|
1
|
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel
RL, Torre LA and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN
estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in
185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68:394–424. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
2
|
Center M, Siegel R and Jemal A: Global
Cancer Facts and Figures 2010. American Cancer Society, Atlanta,
GA, 2011.
|
|
3
|
Omran AR: The epidemiologic transition: A
theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Mem Fund
Q. 49:509–538. 1971.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
4
|
Gersten O and Wilmoth JR: The cancer
transition in Japan since 1951. Demogr Res. 7:271–306. 2002.
|
|
5
|
Idikio HA: Human cancer classification: A
systems biology-based model integrating morphology, cancer stem
cells, proteomics, and genomics. J Cancer. 2:107–115.
2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
6
|
Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: The hallmarks
of cancer. Cell. 100:57–70. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
7
|
Cooper GM: The Cell: A Molecular Approach.
In: The Development and Causes of Cancer. 2nd edition. Sinauer
Associates, Sunderland, MA, 2000. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9839/.
|
|
8
|
Doll R and Peto R: The causes of cancer:
Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United
States today. J Natl Cancer Inst. 66:1192–1308. 1981.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
9
|
Blackadar CB: Historical review of the
causes of cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 7:54–86. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
10
|
Sarkar S, Horn G, Moulton K, Oza A, Byler
S, Kokolus S and Longacre M: Cancer development, progression, and
therapy: An epigenetic overview. Int J Mol Sci. 14:21087–21113.
2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
11
|
Nordling CO: A new theory on the
cancer-inducing mechanism. Br J Cancer. 7:68–72. 1953.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
12
|
Knudson AG Jr: Mutation and cancer:
Statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
68:820–823. 1971.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
13
|
Centelles JJ: General aspects of
colorectal cancer. ISRN Oncol. 2012(139268)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
14
|
Fimognari C, Lenzi M, Ferruzzi L, Turrini
E, Scartezzini P, Poli F, Gotti R, Guerrini A, Carulli G, Ottaviano
V, et al: Mitochondrial pathway mediates the antileukemic effects
of hemidesmus indicus, a promising botanical drug. PLoS One.
6(e21544)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
15
|
Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of
cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144:646–674. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
16
|
Chaudhary S, Devkar RA, Bhere D, Setty MM
and Pai KSR: Selective cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic activity of
stem bark of wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br in cancerous cells.
Pharmacogn Mag. 11 (Suppl 3):S481–S487. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
17
|
Van Raamsdonkvan CD, Bezrookove V, Green
G, Bauer J, Gaugler L, O'Brien JM, Simpson EM, Barsh GS and Bastian
BC: Frequent somatic mutations of GNAQ in uveal melanoma and blue
naevi. Nature. 457:599–602. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
18
|
Hoang NT, Acevedo LA, Mann MJ and Tolani
B: A review of soft-tissue sarcomas: Translation of biological
advances into treatment measures. Cancer Manag Res. 10:1089–1114.
2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
19
|
Davis AS, Viera AJ and Mead MD: Leukemia:
An overview for primary care. Am Fam Physician. 89:731–738.
2014.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
20
|
Paschke S, Jafarov S, Staib L, Kreuser ED,
Maulbecker-Armstrong C, Roitman M, Holm T, Harris CC, Link KH and
Kornmann M: Are colon and rectal cancer two different tumor
entities? A proposal to abandon the term colorectal cancer. Int J
Mol Sci. 19(2577)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
21
|
Li M, Zhang N and Li M: Capecitabine
treatment of HCT-15 colon cancer cells induces apoptosis via
mitochondrial pathway. Trop J Pharm Res. 16:1529–1536. 2017.
|
|
22
|
IARC: Colorectal cancer screening. Vol.
17. IARC Handb Cancer Prev, pp1-300, 2019. Available from:
http://publications.iarc.fr/573.
|
|
23
|
Recio-Boiles A, Kashyap S, Tsoris A and
Babiker HM: Rectal Cancer. [Updated 2020 Dec. 17]. In: StatPearls.
StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL, 2021. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493202/.
|
|
24
|
Recio-Boiles A and Cagir B: Colon cancer.
[Updated 2021 Jan. 25]. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing,
Treasure Island, FL, 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/.
|
|
25
|
Li L, Su N, Cui M, Li H, Zhang Q, Yu N, Wu
S and Cao Z: Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in
colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 12:4119–4124.
2019.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
26
|
Siegel R, DeSantis C and Jemal A:
Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 64:104–117.
2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
27
|
Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, De
Reyniès A, Schlicker A, Soneson C, Marisa L, Roepman P, Nyamundanda
G, Angelino P, et al: The consensus molecular subtypes of
colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 21:1350–1356. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
28
|
Mullangi S and Lekkala MR: Adenocarcinoma.
