Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular and Clinical Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9450 Online ISSN: 2049-9469
Journal Cover
March-2020 Volume 12 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2020 Volume 12 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Comment Open Access

[Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation

  • Authors:
    • Lennart Hardell
    • Rainer Nyberg
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE‑701 82 Örebro, Sweden, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, 65100 Vasa, Finland
    Copyright: © Hardell et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 247-257
    |
    Published online on: January 22, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2020.1984
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Radiofrequency (RF) radiation in the frequency range of 30 kHz‑300 GHz is classified as a ‘possible’ human carcinogen, Group 2B, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 2011. The evidence has since then been strengthened by further research; thus, RF radiation may now be classified as a human carcinogen, Group 1. In spite of this, microwave radiations are expanding with increasing personal and ambient exposure. One contributing factor is that the majority of countries rely on guidelines formulated by the International Commission on Non‑Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), a private German non‑governmental organization. ICNIRP relies on the evaluation only of thermal (heating) effects from RF radiation, thereby excluding a large body of published science demonstrating the detrimental effects caused by non‑thermal radiation. The fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation is about to be implemented worldwide in spite of no comprehensive investigations of the potential risks to human health and the environment. In an appeal sent to the EU in September, 2017 currently >260 scientists and medical doctors requested for a moratorium on the deployment of 5G until the health risks associated with this new technology have been fully investigated by industry‑independent scientists. The appeal and four rebuttals to the EU over a period of >2 years, have not achieved any positive response from the EU to date. Unfortunately, decision makers seem to be uninformed or even misinformed about the risks. EU officials rely on the opinions of individuals within the ICNIRP and the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), most of whom have ties to the industry. They seem to dominate evaluating bodies and refute risks. It is important that these circumstances are described. In this article, the warnings on the health risks associated with RF presented in the 5G appeal and the letters to the EU Health Commissioner since September, 2017 and the authors' rebuttals are summarized. The responses from the EU seem to have thus far prioritized industry profits to the detriment of human health and the environment.
View Figures
View References

1 

Belyaev I, Dean A, Eger H, Hubmann G, Jandrisovits R, Kern M, Kundi M, Moshammer H, Lercher P, Müller K, et al: EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. Rev Environ Health. 31:363–397. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

BioInitiative: The BioInitiative Report 2012: A Rationale for Biologically-based Public Exposure Standards for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF). https://bioinitiative.org/. Accessed August 21, 2019.

3 

Hardell L, Koppel T, Carlberg M, Ahonen M and Hedendahl L: Radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Central Railway Station in Sweden and some medical aspects on public exposure to RF fields. Int J Oncol. 49:1315–1324. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Hardell L, Carlberg M, Koppel T and Hedendahl L: High radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Old Town: An exposimeter study including the Royal Castle, Supreme Court, three major squares and the Swedish Parliament. Mol Clin Oncol. 6:462–476. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Hardell L, Carlberg M and Hedendahl LK: Radiofrequency radiation from nearby base stations gives high levels in an apartment in Stockholm, Sweden: A case report. Oncol Lett. 15:7871–7883. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hedendahl LK, Koppel T and Ahonen M: Environmental radiofrequency radiation at the Järntorget Square in Stockholm Old Town, Sweden in May, 2018 compared with results on brain and heart tumour risks in rats exposed to 1.8 GHz base station environmental emissions. World Acad Sci J. 1:47–54. 2019.

7 

Belpomme D, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Burgio E and Carpenter DO: Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. Environ Pollut. 242 (Pt A):643–658. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Miller AB, Morgan LL, Udasin I and Davis DL: Cancer epidemiology update, following the 2011 IARC evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Monograph 102). Environ Res. 167:673–683. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Starkey SJ: Inaccurate official assessment of radiofrequency safety by the Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation. Rev Environ Health. 31:493–503. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Hardell L: World Health Organization, radiofrequency radiation and health - a hard nut to crack (Review). Int J Oncol. 51:405–413. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Islami F, Galichet L and Straif K: WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group: Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol. 12:624–626. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, vol. 102. IARC, Lyon, 2013. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol102/mono102.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2019.

13 

Hardell L and Carlberg M: Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma - Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997-2003 and 2007-2009. Pathophysiology. 22:1–13. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

National Toxicology Program: NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in B6C3F1/N mice exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (1,900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. NTP TR 596, March 26-28, 2018. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/trpanel/2018/march/tr596peerdraft.pdf. Accessed August 29, 2019.

15 

National Toxicology Program: NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in Hsd:Sprague Dawley sd rats exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. NTP TR 595, March 26-28, 2018. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/trpanel/2018/march/tr595peerdraft.pdf. Accessed August 29, 2019.

