Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Medicine International
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2754-3242 Online ISSN: 2754-1304
Journal Cover
September-October 2024 Volume 4 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-October 2024 Volume 4 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Dileep Kumar
    • Victor Carlos Da Silva
    • Natalia Lemos Chaves
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institutes of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910‑900, Brazil, Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Institutes of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910‑900, Brazil
    Copyright: © Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 46
    |
    Published online on: June 25, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.170
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer‑related mortality among women worldwide. Immunotherapies are a promising approach in cancer treatment, particularly for aggressive forms of BC with high mortality rates. However, the current eligibility for immunotherapy remains limited to a limited fraction of patients with BC. Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), originating from myeloid cells, are known for their dual role in immunosuppression and tumor promotion, significantly affecting patient outcomes by fostering the formation of premetastatic niches. Consequently, targeting MDSCs has emerged as a promising avenue for further exploration in therapeutic interventions. Leveraging nanotechnology‑based drug delivery systems, which excel in accumulating drugs within tumors via passive or active targeting mechanisms, are a promising strategy for the use of MDSCs in the treatment of BC. The present review discusses the immunosuppressive functions of MDSCs, their role in BC, and the diverse strategies for targeting them in cancer therapy. Additionally, the present review discusses future advancements in BC treatments focusing on MDSCs. Furthermore, it elucidates the mechanisms underlying MDSC activation, recruitment and differentiation in BC progression, highlighting the clinical characteristics that render MDSCs suitable candidates for the therapy and targeted nanotherapy of BC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68:394–424. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Lei S, Zheng R, Zhang S, Wang S, Chen R, Sun K, Zeng H, Zhou J and Wei W: Global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality: A population-based cancer registry data analysis from 2000 to 2020. Cancer Commun (Lond). 41:1183–1194. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Gradishar WJ, Moran MS, Abraham J, Aft R, Agnese D, Allison KH, Anderson B, Burstein HJ, Chew H, Dang C, et al: Breast cancer, version 3.2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 20:691–722. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Partridge AH, Burstein HJ and Winer EP: Side effects of chemotherapy and combined chemohormonal therapy in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. (30):135–142. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Langeh U, Kumar V, Ahuja P, Singh C and Singh A: An update on breast cancer chemotherapy-associated toxicity and their management approaches. Health Sci Re. 9(100119)2023.

