Open Access

Primary pancreatic synovial sarcoma: Report of a rare case and review of the literature

  • Authors:
    • Rebaz M. Ali
    • Karzan Seerwan
    • Shano M. Ali
    • Ari M. Abdullah
    • Omar Hawrami
    • Dlsoz M. Hussein
    • Bruj Jamil Mohammed
    • Muhammad Karim
    • Fakher Abdullah
    • Berun A. Abdalla
    • Fahmi H. Kakamad
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: March 24, 2023     https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2023.82
  • Article Number: 22
  • Copyright: © Ali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Synovial sarcoma is a mesenchymal spindle cell tumor. Primary pancreatic sarcomas are extremely rare. The present study describes a rare case of synovial sarcoma in the head of the pancreas. A 35‑year‑old male presented with left upper quadrant abdominal pain. An endoscopic ultrasound examination revealed a complex solid‑cystic lesion in the pancreatic head. He had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). A histological examination yielded negative results for AE1/AE3, CD10, S100, CD34, desmin, smooth muscle actin, β‑catenin, CD117, HMB45, chromogranin and synaptophysin. However, the results were positive for TLEI and vimentin, which is consistent with synovial sarcoma. Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue malignant tumor. Primary pancreatic sarcomas frequently present as large, high‑grade tumors in the pancreatic head. Histologically, there are several types of synovial sarcoma, such as monophasic, biphasic and poorly differentiated. A histological examination is necessary for the diagnosis as the imaging findings are not specifically suggestive of synovial sarcoma. The preferred course of treatment is complete resection with wide margins, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Primary mesenchymal tumors of the pancreas are extremely uncommon. As a result, a diagnosis requires careful evaluation. Surgical resection is the main modality of treatment.

Introduction

Approximately 1% of all adult cancers are soft tissue sarcomas, which are uncommon mesenchymal neoplasms. Synovial sarcoma is a mesenchymal spindle cell tumor that exhibits variable epithelial differentiation (1). Synovial sarcoma typically affects young and middle-aged individuals, and it has a predilection for the extremities (2).

Primary pancreatic sarcomas are extremely rare and typically represent <0.1% of all primary pancreatic malignancies (3). The patient's age, tumor size, the number of mitoses, type of translocation and tumor-free resection margins are among the predictors of prognosis. The preferred course of treatment is total resection with wide margins, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The overall survival rate at 5 years is between 36 and 76%, and at 10 years it is between 20 and 63% (4).

The present study describes a rare case of a primary spindle cell tumor that developed in the pancreatic head. For the literature review, a Google Scholar and PubMed literature search was conducted using the combinations of the following key words ‘synovial sarcoma; spindle cell tumor; pancreatic metastasis; primary pancreatic tumor’. For the literature review, nine articles that were associated with the present study were selected from 40 available articles. Table I summarizes the pathological characteristics and mode of treatment for the pancreatic primary mesenchymal tumors in the reviewed cases.

Table I

Pathological characteristics and management of pancreatic primary mesenchymal tumors in the reviewed studies.

Table I

Pathological characteristics and management of pancreatic primary mesenchymal tumors in the reviewed studies.