16 

Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, Lauriola M, De Angelis L, Gnudi F, Mandrioli D, Manservigi M, Manservisi F, Manzoli I, et al: Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission. Environ Res. 165:496–503. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Carlberg M and Hardell L: Evaluation of mobile phone and cordless phone use and glioma risk using the Bradford Hill viewpoints from 1965 on association or causation. BioMed Res Int. 2017(9218486)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection: Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 74:494–522. 1998.

19 

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection: ICNIRP statement on the ‘Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)’. Health Phys. 97:257–258. 2009.

20 

Törnevik C: Impact of EMF limits on 5G network roll-out. EMF and Health Ericsson Research, Stockholm. ITU Workshop on 5G, EMF & Health Warsaw, December 5, 2017. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/20171205/Documents/S3_Christer_Tornevik.pdf. Accessed August 29, 2019.

21 

Pall M: Response to 2018 ICNIRP darft guidelines and appendices on limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). http://www.5gappeal.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/icnirp_2018_pall.pdf. Accessed October 8, 2018.

22 

Hansson-Mild K and Hardell L: Response to 2018 ICNIRP darft guidelines and appendices on limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). https://www.environmentandcancer.com/comments-icnirp-hansson-mild-hardell/.

23 

Redmayne M: Response to 2018 ICNIRP darft guidelines and appendices on limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). https://www.environmentandcancer.com/comments-icnirp-redmayne/.

24 

Favre D: Response to 2018 ICNIRP darft guidelines and appendices on limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). https://www.environmentandcancer.com/comments-icnirp-favre/.

25 

Melnick RL: Commentary on the utility of the National Toxicology Program study on cell phone radiofrequency radiation data for assessing human health risks despite unfounded criticisms aimed at minimizing the findings of adverse health effects. Environ Res. 168:1–6. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Hardell L and Carlberg M: Comments on the US National Toxicology Program technical reports on toxicology and carcinogenesis study in rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 900 MHz and in mice exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 1,900 MHz. Int J Oncol. 54:111–127. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP): ICNIRP Note: Critical evaluation of two radiofrequency electromagnetic field animal carcinogenicity studies published in 2019. Health Phys: Aug 27, 2019 (Epub ahead of print).

28 

Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O and Kyrylenko S: Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med. 35:186–202. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Panagopoulos DJ: Comparing DNA damage induced by mobile telephony and other types of man-made electromagnetic fields. Mutat Res. 781:53–62. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Michaels D: Doubt is Their Product. How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2008.

31 

Walker MJ: Corporate Ties that Bind. An Examination of Corporate Manipulation and Vested Interest in Public Health. Skyhorse Publishing, New York, NY, 2017.

32 

Puranen L: Altistumisen mittaus ja laskentamallit, pp457-458, 2018 (In Finnish). https://www.stuk.fi/documents/12547/494524/6_10.pdf/588055cc-7672-446a-a12a-570df87b3599.

33 

Jackson JD: Classical electrodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1975.

34 

Neufeld E and Kuster N: Systematic derivation of safety limits for time-varying 5G radiofrequency exposure based on analytical models and thermal dose. Health Phys. 115:705–711. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Hedendahl L, Carlberg M and Hardell L: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity - an increasing challenge to the medical profession. Rev Environ Health. 30:209–215. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Mills MP: The Internet Of Things Won't Be Big It'll Be Huge. Forbes, 2016. https://www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2016/09/28/the-internet-of-things-wont-be-big-itll-be-huge/. Accessed August 20, 2019.

37 

EMFscientist.org: International Appeal Scientists call for Protection from Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Exposure. https://emfscientist.org/index.php/emf-scientist-appeal. Accessed August 21, 2019.

38 

Nittby H, Brun A, Strömblad S, Moghadam MK, Sun W, Malmgren L, Eberhardt J, Persson BR and Salford LG: Nonthermal GSM RF and ELF EMF effects upon rat BBB permeability. Environmentalist. 31:140–148. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Waldmann-Selsam C, Balmori-de la Puente A, Breunig H and Balmori A: Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. Sci Total Environ. 572:554–569. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Balmori A: Electromagnetic pollution from phone masts. Effects on wildlife. Pathophysiology. 16:191–199. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

National Toxicology Program: Report of Partial Findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley® SD rats (Whole Body Exposures). Draft 5-19-2016. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/05/26/055699.full.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2019.

42 

IARC: IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Press release no 208, May 31, 2011. https://www.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2019.

43 

International Scientific Declaration on EHS & MCS:. 2015, Brussels International Scientific Declaration on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. http://www.ehs-mcs.org/fichiers/1441982143_Statement_EN_DEFINITIF.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2019.