6 

Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, Pienkowski T, Martin M, Press M, Mackey J, Glaspy J, Chan A, Pawlicki M, et al: Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 365:1273–1283. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P, Bennet AM, Blom-Goldman U, Brønnum D, Correa C, Cutter D, Gagliardi G, Gigante B, et al: Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 368:987–998. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Adams S, Gatti-Mays ME, Kalinsky K, Korde LA, Sharon E, Amiri-Kordestani L, Bear H, McArthur HL, Frank E, Perlmutter J, et al: Current landscape of immunotherapy in breast cancer: A review. JAMA Oncol. 5:1205–1214. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Verheijden RJ, van Eijs MJM, May AM, van Wijk F and Suijkerbuijk KPM: Immunosuppression for immune-related adverse events during checkpoint inhibition: An intricate balance. NPJ Precis Oncol. 7(41)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Martins F, Sofiya L, Sykiotis GP, Lamine F, Maillard M, Fraga M, Shabafrouz K, Ribi C, Cairoli A, Guex-Crosier Y, et al: Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: epidemiology, management and surveillance. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 6:563–580. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Trimboli RM, Giorgi Rossi P, Battisti NML, Cozzi A, Magni V, Zanardo M and Sardanelli F: Do we still need breast cancer screening in the era of targeted therapies and precision medicine? Insights Imaging. 11(105)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Elemam NM, Talaat IM, Assal RA and Youness RA: Understanding the crosstalk between immune cells and the tumor microenvironment in cancer and its implications for immunotherapy. Front Med (Lausanne). 10(1202581)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Cha YJ and Koo JS: Role of tumor-associated myeloid cells in breast cancer. Cells. 9(1785)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Ortiz ML, Lu L, Ramachandran I and Gabrilovich DI: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the development of lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2:50–58. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Srivastava MK, Zhu L, Harris-White M, Kar UK, Huang M, Johnson MF, Lee JM, Elashoff D, Strieter R, Dubinett S and Sharma S: Myeloid suppressor cell depletion augments antitumor activity in lung cancer. PLoS One. 7(e40677)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Yang Z, Guo J, Weng L, Tang W, Jin S and Ma W: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells-new and exciting players in lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 13(10)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Blaye C, Boyer T, Peyraud F, Domblides C and Larmonier N: Beyond immunosuppression: The multifaceted functions of tumor-promoting myeloid cells in breast cancers. Front Immunol. 13(838040)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Li L, Li M and Jia Q: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Key immunosuppressive regulators and therapeutic targets in cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 248(154711)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Parker KH, Beury DW and Ostrand-Rosenberg S: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: critical cells driving immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Adv Cancer Res. 128:95–139. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Bronte V, Brandau S, Chen SH, Colombo MP, Frey AB, Greten TF, Mandruzzato S, Murray PJ, Ochoa A, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, et al: Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards. Nat Commun. 7(12150)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Cassetta L, Baekkevold ES, Brandau S, Bujko A, Cassatella MA, Dorhoi A, Krieg C, Lin A, Loré K, Marini O, et al: Deciphering myeloid-derived suppressor cells: isolation and markers in humans, mice, and non-human primates. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 68:687–697. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Wang PF, Song SY, Wang TJ, Ji WJ, Li SW, Liu N and Yan CX: Prognostic role of pretreatment circulating MDSCs in patients with solid malignancies: A meta-analysis of 40 studies. Oncoimmunology. 7(e1494113)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Condamine T, Mastio J and Gabrilovich DI: Transcriptional regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Leukoc Biol. 98:913–922. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Alshetaiwi H, Pervolarakis N, McIntyre LL, Ma D, Nguyen Q, Rath JA, Nee K, Hernandez G, Evans K, Torosian L, et al: Defining the emergence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer using single-cell transcriptomics. Sci Immunol. 5(eaay6017)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Millrud CR, Bergenfelz C and Leandersson K: On the origin of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncotarget. 8:3649–3665. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Sun HW, Wu WC, Chen HT, Xu YT, Yang YY, Chen J, Yu XJ, Wang Z, Shuang ZY and Zheng L: Glutamine deprivation promotes the generation and mobilization of MDSCs by enhancing expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF. Front Immunol. 11(616367)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Rong Y, Yuan CH, Qu Z, Zhou H, Guan Q, Yang N, Leng XH, Bu L, Wu K and Wang F: Doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells activate myeloid-derived suppressor cells by releasing PGE2. Sci Rep. 6(23824)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Ching MM, Reader J and Fulton AM: Eicosanoids in cancer: prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 in cancer therapeutics and immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol. 11(530199)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Pradhan AK, Maji S, Bhoopathi P, Talukdar S, Mannangatti P, Guo C, Wang XY, Cartagena LC, Idowu M, Landry JW, et al: Pharmacological inhibition of MDA-9/Syntenin blocks breast cancer metastasis through suppression of IL-1β. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 118(e2103180118)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Jiang M, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhang R, Ye Y, Liu P, Yu W, Wei F, Ren X and Yu J: Interleukin-6 trans-signaling pathway promotes immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells via suppression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in breast cancer. Front Immunol. 8(1840)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Zhao N, Zhu W, Wang J, Liu W, Kang L, Yu R and Liu B: Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote TNBC lung metastasis via the IL-13-MDSC axis in a murine tumor model. Int Immunopharmacol. 99(107924)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Popović M, Dedić Plavetić N, Vrbanec D, Marušić Z, Mijatović D and Kulić A: Interleukin 17 in early invasive breast cancer. Front Oncol. 13(1171254)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Gao W, Wen H, Liang L, Dong X, Du R, Zhou W, Zhang X, Zhang C, Xiang R and Li N: IL20RA signaling enhances stemness and promotes the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in breast cancer. Theranostics. 11:2564–2580. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Xiao P, Wan X, Cui B, Liu Y, Qiu C, Rong J, Zheng M, Song Y, Chen L, He J, et al: Interleukin 33 in tumor microenvironment is crucial for the accumulation and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncoimmunology. 5(e1063772)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Kajihara N, Kobayashi T, Otsuka R, Nio-Kobayashi J, Oshino T, Takahashi M, Imanishi S, Hashimoto A, Wada H and Seino KI: Tumor-derived interleukin-34 creates an immunosuppressive and chemoresistant tumor microenvironment by modulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 72:851–864. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Simpson KD, Templeton DJ and Cross JV: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol. 189:5533–5540. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Liu QW, Chen Y, Li JY, Xiao L, Zhang WJ, Zhao JL, Gu HC, Wu HY, Zuo GS, Deng KY and Xin HB: Bone marrow cells are differentiated into MDSCs by BCC-Ex through down-regulating the expression of CXCR4 and activating the STAT3 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 25:5497–5510. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Mundy-Bosse BL, Thornton LM, Yang HC, Andersen BL and Carson WE: Psychological stress is associated with altered levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer patients. Cell Immunol. 270:80–87. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