Author, yearPancreatic tumor siteDiagnosisTreatment(Refs.)
Makino et al, 2016BodyPancreatic metastasis from synovial sarcomaDistal pancreatectomy(1)
Nagaraju et al, 2017HeadHigh-grade spindle cell sarcomaLaparotomy with allograft/ pancreatectomy(3)
Luc et al, 2013BodyMonophasic Grade II synovial sarcoma of the pancreasDistal pancreatectomy with splenectomy(4)
Malek et al, 2020Body, tailPancreatic metastasis from synovial sarcomaLaparotomy/ splenopancreatectomy(5)
Owen et al, 1997HeadMyofibroblastic differentiation Pancreaticoduodenectomy/ without preservation of the pylorus(8)
Srinivasan et al, 2008BodySolitary fibrous tumorDistal pancreatectomy(6)
Kim et al, 2014Head Undifferentiated/unclassified sarcomaPylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy(10)
Kim et al, 2014Head Undifferentiated/unclassified sarcomaBiopsy without surgical resection(10)
Kim et al, 2014Tail Undifferentiated/unclassified sarcomaBiopsy/chemotherapy/ radiotherapy(10)
Kim et al, 2014TailSolitary fibrous tumorDistal pancreatectomy(10)
Kim et al, 2014BodySolitary fibrous tumorResection(10)
Kim et al, 2014TailLeiomyosarcomaDistal pancreatectomy/ radiotherapy(10)
Kim et al, 2014BodySchwannomaExcision(10)
Kim et al, 2014BodySchwannomaResection(10)
Kim et al, 2014BodyAtypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma Excision/chemotherapy(10)
Kim et al, 2014TailAngiomyolipomaDistal pancreatectomy(10)
Kim et al, 2014TailSolid and cystic hamartomaDistal pancreatectomy(10)

Case report

Patient information

A 35-year-old male with a known family history of pancreatic cancer was referred to Hiwa Oncology Hospital (Sulaimani, Iraq) and presented with left upper quadrant abdominal pain, aggravated by eating, associated with anorexia, vomiting, and a weight loss of 20 kg in 1 month (from 98 to 78 kg).

Clinical examination

A physical examination revealed tenderness in the left quadrant of the abdomen. There was no jaundice or fever, and the vital signs were normal.

Diagnostic assessment

Liver biochemical tests revealed an increased level of alanine transaminase (72 IU/l; normal range, 10-50 IU/l); however, aspartate aminotransferase (22 IU/l; normal range, 10-50 IU/l) and alkaline phosphatase (96 IU/l; normal range 40-130 IU/l) levels were in the normal, reference range. As regards pancreatic enzyme levels, amylase levels were normal (39 U/l; normal range, <100 U/l), whereas lipase levels (169 U/l, normal range: ≤ 60) were elevated. The leukocyte count was normal (7.4x109/l; normal range, 4-11x109/l. Endoscopic ultrasound imaging revealed a bulky heterogeneous texture of the pancreatic body and tail, diffuse lobularity of the pancreatic parenchyma, and a honeycomb appearance of the pancreas with a normal main pancreatic duct. Scanning through the duodenum revealed an anechoic cystic lesion measuring 22.6x27.6 mm in the pancreatic head with some solid components in the wall of the cyst and no communication was observed with the main pancreatic duct (data not shown; ultrasound images are not available as these were performed in another center). The findings indicated the presence of a complex pancreatic solid-cystic lesion.

Therapeutic intervention

The patient underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). The pancreatic head, a portion of the small intestine, the gall bladder and the bile duct were all removed during the procedure. The resected tumor size was 1.5x1.5 cm. The histological examination (performed as described below) revealed a cellular tumor composed of neoplastic spindle cells with faint cytoplasm and elongated oval-nuclei, illustrating mild atypia arranged in a syncytial manner (Fig. 1). The tumor was infiltrative into the surrounding pancreatic tissue, with the pathological stage of pTI-pN0 Mx. There was no necrosis, and the tumor mitotic activity revealed sparse mitosis (<5/50 high-powered field). The immunohistochemistry work-up was negative for each of the epithelial markers (AE1/AE3), vascular markers CD34, smooth muscle markers (desmin, smooth muscle actin and β-catenin), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (CD117), melanoma marker (HMB45) and progesterone receptor as well. Chromogranin and synaptophysin staining were negative in Langerhans islet cells and scattered endocrine cells. Positive stains for TLEI and vimentin (moderate and diffuse nuclear staining patterns) and negative for other markers were consistent with synovial sarcoma. No neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy was used for the patient, as the patient was young and the tumor was small, localized and had a low mitotic rate.

