Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular and Clinical Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9450 Online ISSN: 2049-9469
Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 21 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 21 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Nobufumi Sekino
    • Masayuki Kano
    • Kentaro Murakami
    • Takeshi Toyozumi
    • Koichi Hayano
    • Gaku Ohira
    • Hisahiro Matsubara
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
    Copyright: © Sekino et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 58
    |
    Published online on: June 28, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2756
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an intractable type of cancer that requires novel therapeutic modalities, since the therapeutic outcomes are often inadequate, even in response to multidisciplinary treatment. The antitumor effect of metformin, an antidiabetic drug, has been reported in esophageal cancer; however, its effects are diverse. Since various multidisciplinary therapies are used in ESCC, the antitumor effect of metformin is expected to be synergistic in some treatment strategies. The present review summarizes the antitumor effects of metformin and discusses its use in combination with existing therapies. The present study reviewed relevant studies where the molecular targets of metformin (AMPK and inflammatory system signals) were described, followed by the classification and organization of its antitumor effects, and subsequently summarized the current research on its antitumor effects, especially in ESCC. A number of studies have reported that metformin prevents the development of ESCC and exerts its antitumor effects through various pathways. In addition, metformin has been shown to inhibit tumor growth, induce apoptosis, inhibit cancer cell invasion, migration and angiogenesis into the tumor, and decrease tumor malignancy, such as metastasis. Furthermore, it may modulate host tumor immunity in a tumor‑suppressive manner and is expected to improve prognosis following treatment for ESCC. Notably, metformin may be beneficial in combination with chemotherapy, such as cisplatin, and radiation. By contrast, it has been shown to potentially induce resistance to 5‑fluorouracil. Finally, the effects of metformin in combination with other therapies are discussed in the present study, and perspectives on the potential benefits of metformin for future ESCC treatment are presented. In conclusion, the present review may be useful in improving the understanding of the wide range of antitumor effects of metformin. Although some concerning points remain, using metformin in ESCC treatment could be promising. Notably, more knowledge needs to be accumulated regarding the effects of metformin on ESCC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Delman AM, Ammann AM, Turner KM, Vaysburg DM and Van Haren RM: A narrative review of socioeconomic disparities in the treatment of esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis. 13:3801–3808. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA and Luketich JD: Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet. 381:400–412. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Duan XF, Tang P, Shang XB, Jiang HJ and Yu ZT: The prevalence of lymph node metastasis for pathological T1 esophageal cancer: A retrospective study of 143 cases. Surg Oncol. 27:1–6. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Tachimori Y, Ozawa S, Numasaki H, Fujishiro M, Matsubara H, Oyama T, Shinoda M, Toh Y, Udagawa H and Uno T: Registration Committee for Esophageal Cancer of the Japan Esophageal Society. Comprehensive registry of esophageal cancer in Japan, 2009. Esophagus. 13:110–137. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Kourelis TV and Siegel RD: Metformin and cancer: New applications for an old drug. Med Oncol. 29:1314–1327. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tahrani AA, Varughese GI, Scarpello JH and Hanna FWF: Metformin, heart failure, and lactic acidosis: Is metformin absolutely contraindicated? BMJ. 335:508–512. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Micic D, Cvijovic G, Trajkovic V, Duntas LH and Polovina S: Metformin: Its emerging role in oncology. Hormones (Athens). 10:5–15. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Wang S, Lin Y, Xiong X, Wang L, Guo Y, Chen Y, Chen S, Wang G, Lin P, Chen H, et al: Low-dose metformin reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment in human esophageal cancer: Results of a phase II clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res. 26:4921–4932. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Hardie DG: Molecular pathways: Is AMPK a friend or a foe in cancer? Clin Cancer Res. 21:3836–3840. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Fan H, Yu X, Zou Z, Zheng W, Deng X, Guo L, Jiang W, Zhan Q and Lu SH: Metformin suppresses the esophageal carcinogenesis in rats treated with NMBzA through inhibiting AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis. 40:669–679. