S, et al: Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 378:1277–1290. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Furubayashi N, Negishi T, Uozumi T, Takamatsu D, Shiraishi K, Hirose D and Nakamura M: Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 10: 304-308, 2019.
APA
Furubayashi, N., Negishi, T., Uozumi, T., Takamatsu, D., Shiraishi, K., Hirose, D., & Nakamura, M. (2019). Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 10, 304-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2018.1781
MLA
Furubayashi, N., Negishi, T., Uozumi, T., Takamatsu, D., Shiraishi, K., Hirose, D., Nakamura, M."Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 10.2 (2019): 304-308.
Chicago
Furubayashi, N., Negishi, T., Uozumi, T., Takamatsu, D., Shiraishi, K., Hirose, D., Nakamura, M."Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 10, no. 2 (2019): 304-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2018.1781
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Furubayashi N, Negishi T, Uozumi T, Takamatsu D, Shiraishi K, Hirose D and Nakamura M: Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 10: 304-308, 2019.
APA
Furubayashi, N., Negishi, T., Uozumi, T., Takamatsu, D., Shiraishi, K., Hirose, D., & Nakamura, M. (2019). Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 10, 304-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2018.1781
MLA
Furubayashi, N., Negishi, T., Uozumi, T., Takamatsu, D., Shiraishi, K., Hirose, D., Nakamura, M."Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 10.2 (2019): 304-308.
Chicago
Furubayashi, N., Negishi, T., Uozumi, T., Takamatsu, D., Shiraishi, K., Hirose, D., Nakamura, M."Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency potentially induced by nivolumab following pseudo‑progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A case report". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 10, no. 2 (2019): 304-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2018.1781
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team