He K, Liu X, Hoffman RD, Shi RZ, Lv GY and Gao JL: G-CSF/GM-CSF-induced hematopoietic dysregulation in the progression of solid tumors. FEBS Open Bio. 12:1268–1285. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Smith KG and Clatworthy MR: FcγRIIB in autoimmunity and infection: Evolutionary and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Immunol. 10:328–343. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Wu L, Xu Y, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Yang S, Lei J, Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Y and Li Y: FcγRIIB potentiates differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells to mediate tumor immunoescape. Theranostics. 12:842–858. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Hillmer EJ, Zhang H, Li HS and Watowich SS: STAT3 signaling in immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 31:1–15. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Liao WC, Yen HR, Chen CH, Chu YH, Song YC, Tseng TJ and Liu CH: CHPF promotes malignancy of breast cancer cells by modifying syndecan-4 and the tumor microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res. 11:812–826. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

44 

Liu C, Qiang J, Deng Q, Xia J, Deng L, Zhou L, Wang D, He X, Liu Y, Zhao B, et al: ALDH1A1 activity in tumor-initiating cells remodels myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote breast cancer progression. Cancer Res. 81:5919–5934. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Jiang M, Zhang W, Zhang R, Liu P, Ye Y, Yu W, Guo X and Yu J: Cancer exosome-derived miR-9 and miR-181a promote the development of early-stage MDSCs via interfering with SOCS3 and PIAS3 respectively in breast cancer. Oncogene. 39:4681–4694. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Zhang W, Jiang M, Chen J, Zhang R, Ye Y, Liu P, Yu W and Yu J: SOCS3 suppression promoted the recruitment of CD11b+ Gr-1-F4/80-MHCII-early-stage myeloid-derived suppressor cells and accelerated interleukin-6-related tumor invasion via affecting myeloid differentiation in breast cancer. Front Immunol. 9(1699)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Welte T, Kim IS, Tian L, Gao X, Wang H, Li J, Holdman XB, Herschkowitz JI, Pond A, Xie G, et al: Oncogenic mTOR signalling recruits myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote tumour initiation. Nat Cell Biol. 18:632–644. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Ozga AJ, Chow MT and Luster AD: Chemokines and the immune response to cancer. Immunity. 54:859–874. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Huang YC, Hou MF, Tsai YM, Pan YC, Tsai PH, Lin YS, Chang CY, Tsai EM and Hsu YL: Involvement of ACACA (acetyl-CoA carboxylase α) in the lung pre-metastatic niche formation in breast cancer by senescence phenotypic conversion in fibroblasts. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 46:643–660. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Gu P, Sun M, Li L, Yang Y, Jiang Z, Ge Y, Wang W, Mu W and Wang H: Breast tumor-derived exosomal microRNA-200b-3p promotes specific organ metastasis through regulating CCL2 expression in lung epithelial cells. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9(657158)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Tanaka T, Kajiwara T, Torigoe T, Okamoto Y, Sato N and Tamura Y: Cancer-associated oxidoreductase ERO1-α drives the production of tumor-promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cells via oxidative protein folding. J Immunol. 194:2004–2010. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Liu Y, Lai L, Chen Q, Song Y, Xu S, Ma F, Wang X, Wang J, Yu H, Cao X and Wang Q: MicroRNA-494 is required for the accumulation and functions of tumor-expanded myeloid-derived suppressor cells via targeting of PTEN. J Immunol. 188:5500–5510. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Guo L, Kong D, Liu J, Zhan L, Luo L, Zheng W, Zheng Q, Chen C and Sun S: Breast cancer heterogeneity and its implication in personalized precision therapy. Exp Hematol Oncol. 12(3)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Vrakas CN, O'Sullivan RM, Evans SE, Ingram DA, Jones CB, Phuong T and Kurt RA: The Measure of DAMPs and a role for S100A8 in recruiting suppressor cells in breast cancer lung metastasis. Immunol Invest. 