Histopathological staining procedure

The specimen (3 mm) was fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 2-3 days at 25˚C. The DiaPath Donatello automated processor (Diapath S.P.A.) was used for further processing the sample through the following steps: Using 10% neutral-buffered formalin with an average time of 20 min; deionized water for 10 min; dehydration and fixation by alcohol (70%), followed by 95 and 99% (each step lasted 1-1:30 min); washing by three stations of xylene (total 3 h); paraffin wax infiltration (three stations, each lasted for 1 h).

The Sakura Tissue-Tek embedding system (Sakura Finetek USA, Inc.) was used for embedding the blocks in paraffin wax. The tissue sections were then placed through the Sakura Accu-Cut SRM microtome (Sakura Finetek USA, Inc.). The sections were floated in a Sakura 1451 water bath at 40-50˚C and placed on regular glass slides. The DiaPath Giotto autostainer (Diapath S.P.A.) was used to color the slides with hematoxylin and eosin stains. The following steps were used: i) Washing the slides with xylene three times for 7, 7 and 5 min, respectively; ii) using pure alcohol for 3 min, followed by 90% alcohol for 4 min, 70% alcohol for 3 min and finally, tap water for 2 min; iii) using hematoxylin Gill II for 8 min at room temperature (Sigma-Aldrich Hematoxylin Natural Black 1; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA); iv) using tap water for 4 min, followed by ammonia water and tap water for 1 min for each, and then 70% alcohol for 2 min. Eosin, prepared from Sigma-Aldrich Eosin-Y disodium salt was used for 5 min at room temperature, and the slides were then washed with tap water for 1 min. Following that, 70% alcohol was used for 15 sec, 90% for two min, and 100% three times, each for 3 to 4 min. Finally, xylene was used in three stations lasting 3, 5 and 4 min, respectively. The slides were allowed to dry for 5 min before being screened under a light microscope (Leica microsystems, Germany).

Follow-up

The patient experienced mild surgical site pain following the procedure. He was discharged from the hospital after an abdominal ultrasound revealed no notable findings. At 3 months following the surgery, a computed tomography (CT-scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed mild pancreatic duct dilatation with a 1.5 cm cyst at the site of anastomosis without any obvious signs of recurrence.

Discussion

A sarcoma is a malignant tumor that develops from mesenchymal tissue. It is less frequent than carcinoma and affects mostly adolescents. Synovial sarcomas are malignant soft tissue tumors of unknown etiology (4,5). These tumors can appear in a variety of sites and are currently considered to result from a mutation in mesenchymal cells. Primary pancreatic sarcomas commonly present as large, high-grade tumors in the pancreatic head, and they are more common in females than in males (4). Liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma are identified as other types of malignant pancreatic mesenchymal tumors (6). According to the literature, the first surgical excision of a pancreatic spindle cell sarcoma was likely performed by Trendelenburg in 1882, and Segre provided the first pathological descriptions of two cases of pancreatic primary sarcoma (7,8). Primary pancreatic tumors are relatively large at presentation. The average size of a primary pancreatic tumor was reported to be 7.5 cm in the study by Youngwirth et al (9) and Kim et al reported a mean tumor size of 5.8 cm in primary pancreatic sarcomas (10).

The tumor size, high mitotic activity, the appearance of cellular atypia, or malignant indicative characteristics are all associated with a poor prognosis. Late recurrences or metastases are not infrequent (8,11). Histologically, there are three types of synovial sarcoma, including monophasic (consisting only of spindle cells) (50-60%), biphasic (consisting of both epithelial and spindle cell elements (20-30%) and poorly differentiated (15-20%) (1). The prognosis of both the monophasic and biphasic histological subtypes has been reported to be the same in the literature. Moreover, poorly differentiated types have an aggressive clinical history that often includes early recurrence and metastasis (12).