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Wang F, Ding X, Wang T, Shan Z, Wang J, Wu S, Chi Y, Zhang Y, Lv Z, Wang L and Fan Q: Metformin inhibited esophageal squamous cell carcinoma proliferation in vitro and in vivo and enhanced the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin. PLoS One. 12(e0174276)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Nakayama A, Ninomiya I, Harada S, Tsukada T, Okamoto K, Nakanuma S, Sakai S, Makino I, Kinoshita J, Hayashi H, et al: Metformin inhibits the radiation-induced invasive phenotype of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 49:1890–1898. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Wang L, Du L, Xiong X, Lin Y, Zhu J, Yao Z, Wang S, Guo Y, Chen Y, Geary K, et al: Repurposing dextromethorphan and metformin for treating nicotine-induced cancer by directly targeting CHRNA7 to inhibit JAK2/STAT3/SOX2 signaling. Oncogene. 40:1974–1987. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Feng Y, Ke C, Tang Q, Dong H, Zheng X, Lin W, Ke J, Huang J, Yeung SCJ and Zhang H: Metformin promotes autophagy and apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by downregulating Stat3 signaling. Cell Death Dis. 5(e1088)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Sekino N, Kano M, Matsumoto Y, Sakata H, Akutsu Y, Hanari N, Murakami K, Toyozumi T, Takahashi M, Otsuka R, et al: Antitumor effects of metformin are a result of inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B nuclear translocation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 109:1066–1074. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

He Y, Tan X, Hu H, Wang Q, Hu X, Cai X, Guan Y, Chen B and Jing X: Metformin inhibits the migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells by downregulating the protein kinase B signaling pathway. Oncol Lett. 15:2939–2945. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Noto H, Goto A, Tsujimoto T and Noda M: Cancer risk in diabetic patients treated with metformin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 7(e33411)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Wang QL, Santoni G, Ness-Jensen E, Lagergren J and Xie SH: Association between metformin use and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 115:73–78. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Liang F, Wang YG and Wang C: Metformin inhibited growth, invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cell Physiol Biochem. 51:1276–1286. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Cai X, Hu X, Tan X, Cheng W, Wang Q, Chen X, Guan Y, Chen C and Jing X: Metformin induced AMPK activation, G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One. 10(e0133349)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Wang L, Li K, Lin X, Yao Z, Wang S, Xiong X, Ning Z, Wang J, Xu X, Jiang Y, et al: Metformin induces human esophageal carcinoma cell pyroptosis by targeting the miR-497/PELP1 axis. Cancer Lett. 450:22–31. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Yu H, Bian X, Gu D and He X: Metformin synergistically enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in esophageal squamous cancer cells under glucose-deprivation conditions. Biomed Res Int. 2016(8678634)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Peng J, Jing X, Wu J, Hong D, Hu X, Wang Q, Hu H and Cai X: Metformin's effects on apoptosis of esophageal carcinoma cells and normal esophageal epithelial cells: An in vitro comparative study. Biomed Res Int. 2020(1068671)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Yang Y, Jin G, Liu H, Liu K, Zhao J, Chen X, Wang D, Bai R, Li X, Jang Y, et al: Metformin inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-induced angiogenesis by suppressing JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 8:74673–74687. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Kunisada Y, Eikawa S, Tomonobu N, Domae S, Uehara T, Hori S, Furusawa Y, Hase K, Sasaki A and Udono H: Attenuation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment by metformin, a type 2 diabetes drug. EBioMedicine. 25:154–164. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Gatenby RA and Gillies RJ: Glycolysis in cancer: A potential target for therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 39:1358–1366. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Zhu Z, Jiang W, McGinley JN and Thompson HJ: 2-Deoxyglucose as an energy restriction mimetic agent: Effects on mammary carcinogenesis and on mammary tumor cell growth in vitro. Cancer Res. 65:7023–7030. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Shafaee A, Pirayesh Islamian J, Zarei D, Mohammadi M, Nejati-Koshki K, Farajollahi A, Aghamiri SMR, Rahmati Yamchi M, Baradaran B and Asghari Jafarabadi M: Induction of apoptosis by a combination of 2-deoxyglucose and metformin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting cancer cell metabolism. Iran J Med Sci. 44:99–107. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Liu CC, Chou KT, Hsu JW, Lin JH, Hsu TW, Yen DHT, Hung SC and Hsu HS: High metabolic rate and stem cell characteristics of esophageal cancer stem-like cells depend on the Hsp27-AKT-HK2 pathway. Int J Cancer. 145:2144–2156. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Van De Voorde L, Janssen L, Larue R, Houben R, Buijsen J, Sosef M, Vanneste B, Schraepen MC, Berbée M and Lambin P: Can metformin improve ‘the tomorrow’ of patients treated for oesophageal cancer? Eur J Surg Oncol. 41:1333–1339. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Li PD, Liu Z, Cheng TT, Luo WG, Yao J, Chen J, Zou ZW, Chen LL, Ma C and Dai XF: Redox-dependent modulation of metformin contributes to enhanced sensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin. Oncotarget. 8:62057–62068. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Damelin LH, Jivan R, Veale RB, Rousseau AL and Mavri-Damelin D: Metformin induces an intracellular reductive state that protects oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells against cisplatin but not copper-bis(thiosemicarbazones). BMC Cancer. 14(314)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Mynhardt C, Damelin LH, Jivan R, Peres J, Prince S, Veale RB and Mavri-Damelin D: Metformin-induced alterations in nucleotide metabolism cause 5-fluorouracil resistance but gemcitabine susceptibility in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Biochem. 119:1193–1203. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Chevalier B, Pasquier D, Lartigau EF, Chargari C, Schernberg A, Jannin A, Mirabel X, Vantyghem MC and Escande A: Metformin: (Future) best friend of the radiation oncologist? Radiother Oncol. 151:95–105. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Chen F, Xu B, Li J, Yang X, Gu J, Yao X and Sun X: Hypoxic tumour cell-derived exosomal miR-340-5p promotes radioresistance of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma via KLF10. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 40(38)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Fransgaard T, Thygesen LC and Gögenur I: Association between metformin use after surgery for colorectal cancer and oncological outcomes: A nationwide register-based study. Int J Cancer. 143:63–72. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Kaushik D, Karnes RJ, Eisenberg MS, Rangel LJ, Carlson RE and Bergstralh EJ: Effect of metformin on prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol. 32:43.e1–e7. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Chan KM, Kuo CF, Hsu JT, Chiou MJ, Wang YC, Wu TH, Lee CF, Wu TJ, Chou HS and Lee WC: Metformin confers risk reduction for developing hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver resection. Liver Int. 37:434–441. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Kaltenmeier C, Morocco B, Yazdani H, Reitz K, Meyer K, Molinari M, Geller D and Tohme S: Impact of metformin use on survival in patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal cancer metastases. Am Surg. 87:1766–1774. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Luo CS, Lin Y, Zhou WP and Shi J: Survival advantage associated with metformin usage in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with diabetes mellitus receiving radical resection: A propensity score matching analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 32:1030–1035. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144:646–674. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Sekino N, Kano M, Murakami K, Toyozumi T, Hayano K, Ohira G and Matsubara H: Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 21: 58, 2024.
APA
Sekino, N., Kano, M., Murakami, K., Toyozumi, T., Hayano, K., Ohira, G., & Matsubara, H. (2024). Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 21, 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2756
MLA
Sekino, N., Kano, M., Murakami, K., Toyozumi, T., Hayano, K., Ohira, G., Matsubara, H."Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 21.2 (2024): 58.
Chicago
Sekino, N., Kano, M., Murakami, K., Toyozumi, T., Hayano, K., Ohira, G., Matsubara, H."Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 21, no. 2 (2024): 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2756
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Sekino N, Kano M, Murakami K, Toyozumi T, Hayano K, Ohira G and Matsubara H: Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 21: 58, 2024.
APA
Sekino, N., Kano, M., Murakami, K., Toyozumi, T., Hayano, K., Ohira, G., & Matsubara, H. (2024). Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 21, 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2756
MLA
Sekino, N., Kano, M., Murakami, K., Toyozumi, T., Hayano, K., Ohira, G., Matsubara, H."Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 21.2 (2024): 58.
Chicago
Sekino, N., Kano, M., Murakami, K., Toyozumi, T., Hayano, K., Ohira, G., Matsubara, H."Current findings on the antitumor effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 21, no. 2 (2024): 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2756
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team