[Updated 2021 Feb. 22]. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing,
Treasure Island, FL, 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562137/.
|
|
29
|
Jensen LF, Hvidberg L, Pedersen AF and
Vedsted P: Symptom attributions in patients with colorectal cancer.
BMC Fam Pract. 16(115)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
30
|
Nagtegaal ID, Odze RD, Klimstra D, Paradis
V, Rugge M, Schirmacher P, Washington KM, Carneiro F and Cree IA:
WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. The 2019 WHO
classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology.
76:182–188. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
31
|
Fleming M, Ravula S, Tatishchev SF and
Wang HL: Colorectal carcinoma: Pathologic aspects. J Gastrointest
Oncol. 3:153–173. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
32
|
Hamilton SR and Aaltonen LA (eds):
Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. In: Pathology and Genetics of
Tumors of the Digestive System. IARC Press, Lyon, pp105-119,
2000.
|
|
33
|
Hugen N, van Beek JJ, de Wilt JH and
Nagtegaal ID: Insight into mucinous colorectal carcinoma: Clues
from etiology. Ann Surg Oncol. 21:2963–2970. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
34
|
Verhulst J, Ferdinande L, Demetter P and
Ceelen W: Mucinous subtype as prognostic factor in colorectal
cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pathol.
65:381–388. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
35
|
Leopoldo S, Lorena B, Cinzia A, Gabriella
DC, Angela Luciana B, Renato C, Antonio M, Carlo S, Cristina P,
Stefano C, et al: Two subtypes of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the
colorectum: Clinicopathological and genetic features. Ann Surg
Oncol. 15:1429–1439. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
36
|
Nagtegaal ID and Hugen N: The increasing
relevance of tumour histology in determining oncological outcomes
in colorectal cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep. 11:259–266.
2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
37
|
Alexander J, Watanabe T, Wu TT, Rashid A,
Li S and Hamilton SR: Histopathological identification of colon
cancer with microsatellite instability. Am J Pathol. 158:527–535.
2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
38
|
Hinoi T, Tani M, Lucas PC, Caca K, Dunn
RL, Macri E, Loda M, Appelman HD, Cho KR and Fearon ER: Loss of
CDX2 expression and microsatellite instability are prominent
features of large cell minimally differentiated carcinomas of the
colon. Am J Pathol. 159:2239–2248. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
39
|
Hugen N, Verhoeven RH, Lemmens VE, van
Aart CJ, Elferink MA, Radema SA, Nagtegaal ID and de Wilt JH:
Colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma: Benefit from adjuvant
chemotherapy but a poor prognostic factor. Int J Cancer.
136:333–339. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
40
|
Petrelli F, Tomasello G, Borgonovo K,
Ghidini M, Turati L, Dallera P, Passalacqua R, Sgroi G and Barni S:
Prognostic survival associated with left-sided vs right-sided colon
cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol.
3:211–219. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
41
|
Mármol I, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Pradilla
Dieste A, Cerrada E and Rodriguez Yoldi MJ: Colorectal carcinoma: A
general overview and future perspectives in colorectal cancer. Int
J Mol Sci. 18(197)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
42
|
Nojadeh JN, Behrouz Sharif S and Sakhinia
E: Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. EXCLI J.
17:159–168. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
43
|
Grady WM and Carethers JM: Genomic and
epigenetic instability in colorectal cancer pathogenesis.
Gastroenterology. 135:1079–1099. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
44
|
Pino MS and Chung DC: The chromosomal
instability pathway in colon cancer. Gastroenterology.
138:2059–2072. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
45
|
Ellegren H: Microsatellites: Simple
sequences with complex evolution. Nat Rev Genet. 5:435–445.
2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
46
|
Jiricny J: The multifaceted
mismatch-repair system. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 7:335–346.
2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
47
|
Boland CR and Goel A: Microsatellite
instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology.
138:2073–2087.e3. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
48
|
Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E, Kuppen PJ,
Aghdaei HA and Zali MR: The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)
in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 6:120–128.
2013.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
49
|
Lao VV and Grady WM: Epigenetics and
colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8:686–700.
2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
50
|
Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M,
Young J, Long TI, Faasse MA, Kang GH, Widschwendter M, Weener D,
Buchanan D, et al: CpG island methylator phenotype underlies
sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with
BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet. 38:787–793.
2006.PubMed/NCBI View
Article : Google Scholar
|
|
51
|
Kuipers EJ, Grady WM, Lieberman D,
Seufferlein T, Sung JJ, Boelens PG, van de Velde CJ and Watanabe T:
Colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 1(15065)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
52
|
Carethers JM and Jung BH: Genetics and
genetic biomarkers in sporadic colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology.