Due to the rarity of primary pancreatic mesenchymal tumors, further attention is required for diagnosis. First, it is crucial to exclude metastasis from primary tumors originating from locations outside the pancreas, such as the retroperitoneum, female genital tract, extremities, or gastrointestinal tract. Second, in the case that a microscopic examination reveals the malignant spindle cell components, the possibility of sarcomatoid carcinoma should be considered (10). Synovial sarcoma is often portrayed as a heterogeneously enhanced, well-defined tumor on a contrast-enhanced CT scan-or MRI. However, as these imaging features are not specifically indicative of synovial sarcoma, a histological examination is required for the diagnosis (1). The case described in the present study was a 35-year-old male, and an endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a complex solid cystic lesion in the pancreas.

Thus, histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) examinations are used to demonstrate the presence of synovial sarcoma. Recently, gene expression profiling studies have revealed overexpression of the transcriptional corepressor, TLE1, in synovial sarcoma (11,13,14), and further research discovered that >90% of synovial sarcomas had moderate-to-strong TLE1 nuclear staining by IHC (11). As in the present study, IHC staining for TLEI and vimentin was positive, the patient was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma. The specific genetic abnormality that characterizes synovial sarcoma is a non-random chromosomal translocation between the long arm of chromosome 18 and the short arm of chromosome X; these specific markers are helpful in making a definitive diagnosis using reverse transcription PCR (2). Therefore, to confirm the diagnosis, the existence of the SS18-SSX1 or SS18-SSX2 fusion gene needs to be examined (1). A definite protocol for treating these lesions is not discussed as there are a few case reports of primary mesenchymal tumors of the pancreas. Furthermore, the effectiveness of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy is also inconclusive due to the rarity of this lesion and the limited long-term follow-up (10). When deciding whether to remove a pancreatic tumor surgically, numerous factors are considered. In the study by Youngwirth et al (9), younger patients, smaller tumors and lower grades of tumors were associated with more successful decisions about resection. Therefore, complete resection with wide margins is the preferred course of treatment, followed by radiation and/or chemotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy is usually attempted for unresectable masses (1,4). In the study by Youngwirth et al (9), only 39.5% of patients had surgery. Other treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, were only utilized in a small number of cases and it has been discovered that patients who underwent surgical resection had a higher chance of survival. A study from the Mayo Clinic data (15) confirmed the same outcomes (9). Previous representative large case series studies have demonstrated that the 5-year overall survival rate of adults with synovial sarcoma ranges from 57 to 75%. The high application of adjuvant chemotherapy may be responsible for this relatively improved outcome (12,16,17). Although Takenaka et al (12) did not demonstrate a significant difference in survival between patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and those who did not, this was probably due to the diversity of chemotherapeutic regimens in each center. Makino et al (1) managed a case of left pelvic and femoral synovial sarcoma. The patient underwent extensive tumor resection followed by reconstruction and a constrained complete hip megaprosthesis, with neoadjuvant adriamycin/ifosfamide (AI) therapy for four cycles and adjuvant AI therapy for one cycle. Following regular monitoring, the diagnosis of pancreatic metastases from synovial sarcoma was confirmed (1). The patient then received two cycles of adjuvant AI chemotherapy, followed by two cycles of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide, with no significant adverse events and no recurrence for 30 months (1). In the study by Luc et al (4), no adjuvant therapy was used after the pancreatic monophasic grade II synovial sarcoma was diagnosed. They performed a distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and found a pathologically poorly differentiated intrapancreatic tumor that had central necrosis and inflammation (4). Patients in the study by Youngwirth et al (9) who underwent surgical resection had smaller tumors and tumors that were poorly or undifferentiated, similar to the case described herein. Owen et al (8) concluded that a pancreatoduodenectomy was an effective treatment for two cases of large, pathologically malignant stromal tumors that presented in the head of the pancreas. After 2 and 10 years of follow-up, both patients were still alive and exhibited no signs of either locally recurrent disease or distant metastasis (8). Guillou et al demonstrated that the histological grade (grade 2 vs. 3) of the French Federation of Cancer Centers (FNCLCC) is the most critical prognostic factor for survival in patients with synovial sarcoma (18). Youngwirth et al (9) revealed that a worse tumor grade and patient age were related to decreased adjusted survival in patients who underwent surgical resection. This is crucial as it differentiates pancreatic sarcomas from other types of pancreatic cancer. In addition, they demonstrated a relatively high margin positivity, which is known as a poor prognostic indicator due to the size and location of the tumors in the pancreatic head (9). Margin involvement and lymph node metastases have been found to be the most significant prognostic factors in previous studies on pancreatic cancer as a whole. However, a higher tumor grade has been linked to a lower overall survival rate in sarcomas (19). Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed in the patient described herein. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy was not used due to four favorable prognostic factors: A small, localized tumor, a low mitotic rate, and the patient's age.

