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Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Carly Butkowsky
    • Natalie Aldor
    • Sarah J. Poynter
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    Affiliations: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
    Copyright: © Butkowsky et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 60
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    Published online on: June 22, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2656
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Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer worldwide and is the leading cause of mortality for women across most of the world. Immunotherapy is a burgeoning area of cancer treatment, including for breast cancer; these are therapies that harness the power of the immune system to clear cancerous cells. Toll‑like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an RNA receptor found in the endosome, and ligands that bind to TLR3 are currently being tested for their efficacy as breast cancer immunotherapeutics. The current review introduces TLR3 and the role of this receptor in breast cancer, and summarizes data on the potential use of TLR3 ligands, mainly polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and its derivatives, as breast cancer monotherapies or, more commonly, as combination therapies with chemotherapies, other immunotherapies and cancer vaccines. The current state of TLR3 ligand breast cancer therapy research is summarized by reporting on past and current clinical trials, and notable preliminary in vitro studies are discussed. In conclusion, TLR3 ligands have robust potential in anticancer applications as innate immune stimulants, and further studies combined with innovative technologies, such as nanoparticles, may contribute to their success.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Butkowsky C, Aldor N and Poynter SJ: Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 19: 60, 2023.
APA
Butkowsky, C., Aldor, N., & Poynter, S.J. (2023). Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 19, 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2656
MLA
Butkowsky, C., Aldor, N., Poynter, S. J."Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 19.2 (2023): 60.
Chicago
Butkowsky, C., Aldor, N., Poynter, S. J."Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 19, no. 2 (2023): 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2656
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Spandidos Publications style
Butkowsky C, Aldor N and Poynter SJ: Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 19: 60, 2023.
APA
Butkowsky, C., Aldor, N., & Poynter, S.J. (2023). Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 19, 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2656
MLA
Butkowsky, C., Aldor, N., Poynter, S. J."Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 19.2 (2023): 60.
Chicago
Butkowsky, C., Aldor, N., Poynter, S. J."Toll‑like receptor 3 ligands for breast cancer therapies (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 19, no. 2 (2023): 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2656
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