149:1177–1190.e3. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
53
|
Arvelo F, Sojo F and Cotte C: Biology of
colorectal cancer. Ecancermedicalscience. 9(520)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
54
|
Yamagishi H, Kuroda H, Imai Y and Hiraishi
H: Molecular pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancers. Chin J
Cancer. 35(4)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
55
|
Lin OS: Colorectal cancer screening in
patients at moderately increased risk due to family history. World
J Gastrointest Oncol. 4:125–130. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
56
|
Haggar FA and Boushey RP: Colorectal
cancer epidemiology: Incidence, mortality, survival, and risk
factors. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 22:191–197. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
57
|
Laurent S, Franchimont D, Coppens JP,
Leunen K, Macken L, Peeters M, Plomteux O, Polus M, Poppe B,
Sempoux C, et al: Familial adenomatous polyposis: Clinical
presentation, detection and surveillance. Acta Gastroenterol Belg.
74:415–420. 2011.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
58
|
Lynch HT and de la Chapelle A: Hereditary
colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 348:919–932. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
59
|
Wilmink AB: Overview of the epidemiology
of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 40:483–493. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
60
|
Bogaert J and Prenen H: Molecular genetics
of colorectal cancer. Ann Gastroenterol. 27:9–14. 2014.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
61
|
Zeichner SB, Raj N, Cusnir M, Francavilla
M and Hirzel A: A de novo germline APC mutation (3927del5) in a
patient with familial adenomatous polyposis: Case report and
literature review. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 6:15–23.
2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
62
|
Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Wei YF,
Ruben SM, Carter KC, Rosen CA, Haseltine WA, Fleischmann RD, Fraser
CM, Adams MD, et al: Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon
cancer. Science. 263:1625–1629. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
63
|
Lynch HT, Lynch PM, Lanspa SJ, Snyder CL,
Lynch JF and Boland CR: Review of the Lynch syndrome: History,
molecular genetics, screening, differential diagnosis, and
medicolegal ramifications. Clin Genet. 76:1–18. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
64
|
Lynch HT and Shaw TG: Practical genetics
of colorectal cancer. Chin Clin Oncol. 2(12)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
65
|
Dekker E, Tanis PJ, Vleugels JL, Kasi PM
and Wallace MB: Colorectal cancer. Lancet. 394:1467–1480.
2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
66
|
Boland CR and Shike M: Report from the
Jerusalem workshop on Lynch syndrome-hereditary nonpolyposis
colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 138:2197.e1–e7.
2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
67
|
Rawla P, Sunkara T and Barsouk A:
Epidemiology of colorectal cancer: Incidence, mortality, survival,
and risk factors. Prz Gastroenterol. 14:89–103. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
68
|
Kim SE, Paik HY, Yoon H, Lee JE, Kim N and
Sung MK: Sex- and gender-specific disparities in colorectal cancer
risk. World J Gastroenterol. 21:5167–5175. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
69
|
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services: What you need to know about cancer of the colon and
rectum. National Cancer Institute; 1st edition, 2006.
|
|
70
|
Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, Stinchcomb
DG, Howlader N, Horner MJ, Mariotto A, Miller BA, Feuer EJ,
Altekruse SF (eds), et al: SEER cancer statistics review,
1975-2005, National cancer institute. Bethesda, MD, 2008.
|
|
71
|
American Cancer Society: Colorectal cancer
facts and figures special edition 2005. Atlanta: American Cancer
Society, 2005.
|
|
72
|
Duffy SW, Tabar L, Olsen AH, Vitak B,
Allgood PC, Chen TH, Yen AM and Smith RA: Absolute numbers of lives
saved and overdiagnosis in breast cancer screeninq, from a
randomized trial and from the breast screening programme in
England. J Med Screen. 17:25–30. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
73
|
Smith RA, Cokkinides V and Eyre HJ: Cancer
screening in the United States, 2007: A review of current
guidelines, practices, and prospects. CA Cancer J Clin. 57:90–104.
2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
74
|
Blecher E, Chaney-Graves K, DeSantis C,
Edwards B, Ferlay J, Forman D, Grey N, Harford J, Kramer J, McMikel
A, et al: Global cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society,
Atlanta, GA, USA, 2011.
|
|
75
|
Samee A and Selvasekar CR: Current trends
in staging rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 17:828–834.
2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
76
|
Mohammadian M, Zeynali S, Azarbaijani AF,
Khadem Ansari MH and Kheradmand F: Cytotoxic effects of the
newly-developed chemotherapeutic agents 17-AAG in combination with
oxaliplatin and capecitabine in colorectal cancer cell lines. Res
Pharm Sci. 12:517–525. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
77
|
Redondo-Blanco S, Fernández J,
Gutiérrez-del-Río I, Villar CJ and Lombó F: New insights toward
colorectal cancer chemotherapy using natural bioactive compounds.
Front Pharmacol. 8(109)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
78
|
Van Cutsem E, Cervantes A, Adam R, Sobrero
A, Van Krieken JH, Aderka D, Aranda Aguilar E, Bardelli A, Benson
A, Bodoky G, et al: ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of
patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol.
27:1386–1422. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|