The major limitations of the present study are the lack of biomarker evaluation and FDG-PET-CT scan evaluation reports, as these could not be retrieved. As no standard guideline was available for primary synovial carcinoma, the patient was followed-up as a case of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

In conclusion, pancreatic primary mesenchymal tumors are extremely rare. Consequently, a diagnosis requires a careful evaluation. Further investigations, such as IHC examinations are helpful for a differential diagnosis. Due to the rarity of the reported cases, information on the clinicopathologic characteristics and the benefits of different treatment modalities are limited. Surgical resection is the main method of treatment.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Funding: No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

KS and OH were the surgeons who performed the operation. SMA and RMA were the oncologists who managed the case. AMA was the pathologist who examined the specimen, and was also a major contributor to the conception of the study. BJM and FA were major contributors to the conception of the study, as well as in the literature search for related studies. FHK and DMH were involved in the literature review, the writing of the manuscript, as well as in the analysis and interpretation of the patient's data. MK and BAA were involved in preparing and obtaining the staining image from histopathological analysis. MK and BAA confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient whose case is presented herein.

Patient consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient whose case is presented herein for the publication of his data and any related images.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

1 

Makino Y, Shigekawa M, Kegasawa T, Suda T, Yoshioka T, Iwahashi K, Ikezawa K, Sakamori R, Yakushijin T, Kajihara J, et al: A case report of pancreatic metastasis from synovial sarcoma successfully treated by metastasectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(e4789)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Sahara S, Otsuki Y, Egawa Y, Shimizu S, Yoshizawa Y, Hosoda Y, Suzuki K, Sato Y and Kobayashi H: Primary synovial sarcoma of the stomach-a case report and review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract. 209:745–750. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Nagaraju S, Grethlein SJ, Vaishnav S, Sharfuddin AA, Powelson JA and Fridell JA: Case report: Primary de novo sarcoma in transplant pancreas allograft. Transplant Proc. 49:2352–2354. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Luc G, Collet D, Reich S, Stanislas S and Sa-Cunha A: Primary monophasic synovial sarcoma of the pancreas. J Visc Surg. 150:159–161. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Malek B, Saida S, Olfa J, Salma K, Maher S, Riadh C and Khaled R: The management of pancreatic metastasis from synovial sarcoma of the soft tissue: A case report. Rare Tumors. 12(2036361320983691)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Srinivasan VD, Wayne JD, Rao MS and Zynger DL: Solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas: Case report with cytologic and surgical pathology correlation and review of the literature. JOP. 9:526–530. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Kiefer ED: Carcinoma of the pancreas. Arch Int Med. 40:1–29. 1927.