44:174–188. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Chen JY, Lai YS, Chu PY, Chan SH, Wang LH and Hung WC: Cancer-derived VEGF-C increases chemokine production in lymphatic endothelial cells to promote CXCR2-dependent cancer invasion and MDSC recruitment. Cancers (Basel). 11(1120)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Roberts LM, Perez MJ, Balogh KN, Mingledorff G, Cross JV and Munson JM: Myeloid derived suppressor cells migrate in response to flow and lymphatic endothelial cell interaction in the breast tumor microenvironment. Cancers (Basel). 14(3008)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Yu B, Luo F, Sun B, Liu W, Shi Q, Cheng SY, Chen C, Chen G, Li Y and Feng H: KAT6A acetylation of SMAD3 regulates myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment, metastasis, and immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh). 8(e2100014)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Vadrevu SK, Chintala NK, Sharma SK, Sharma P, Cleveland C, Riediger L, Manne S, Fairlie DP, Gorczyca W, Almanza O, et al: Complement c5a receptor facilitates cancer metastasis by altering T-cell responses in the metastatic niche. Cancer Res. 74:3454–3465. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Cheng R, Billet S, Liu C, Haldar S, Choudhury D, Tripathi M, Hav M, Merchant A, Hu T, Huang H, et al: Periodontal inflammation recruits distant metastatic breast cancer cells by increasing myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncogene. 39:1543–1556. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Tcyganov E, Mastio J, Chen E and Gabrilovich DI: Plasticity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 51:76–82. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Mehta AK, Kadel S, Townsend MG, Oliwa M and Guerriero JL: Macrophage biology and mechanisms of immune suppression in breast cancer. Front Immunol. 12(643771)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Ostrand-Rosenberg S and Fenselau C: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: immune-suppressive cells that impair antitumor immunity and are sculpted by their environment. J Immunol. 200:422–431. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Cayrol C and Girard JP: Interleukin-33 (IL-33): A critical review of its biology and the mechanisms involved in its release as a potent extracellular cytokine. Cytokine. 156(155891)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Mattiola I and Diefenbach A: Enabling anti-tumor immunity by unleashing ILC2. Cell Res. 30:461–462. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Halvorsen EC, Franks SE, Wadsworth BJ, Harbourne BT, Cederberg RA, Steer CA, Martinez-Gonzalez I, Calder J, Lockwood WW and Bennewith KL: IL-33 increases ST2+ Tregs and promotes metastatic tumour growth in the lungs in an amphiregulin-dependent manner. Oncoimmunology. 8(e1527497)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Gurram RK and Zhu J: Orchestration between ILC2s and Th2 cells in shaping type 2 immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol. 16:225–235. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Choi MR, Sosman JA and Zhang B: The janus face of IL-33 signaling in tumor development and immune escape. Cancers (Basel). 13(3281)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Huang X, Cao J and Zu X: Tumor-associated macrophages: An important player in breast cancer progression. Thorac Cancer. 13:269–276. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Hao NB, Lü MH, Fan YH, Cao YL, Zhang ZR and Yang SM: Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012(948098)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Boutilier AJ and Elsawa SF: Macrophage polarization states in the tumor microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci. 22(6995)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Wang S, Wang J, Chen Z, Luo J, Guo W, Sun L and Lin L: Targeting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach to overcome antitumor drug resistance. NPJ Precis Oncol. 8(31)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

