Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular and Clinical Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9450 Online ISSN: 2049-9469
Journal Cover
April-2025 Volume 22 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2025 Volume 22 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Kazuhiko Hashimoto
    • Shunji Nishimura
    • Koji Goto
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka‑Sayama, Osaka 589‑8511, Japan
    Copyright: © Hashimoto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 31
    |
    Published online on: January 29, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2826
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Anti‑programmed cell death 1 (PD‑1)/PD‑1 ligand‑1 (PD‑L1) drugs have been used clinically, including those for skin cancer, with reasonable efficacy. Despite extensive ongoing research on bone and soft tissue sarcomas, there is a paucity of reviews that present a coherent picture. The present article is a comprehensive narrative review on the role of the PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors. The review outlines the biological functions and mechanisms of action of PD‑1/PD‑L1 and its expression and clinical significance in various tumor types, including osteosarcoma and soft tissue sarcoma. Clinical trial results of immune checkpoint inhibitors, their association with prognosis, mechanisms of resistance to therapy, immune‑related adverse events, and their potential in combination therapies, were also discussed.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Lin X, Kang K, Chen P, Zheng Z, Li G, Xiong W, Yi M and Xiang B: Regulatory mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 in cancers. Mol Cancer. 23(108)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Pipitone RM, Lupo G, Zito R, Javed A, Petta S, Pennisi G and Grimaudo S: The PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the biology of MASLD. Int J Mol Sci. 25(3671)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Liu J, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhao W, Wu J and Zhang Z: PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in tumor immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol. 12(731798)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Yi M, Li T, Niu M, Mei Q, Zhao B, Chu Q, Dai Z and Wu K: Exploiting innate immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 22(187)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Tang Q, Chen Y, Li X, Long S, Shi Y, Yu Y, Wu W, Han L and Wang S: The role of PD-1/PD-L1 and application of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in human cancers. Front Immunol. 13(964442)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Gao W, Liu S, Wu Y, Wei W, Yang Q, Li W, Chen H, Luo A, Wang Y and Liu Z: Enhancer demethylation-regulated gene score identified molecular subtypes, inspiring immunotherapy or CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. EBioMedicine. 105(105177)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Wood GE, Meyer C, Petitprez F and D'Angelo SP: Immunotherapy in sarcoma: Current data and promising strategies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 44(e432234)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Martin-Broto J, Hindi N and Moura DS: Combination treatment with PD1/PDL-1 inhibitors for sarcomas: State of the art, next questions. Curr Opin Oncol. 36:269–275. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Anastasiou M, Kyriazoglou A, Kotsantis I, Economopoulou P, Kyrkasiadou M, Giannopoulou A, Kosmidou A, Smerdi D, Moutafi M, Gavrielatou N and Psyrri A: Immune checkpoint inhibitors in sarcomas: A systematic review. Immunooncol Technol. 20(100407)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB, Roche PC, Lu J, Zhu G, Tamada K, et al: Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med. 8:793–800. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Hashimoto K, Nishimura S and Akagi M: Characterization of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint expression in osteosarcoma. Diagnostics (Basel). 10(528)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Paydas S, Bagir EK, Deveci MA and Gonluses G: Clinical and prognostic significance of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in sarcomas. Med Oncol. 33(93)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Torabi A, Amaya CN, Wians FH Jr and Bryan BA: PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Pathology. 49:506–513. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Orth MF, Buecklein VL, Kampmann E, Subklewe M, Noessner E, Cidre-Aranaz F, Romero-Pérez L, Wehweck FS, Lindner L, Issels R, et al: A comparative view on the expression patterns of PD-L1 and PD-1 in soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 69:1353–1362. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Miyake M, Oda Y, Nishimura N, Morizawa Y, Ohnishi S, Hatakeyama K, Fujii T, Hori S, Gotoh D, Nakai Y, et al: Integrative assessment of clinicopathological parameters and the expression of PD L1, PD L2 and PD 1 in tumor cells of retroperitoneal sarcoma. Oncol Lett. 20(190)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Boxberg M, Steiger K, Lenze U, Rechl H, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Wörtler K, Weichert W, Langer R and Specht K: PD-L1 and PD-1 and characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in high grade sarcomas of soft tissue–prognostic implications and rationale for immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 7(e1389366)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Hashimoto K, Nishimura S, Ito T and Akagi M: Characterization of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint expression in soft tissue sarcomas. Eur J Histochem. 65(3203)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Kim C, Kim EK, Jung H, Chon HJ, Han JW, Shin KH, Hu H, Kim KS, Choi YD, Kim S, et al: Prognostic implications of PD-L1 expression in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. BMC Cancer. 18:1–9. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Guo J, Li YM, Guo H, Hao DP, Xu JX, Huang CC, Han HW, Hou F, Yang SF, Cui JL and Wang HX: Parallel CNN-deep learning clinical-imaging signature for assessing pathologic grade and prognosis of soft tissue sarcoma patients. J Magn Reson Imaging. 61:807–819. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Hashimoto K, Nishimura S, Shinyashiki Y, Ito T, Tanaka H, Ohtani K, Kakinoki R and Akagi M: PD-1, PD-L1, NY-ESO-1, and MAGE-A4 expression in cutaneous angiosarcoma: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 101(e29621)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Hashimoto K, Nishimura S, Ito T, Kakinoki R and Akagi M: Immunohistochemical expression and clinicopathological assessment of PD-1, PD-L1, NY-ESO-1, and MAGE-A4 expression in highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas. Eur J Histochem. 66(3393)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

D'Angelo SP, Mahoney MR, Van Tine BA, Atkins J, Milhem MM, Jahagirdar BN, Antonescu CR, Horvath E, Tap WD, Schwartz GK and Streicher H: Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab treatment for metastatic sarcoma (Alliance A091401): Two open-label, non-comparative, randomized, phase 2 trials. Lancet Oncol. 19:416–426. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Yildirim AN, Akyurek M, Okay E, Zenginkinet T, Iyetin Y and Ozkan K: Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in desmoid tumors: A retrospective study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 27:5223–5229. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Hashimoto K, Nishimura S, Shinyashiki Y, Ito T, Kakinoki R and Akagi M: Clinicopathological assessment of PD-1-comp/PD-L1 immune checkpoint expression in desmoid tumors. Eur J Histochem. 67(3688)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Young RJ, Brown NJ, Reed MW, Hughes D and Woll PJ: Angiosarcoma. Lancet Oncol. 11:983–991. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Ai L, Xu A and Xu J: Roles of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: Signaling, cancer, and beyond. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1248:33–59. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Lee JB, Ahn BC, Kim SH, Lee YH, Han JW, Jeon MK, Kim SH and Kim HS: Prognostic implications of PD-L1 expression in patients with angiosarcoma. Future Sci OA. 7(FSO691)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Shimizu A, Kaira K, Okubo Y, Utsumi D, Yasuda M, Asao T, Nishiyama M, Takahashi K and Ishikawa O: Positive PD-L1 expression predicts worse outcome in cutaneous angiosarcoma. J Glob Oncol. 3:360–369. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Wen W, Zhang Y, Zhang H and Chen Y: Clinical outcomes of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 149:969–978. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Tawbi HA, Burgess M, Bolejack V, Van Tine BA, Schuetze SM, Hu J, D'Angelo S, Attia S, Riedel RF, Priebat DA, et al: Pembrolizumab in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma (SARC028): A multicentre, two-cohort, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 18:1493–1501. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Nowicki TS, Akiyama R, Huang RR, Shintaku IP, Wang X, Tumeh PC, Singh A, Chmielowski B, Denny C, Federman N and Ribas A: Infiltration of CD8 T cells and expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in synovial sarcoma. Cancer Immunol Res. 5:118–126. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Huang Q, Wu X, Wang Z, Chen X, Wang L, Lu Y, Xiong D, Liu Q, Tian Y, Lin H, et al: The primordial differentiation of tumor-specific memory CD8+ T cells as bona fide responders to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in draining lymph nodes. Cell. 185:4049–4066.e25. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Martin AM, Nirschl TR, Nirschl CJ, Francica BJ, Kochel CM, van Bokhoven A, Meeker AK, Lucia MS, Anders RA, Demarzo AM and Drake CG: Paucity of PD-L1 expression in prostate cancer: Innate and adaptive immune resistance. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 18:325–332. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Chen L and Han X: Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy of human cancer: Past, present, and future. J Clin Invest. 125:3384–3391. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Carvajal RD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB, et al: Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 366:2443–2454. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, Hwu WJ, Topalian SL, Hwu P, Drake CG, Camacho LH, Kauh J, Odunsi K, et al: Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 366:2455–2465. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Italiano A, Bellera C and D'Angelo S: PD1/PD-L1 targeting in advanced soft-tissue sarcomas: A pooled analysis of phase II trials. J Hematol Oncol. 13(55)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Somaiah N, Conley AP, Parra ER, Lin H, Amini B, Soto LS, Salazar R, Barreto C, Chen H, Gite S, et al: Durvalumab plus tremelimumab in advanced or metastatic soft tissue and bone sarcomas: A single-centre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 23:1156–1166. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Gordon EM, Chawla SP, Tellez WA, Younesi E, Thomas S, Chua-Alcala VS, Chomoyan H, Valencia C, Brigham DA, Moradkhani A, et al: SAINT: A phase I/Expanded phase II study using safe amounts of ipilimumab, nivolumab and trabectedin as first-line treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Cancers (Basel). 15(906)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Saif A, Verbus EA, Sarvestani AL, Teke ME, Lambdin J, Hernandez JM and Kirsch DG: A randomized trial of pembrolizumab & radiotherapy versus radiotherapy in high-risk soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (SU2C-SARC032). Ann Surg Oncol. 30:683–685. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Liao Z, Teng J, Li T, Liu H, Li T, Zhang C, Xing R, Teng S, Yang Y, Zhao J, et al: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in sarcoma: A two-center study. Front Immunol. 15(1292325)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Babatunde O, Rosenbaum E, Kelly CM, Desir-Camille R, Keohan ML, Banks L, Avutu V, Chan J, Reed D, Gounder M, et al: 1752P A retrospective single-center study of outcomes to immune checkpoint blockade-based therapy in leiomyosarcoma. Ann Oncol. 35(S1045)2024.

43 

Sonpavde GP, Grivas P, Lin Y, Hennessy D and Hunt JD: Immune-related adverse events with PD-1 versus PD-L1 inhibitors: A meta-analysis of 8730 patients from clinical trials. Future Oncol. 17:2545–2558. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Baxi S, Yang A, Gennarelli RL, Khan N, Wang Z, Boyce L and Korenstein D: Immune-related adverse events for anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 drugs: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 360(k793)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Liu X, Shi Y, Zhang D, Zhou Q, Liu J, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhao J, Zhong W and Wang M: Risk factors for immune-related adverse events: What have we learned and what lies ahead? Biomark Res. 9(79)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Kalinich M, Murphy W, Wongvibulsin S, Pahalyants V, Yu KH, Lu C, Wang F, Zubiri L, Naranbhai V, Gusev A, et al: Prediction of severe immune-related adverse events requiring hospital admission in patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors: Study of a population level insurance claims database from the USA. J Immunother Cancer. 9(e001935)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Schneider BJ, Naidoo J, Santomasso BD, Lacchetti C, Adkins S, Anadkat M, Atkins MB, Brassil KJ, Caterino JM, Chau J, et al: Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 39:4073–4126. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Postow MA, Sidlow R and Hellmann MD: Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med. 378:158–168. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Wang DY, Salem JE, Cohen JV, Chandra S, Menzer C, Ye F, Zhao S, Das S, Beckermann KE, Ha L, et al: Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 4:1721–1728. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Yi M, Zheng X, Niu M, Zhu S, Ge H and Wu K: Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: Current advances and future directions. Mol Cancer. 21(28)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Gandhi L, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, Esteban E, Felip E, De Angelis F, Domine M, Clingan P, Hochmair MJ, Powell SF, et al: Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 378:2078–2092. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Lynch MM, Alexiev BA, Schroeder BA and Pollack SM: Combinations of chemotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in sarcoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 23:1861–1876. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Dovedi SJ, Adlard AL, Lipowska-Bhalla G, McKenna C, Jones S, Cheadle EJ, Stratford IJ, Poon E, Morrow M, Steward R, et al: Acquired resistance to fractionated radiotherapy can be overcome by concurrent PD-L1 blockade. Cancer Res. 74:5458–5468. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Patel KR, Martinez A, Stahl JM, Logan SJ, Perricone AJ, Ferris MJ, Buchwald ZS, Chowdhary M, Delman KA, Monson DK, et al: Increase in PD-L1 expression after pre-operative radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma. Oncoimmunology. 7(e1442168)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Katsuki S, Takahashi Y, Tamari K, Minami K, Takenaka W, Ibuki Y, Yamamoto J, Tatekawa S, Hayashi K, Seo Y, et al: Radiation therapy enhances systemic antitumor efficacy in PD-L1 therapy regardless of sequence of radiation in murine osteosarcoma. PLoS One. 17(e0271205)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, Postow MA, Rizvi NJ, Lesokhin AM, Segal NH, Ariyan CE, Gordon RA, Reed K, et al: Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 369:122–133. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Huang S, Zheng G and Yang K: Neoadjuvant PD-1/PD-L1 combined with CTLA-4 inhibitors for solid malignancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol. 21(349)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Willsmore ZN, Coumbe BGT, Crescioli S, Reci S, Gupta A, Harris RJ, Chenoweth A, Chauhan J, Bax HJ, McCraw A, et al: Combined anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade: treatment of melanoma and immune mechanisms of action. Eur J Immunol. 51:544–556. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim TY, Kudo M, Breder V, Merle P, Kaseb AO, et al: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 382:1894–1905. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Roussot N, Fumet JD, Limagne E, Thibaudin M, Hervieu A, Hennequin A, Zanetta S, Dalens L, Fourrier T, Galland L, et al: A phase I study of the combination of atezolizumab, tiragolumab, and stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with metastatic multiorgan cancer. BMC Cancer. 23(1080)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Huang D, Ke L, Cui H and Li S: Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic therapy for the unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and the benefit for hepatitis B virus etiology subgroup: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cancer. 23(474)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Park S, Kim TM, Han JY, Lee GW, Shim BY, Lee YG, Kim SW, Kim IH, Lee S, Kim YJ, et al: Phase III, randomized study of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and chemotherapy in patients with EGFR- or ALK-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 42:1241–1251. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hashimoto K, Nishimura S and Goto K: PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 22: 31, 2025.
APA
Hashimoto, K., Nishimura, S., & Goto, K. (2025). PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 22, 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2826
MLA
Hashimoto, K., Nishimura, S., Goto, K."PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22.4 (2025): 31.
Chicago
Hashimoto, K., Nishimura, S., Goto, K."PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22, no. 4 (2025): 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2826
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hashimoto K, Nishimura S and Goto K: PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 22: 31, 2025.
APA
Hashimoto, K., Nishimura, S., & Goto, K. (2025). PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 22, 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2826
MLA
Hashimoto, K., Nishimura, S., Goto, K."PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22.4 (2025): 31.
Chicago
Hashimoto, K., Nishimura, S., Goto, K."PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 22, no. 4 (2025): 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2826
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team