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The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Omar Mahmoud Al-Shajrawi
    • Ibraheam A.M. Tarawneh
    • Tengku Ahmad Damitri Al Astani Damitri Al Astani Tengku Din
    • Hafeez Abiola Afolabi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia, School of Graduate Studies, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor 40100, Malaysia, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
    Copyright: © Al-Shajrawi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 6
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    Published online on: November 1, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2801
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Abstract

Cancer is one of the deadliest health menaces humans have ever witnessed. It is a leading cause of human mortality. Today, it remains a main leading cause of death globally primarily due to lifestyle changes and population ageing. A total of ~12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths were reported in 2008. In developing countries, cancer accounted for 56% of cases and 64% of deaths. Tamoxifen is the most reputable and recommended specific oestrogen receptor modulator drug used for the treatment of breast cancer. In the past decade, algae have demonstrated remarkable potency for advanced life applications. They can remain a focus of interest in the coming decades because they are one of the most diverse organisms in the entire ecosystem with immense bio nutritional benefits. Algae and their extracts play a pivotal role in the pharmaceutical industry as bioactive compounds and new drugs and nutraceutical industry as probiotics and antioxidants. However, a broad range of the health benefits of these organisms remains to be explored. The present review highlights the applications and co‑application of microalgal crude extracts with tamoxifen for breast cancer immunotherapy. Given that recent studies have suggested that tamoxifen is an essential and primary treatment for breast cancer, the present review focused on the identification of a new treatment approach involving the co‑application of tamoxifen and microalgal extracts to provide promising anticancer activity with few side effects on normal cells. The present review includes a general background and blueprint for the use of microalgal extracts as potential and affordable treatments or adjuncts for breast cancer management.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Al-Shajrawi OM, Tarawneh IA, Tengku Din TD and Afolabi HA: The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 22: 6, 2025.
APA
Al-Shajrawi, O.M., Tarawneh, I.A., Tengku Din, T.D., & Afolabi, H.A. (2025). The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 22, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2801
MLA
Al-Shajrawi, O. M., Tarawneh, I. A., Tengku Din, T. D., Afolabi, H. A."The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22.1 (2025): 6.
Chicago
Al-Shajrawi, O. M., Tarawneh, I. A., Tengku Din, T. D., Afolabi, H. A."The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22, no. 1 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2801
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Al-Shajrawi OM, Tarawneh IA, Tengku Din TD and Afolabi HA: The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 22: 6, 2025.
APA
Al-Shajrawi, O.M., Tarawneh, I.A., Tengku Din, T.D., & Afolabi, H.A. (2025). The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 22, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2801
MLA
Al-Shajrawi, O. M., Tarawneh, I. A., Tengku Din, T. D., Afolabi, H. A."The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22.1 (2025): 6.
Chicago
Al-Shajrawi, O. M., Tarawneh, I. A., Tengku Din, T. D., Afolabi, H. A."The role of microalgal extracts and their combination with tamoxifen in the modulation of breast cancer immunotherapy (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22, no. 1 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2024.2801
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