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Review Open Access

Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Virginia Constantinou
    • Constantina Constantinou
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    Affiliations: Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY‑1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
    Copyright: © Constantinou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 8
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    Published online on: December 6, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2706
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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer‑related mortality worldwide. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the incidence of CRC among adults <50 years old on a global scale. The increased incidence is associated with several modifiable risk factors, including obesity, type II diabetes, physical inactivity and frequent antibiotic use. In younger individuals, haematochezia and abdominal pain are the most common symptoms, predominantly affecting the left‑side colon. While certain cases of early‑onset CRC (eoCRC) are associated with a genetic predisposition, the majority result from sporadic mutations in the genes APC, KRAS, BRAF and TP53, which trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumour formation. Colorectal carcinogenesis involves three major pathways: The chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype pathways. Dysregulation of the CIN pathway accounts for 85% of sporadic cases of eoCRC. Notably, eoCRC exhibits a distinctive molecular profile, characterized by a decreased prevalence of BRAF mutations, an increased prevalence of KRAS mutations and LINE‑1 hypomethylation, and involvement of the Microsatellite and Chromosomal Stable pathway. Prevention strategies for eoCRC primarily centre on lifestyle modifications and the development of screening programs targeting younger populations. Further exploration into the molecular mechanisms involved in the identification of novel risk factors associated with eoCRC is imperative. These efforts, in conjunction with the development of specific screening strategies, hold the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality in the future.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Constantinou V and Constantinou C: Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 20: 8, 2024.
APA
Constantinou, V., & Constantinou, C. (2024). Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 20, 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2706
MLA
Constantinou, V., Constantinou, C."Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 20.1 (2024): 8.
Chicago
Constantinou, V., Constantinou, C."Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 20, no. 1 (2024): 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2706
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Constantinou V and Constantinou C: Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 20: 8, 2024.
APA
Constantinou, V., & Constantinou, C. (2024). Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 20, 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2706
MLA
Constantinou, V., Constantinou, C."Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 20.1 (2024): 8.
Chicago
Constantinou, V., Constantinou, C."Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 20, no. 1 (2024): 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2706
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