72 

Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L and Duo Y: Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8(207)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

73 

Biswas S, Mandal G, Roy Chowdhury S, Purohit S, Payne KK, Anadon C, Gupta A, Swanson P, Yu X, Conejo-Garcia JR and Bhattacharyya A: Exosomes produced by mesenchymal stem cells drive differentiation of myeloid cells into immunosuppressive M2-polarized macrophages in breast cancer. J Immunol. 203:3447–3460. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Payne KK, Zoon CK, Wan W, Marlar K, Keim RC, Kenari MN, Kazim AL, Bear HD and Manjili MH: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with breast cancer can be reprogrammed to enhance anti-HER-2/neu reactivity and overcome myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 142:45–57. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Gabrilovich DI, Ostrand-Rosenberg S and Bronte V: Coordinated regulation of myeloid cells by tumours. Nat Rev Immunol. 12:253–268. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

76 

Pansy K, Uhl B, Krstic J, Szmyra M, Fechter K, Santiso A, Thüminger L, Greinix H, Kargl J, Prochazka K, et al: Immune regulatory processes of the tumor microenvironment under malignant conditions. Int J Mol Sci. 22(13311)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Li F, Zhao Y, Wei L, Li S and Liu J: Tumor-infiltrating Treg, MDSC, and IDO expression associated with outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 19:695–705. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Srivastava MK, Sinha P, Clements VK, Rodriguez P and Ostrand-Rosenberg S: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T-cell activation by depleting cystine and cysteine. Cancer Res. 70:68–77. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Lu T, Ramakrishnan R, Altiok S, Youn JI, Cheng P, Celis E, Pisarev V, Sherman S, Sporn MB and Gabrilovich D: Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells induce tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic T cells in mice. J Clin Invest. 121:4015–4029. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

80 

Stiff A, Trikha P, Mundy-Bosse B, McMichael E, Mace TA, Benner B, Kendra K, Campbell A, Gautam S and Abood D: , et al: Nitric oxide production by myeloid-derived suppressor cells plays a role in impairing Fc receptor-mediated natural killer cell function. Clin Cancer Res. 24:1891–1904. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

81 

Sceneay J, Griessinger CM, Hoffmann SHL, Wen SW, Wong CSF, Krumeich S, Kneilling M, Pichler BJ and Möller A: Tracking the fate of adoptively transferred myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the primary breast tumor microenvironment. PLoS One. 13(e0196040)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Hanson EM, Clements VK, Sinha P, Ilkovitch D and Ostrand-Rosenberg S: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells down-regulate L-selectin expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 183:937–944. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Sinha P, Chornoguz O, Clements VK, Artemenko KA, Zubarev RA and Ostrand-Rosenberg S: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells express the death receptor Fas and apoptose in response to T cell-expressed FasL. Blood. 117:5381–5390. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Lelis FJ, Jaufmann J, Singh A, Fromm K, Teschner AC, Pöschel S, Schäfer I, Beer-Hammer S, Rieber N and Hartl D: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells modulate B-cell responses. Immunol Lett. 188:108–115. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Shen M, Wang J, Yu W, Zhang C, Liu M, Wang K, Yang L, Wei F, Wang SE, Sun Q and Ren X: A novel MDSC-induced PD-1- PD-L1+ B-cell subset in breast tumor microenvironment possesses immuno-suppressive properties. Oncoimmunology. 7(e1413520)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Nam S, Lee A, Lim J and Lim JS: Analysis of the expression and regulation of PD-1 protein on the surface of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Biomol Ther (Seoul). 27:63–70. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

87 

Liu M, Wei F, Wang J, Yu W, Shen M, Liu T, Zhang D, Wang Y, Ren X and Sun Q: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate the immunosuppressive functions of PD-1- PD-L1+ Bregs through PD-L1/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis. 12(465)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Spallanzani RG, Dalotto-Moreno T, Raffo Iraolagoitia XL, Ziblat A, Domaica CI, Avila DE, Rossi LE, Fuertes MB, Battistone MA, Rabinovich GA, et al: Expansion of CD11b+ Ly6G+ Ly6C int cells driven by medroxyprogesterone acetate in mice bearing breast tumors restrains NK cell effector functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 62:1781–1795. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