8 

Owen CH, Madden JF and Clavien PA: Spindle cell stromal tumor of the pancreas: Treatment by pancreatoduodenectomy. Surgery. 122:105–111. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Youngwirth LM, Freischlag K, Nussbaum DP, Benrashid E and Blazer DG: Primary sarcomas of the pancreas: A review of 253 patients from the National Cancer Data Base. Surg Oncol. 27:676–680. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Kim JY, Song JS, Park H, Byun JH, Song KB, Kim KP, Kim SC and Hong SM: Primary mesenchymal tumors of the pancreas: Single-center experience over 16 years. Pancreas. 43:959–968. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Baranov E, McBride MJ, Bellizzi AM, Ligon AH, Fletcher CDM, Kadoch C and Hornick JL: A novel SS18-SSX fusion-specific antibody for the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 44:922–933. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Takenaka S, Ueda T, Naka N, Araki N, Hashimoto N, Myoui A, Ozaki T, Nakayama T, Toguchida J, Tanaka K, et al: Prognostic implication of SYT-SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma: A multi-institutional retrospective analysis in Japan. Oncol Rep. 19:467–476. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Foo WC, Cruise MW, Wick MR and Hornick JL: Immunohistochemical staining for TLE1 distinguishes synovial sarcoma from histologic mimics. Am J Clin Pathol. 135:839–844. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Tanaka M, Homme M, Yamazaki Y, Ae K, Matsumoto S, Subramanian S and Nakamura T: Cooperation between SS18-SSX1 and miR-214 in synovial sarcoma development and progression. Cancers (Basel). 12(324)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Zhang H, Jensen MH, Farnell MB, Smyrk TC and Zhang L: Primary leiomyosarcoma of the pancreas: study of 9 cases and review of literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 34:1849–1856. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Ferrari A, Gronchi A, Casanova M, Meazza C, Gandola L, Collini P, Lozza L, Bertulli R, Olmi P and Casali PG: Synovial sarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 271 patients of all ages treated at a single institution. Cancer. 101:627–634. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Spillane AJ, A'Hern R, Judson IR, Fisher C and Thomas JM: Synovial sarcoma: A clinicopathologic, staging, and prognostic assessment. J Clin Oncol. 18:3794–3803. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Guillou L, Benhattar J, Bonichon F, Gallagher G, Terrier P, Stauffer E, Somerhausen Nde S, Michels JJ, Jundt G, Vince DR, et al: Histologic grade, but not SYT-SSX fusion type, is an important prognostic factor in patients with synovial sarcoma: A multicenter, retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol. 22:4040–4050. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Trovik LH, Ovrebo K, Almquist M, Haugland HK, Rissler P, Eide J, Engellau J, Monge OR, Nyhus AB, Elde IK and Jebsen NL: Adjuvant radiotherapy in retroperitoneal sarcomas. A scandinavian sarcoma group study of 97 patients. Acta Oncol. 53:1165–1172. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

Journal Cover

May-June 2023
Volume 3 Issue 3

Print ISSN: 2754-3242
Online ISSN:2754-1304

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ali RM, Seerwan K, Ali SM, Abdullah AM, Hawrami O, Hussein DM, Mohammed BJ, Karim M, Abdullah F, Abdalla BA, Abdalla BA, et al: Primary pancreatic synovial sarcoma: Report of a rare case and review of the literature. Med Int 3: 22, 2023.
APA
Ali, R.M., Seerwan, K., Ali, S.M., Abdullah, A.M., Hawrami, O., Hussein, D.M. ... Kakamad, F.H. (2023). Primary pancreatic synovial sarcoma: Report of a rare case and review of the literature. Medicine International, 3, 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2023.82
MLA
Ali, R. M., Seerwan, K., Ali, S. M., Abdullah, A. M., Hawrami, O., Hussein, D. M., Mohammed, B. J., Karim, M., Abdullah, F., Abdalla, B. A., Kakamad, F. H."Primary pancreatic synovial sarcoma: Report of a rare case and review of the literature". Medicine International 3.3 (2023): 22.
Chicago
Ali, R. M., Seerwan, K., Ali, S. M., Abdullah, A. M., Hawrami, O., Hussein, D. M., Mohammed, B. J., Karim, M., Abdullah, F., Abdalla, B. A., Kakamad, F. H."Primary pancreatic synovial sarcoma: Report of a rare case and review of the literature". Medicine International 3, no. 3 (2023): 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2023.82