44 

EUR-Lex: Access to European Union law. Precautionary Principle. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/precautionary_principle.html. Accessed August 21, 2019.

45 

The Precautionary Principle website. http://www.precautionaryprinciple.eu/. Accessed August 21, 2019.

46 

Council of Europe: The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment. Resolution 1815, 2011. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?. Accessed August 21, 2019.

47 

Nuernberg Military Tribunals: Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law. No. 10. Vol 2. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp181-182, 1949.

48 

European Environment Agency: Radiation risk from everyday devices assessed. https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/radiation-risk-from-everyday-devices-assessed. Accessed August 21, 2019.

49 

Sheean O: World Health Organization. Setting the standard for a wireless world of harm. A call for action and accountability. https://olgasheean.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/WHO-setting-the-standard-for-a-wireless-world-of-harm.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2019.

50 

Pall ML: Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression. J Chem Neuroanat. 75 (Pt B):43–51. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP): High Frequency 100 kHz - 300 GHz. https://www.icnirp.org/en/frequencies/high-frequency/index.html. Accessed August 21, 2019.

52 

BioInitiative: The BioInitiative Report 2012: A Rationale for Biologically-based Public Exposure Standards for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF). Reported Biological Effects from Radiofrequency Radiation at Low-Intensity Exposure. https://bioinitiative.org/rf-color-charts/rf-color-charts/. Accessed August 21, 2019.

53 

Maisch D: Spin in the antipodes - A history of industry involvement in telecommunications health research. In: Corporate Ties That Bind. An Examination of Corporate Manipulation and Vested Interest in Public Health. Walker MJ (ed). Skyhorse Publishing, New York, NY, pp292-321, 2017.

54 

Nicola Wright N: Downplaying radiation risk. In: Corporate Ties That Bind. An Examination of Corporate Manipulation and Vested Interest in Public Health. Walker MJ (ed). Skyhorse Publishing, New York, NY, pp420-446, 2017.

55 

Sage C, Carpenter D and Hardell L: Comments on SCENIHR: Opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics 36:480-484 (2015). Bioelectromagnetics. 37:190–192. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

EUR-Lex: Access to European Union law. The Precautionary Principle. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:l32042. Accessed August 28, 2019.

57 

InfoCuria: Judgement of the Court 5 May 1998 in Case C-157/96. http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=43817&doclang=EN. Accessed August 28, 2019.

58 

International appeal. Stop 5G on Earth and in Space. https://www.5gspaceappeal.org/. Accessed August 28, 2019.

59 

European Commission: Commission adopts Communication on Precautionary Principle. Brussels, 2 February 2000. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-00-96_en.htm. Accessed August 28, 2019.

60 

Blackman C and Forge S: 5G Deployment. State of Play in Europe, USA and Asia. European Parliament, 2019. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2019/631060/IPOL_IDA(2019)631060_EN.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2019.

61 

European Commission: Right of access to documents. https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/your-rights-eu/know-your-rights/citizens-rights/right-access-documents_en. Accessed August 28, 2019.

62 

Hardell L: Notes on parliament hearing in Tallinn, Estonia June 4, 2019 as regards the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, of wireless communication. World Acad Sci J. 1:275–282. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Mallia P: The precautionary principle. In: Corporate Ties That Bind. An Examination of Corporate Manipulation and Vested Interest in Public Health. Walker MJ (ed). Skyhorse Publishing, New York, NY, pp363-378, 2017.

64 

Greene G: The woman who knew too much. In: Alice Stewart and the Secrets of Radiation. University of Michigan Press, 2017.

65 

EUR-Lex: Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Part three - Union Policies and Internal Actions. Official Journal of the European Union, Article 191, 2016. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:12016E191. Accessed August 28, 2019.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hardell L and Nyberg R: [Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation. Mol Clin Oncol 12: 247-257, 2020.
APA
Hardell, L., & Nyberg, R. (2020). [Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 12, 247-257. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2020.1984
MLA
Hardell, L., Nyberg, R."[Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 12.3 (2020): 247-257.
Chicago
Hardell, L., Nyberg, R."[Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 12, no. 3 (2020): 247-257. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2020.1984
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hardell L and Nyberg R: [Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation. Mol Clin Oncol 12: 247-257, 2020.
APA
Hardell, L., & Nyberg, R. (2020). [Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 12, 247-257. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2020.1984
MLA
Hardell, L., Nyberg, R."[Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 12.3 (2020): 247-257.
Chicago
Hardell, L., Nyberg, R."[Comment] Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 12, no. 3 (2020): 247-257. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2020.1984
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team