89 

Sceneay J, Chow MT, Chen A, Halse HM, Wong CS, Andrews DM, Sloan EK, Parker BS, Bowtell DD, Smyth MJ and Möller A: Primary tumor hypoxia recruits CD11b+/Ly6Cmed/Ly6G+ immune suppressor cells and compromises NK cell cytotoxicity in the premetastatic niche. Cancer Res. 72:3906–3911. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Deng Z, Rong Y, Teng Y, Zhuang X, Samykutty A, Mu J, Zhang L, Cao P, Yan J, Miller D and Zhang HG: Exosomes miR-126a released from MDSC induced by DOX treatment promotes lung metastasis. Oncogene. 36:639–651. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

91 

Ma X, Wang M, Yin T, Zhao Y and Wei X: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote metastasis in breast cancer after the stress of operative removal of the primary cancer. Front Oncol. 9(855)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Bergenfelz C, Roxå A, Mehmeti M, Leandersson K and Larsson AM: Clinical relevance of systemic monocytic-MDSCs in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 69:435–448. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Liu H, Wang Z, Zhou Y and Yang Y: MDSCs in breast cancer: An important enabler of tumor progression and an emerging therapeutic target. Front Immunol. 14(1199273)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

94 

Veglia F, Perego M and Gabrilovich D: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells coming of age. Nat Immunol. 19:108–119. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Gatti-Mays ME, Balko JM, Gameiro SR, Bear HD, Prabhakaran S, Fukui J, Disis ML, Nanda R, Gulley JL, Kalinsky K, et al: If we build it they will come: targeting the immune response to breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 5(37)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

96 

Kim K, Skora AD, Li Z, Liu Q, Tam AJ, Blosser RL, Diaz LA Jr, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B and Zhou S: Eradication of metastatic mouse cancers resistant to immune checkpoint blockade by suppression of myeloid-derived cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111:11774–11779. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

97 

Le HK, Graham L, Cha E, Morales JK, Manjili MH and Bear HD: Gemcitabine directly inhibits myeloid derived suppressor cells in BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 mammary carcinoma and augments expansion of T cells from tumor-bearing mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 9:900–909. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

98 

Alizadeh D, Trad M, Hanke NT, Larmonier CB, Janikashvili N, Bonnotte B, Katsanis E and Larmonier N: Doxorubicin eliminates myeloid-derived suppressor cells and enhances the efficacy of adoptive T-cell transfer in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 74:104–118. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

99 

Vincent J, Mignot G, Chalmin F, Ladoire S, Bruchard M, Chevriaux A, Martin F, Apetoh L, Rébé C and Ghiringhelli F: 5-Fluorouracil selectively kills tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells resulting in enhanced T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 70:3052–3061. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

100 

Sharma P, Abramson V, O’Dea A, Nye L, Mayer I, Crane G, Elia M, Yoder R, Staley J, Schwensen K, et al: Romidepsin (HDACi) plus cisplatin and nivolumab triplet combination in patients with metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC). J Clin Oncol. 39(10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.1076)2021.

101 

Davis RJ, Moore EC, Clavijo PE, Friedman J, Cash H, Chen Z, Silvin C, Van Waes C and Allen C: Anti-PD-L1 efficacy can be enhanced by inhibition of myeloid-derived suppressor cells with a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ/γ. Cancer Res. 77:2607–2619. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Tu SP, Jin H, Shi JD, Zhu LM, Suo Y, Lu G, Liu A, Wang TC and Yang CS: Curcumin induces the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inhibits their interaction with cancer cells and related tumor growth. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 5:205–215. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Sánchez-León ML, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Silva Romeiro S, Garnacho C, de la Cruz-Merino L, García-Domínguez DJ, Hontecillas-Prieto L and Sánchez-Margalet V: Defining the emergence of new immunotherapy approaches in breast cancer: Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Int J Mol Sci. 24(5208)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

104 

Kusmartsev S, Cheng F, Yu B, Nefedova Y, Sotomayor E, Lush R and Gabrilovich D: All-trans-retinoic acid eliminates immature myeloid cells from tumor-bearing mice and improves the effect of vaccination. Cancer Res. 63:4441–4449. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

105 

Iclozan C, Antonia S, Chiappori A, Chen DT and Gabrilovich D: Therapeutic regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immune response to cancer vaccine in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 62:909–918. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

106 

Forghani P, Khorramizadeh MR and Waller EK: Silibinin inhibits accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor growth of murine breast cancer. Cancer Med. 3:215–224. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

107 

Sawant A, Deshane J, Jules J, Lee CM, Harris BA, Feng X and Ponnazhagan S: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells function as novel osteoclast progenitors enhancing bone loss in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 73:672–682. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

108 

Kugler A, Stuhler G, Walden P, Zöller G, Zobywalski A, Brossart P, Trefzer U, Ullrich S, Müller CA, Becker V, et al: Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat Med. 6:332–336. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

109 

Thakur A, Schalk D, Sarkar SH, Al-Khadimi Z, Sarkar FH and Lum LG: A Th1 cytokine-enriched microenvironment enhances tumor killing by activated T cells armed with bispecific antibodies and inhibits the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 61:497–509. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

110 

Kmieciak M, Basu D, Payne KK, Toor A, Yacoub A, Wang XY, Smith L, Bear HD and Manjili MH: Activated NK T cells and NK cells render T cells resistant to MDSC and result in an effective adoptive cellular therapy against breast cancer in the FVBN202 transgenic mouse. J Immunol. 187:708–717. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

111 

Chandra D, Jahangir A, Quispe-Tintaya W, Einstein MH and Gravekamp C: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells have a central role in attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapy against metastatic breast cancer in young and old mice. Br J Cancer. 108:2281–2290. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Chaves NL, Amorim DA, Lopes CAP, Estrela-Lopis I, Böttner J, de Souza AR and Báo SN: Comparison of the effect of rhodium citrate-associated iron oxide nanoparticles on metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer cells. Cancer Nano. 10:1–12. 2019.

113 

Yao Y, Zhou Y, Liu L, Xu Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wu S, Deng Y, Zhang J and Shao A: Nanoparticle-based drug delivery in cancer therapy and its role in overcoming drug resistance. Front Mol Biosci. 7(193)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

114 

Chaves NL, Estrela-Lopis I, Böttner J, Lopes CA, Guido BC, de Sousa AR and Báo SN: Exploring cellular uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles associated with rhodium citrate in breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 12:5511–5523. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

115 

Figueiro Longo JP and Muehlmann LA: Nanomedicine beyond tumor passive targeting: What next? Nanomedicine (Lond). 15:1819–1822. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

116 

Zhang N, Liu S, Shi S, Chen Y, Xu F, Wei X and Xu Y: Solubilization and delivery of Ursolic-acid for modulating tumor microenvironment and regulatory T cell activities in cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release. 320:168–178. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

117 

Chen C, Li A, Sun P, Xu J, Du W, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhang R, Zhang S, Yang Z, et al: Efficiently restoring the tumoricidal immunity against resistant malignancies via an immune nanomodulator. J Control Release. 324:574–585. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Ali R, Shao H and Varamini P: Potential Nanotechnology-Based Therapeutics to Prevent Cancer Progression through TME Cell-Driven Populations. Pharmaceutics. 15(112)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

119 

Lu Z, Liu H, Ma L, Ren K, He Z, Li M and He Q: Micellar nanoparticles inhibit breast cancer and pulmonary metastasis by modulating the recruitment and depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Nanoscale. 14:17315–17330. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Debien V, De Caluwé A, Wang X, Piccart-Gebhart M, Tuohy VK, Romano E and Buisseret L: Immunotherapy in breast cancer: An overview of current strategies and perspectives. NPJ Breast Cancer. 9(7)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

121 

Teschendorff AE, Miremadi A, Pinder SE, Ellis IO and Caldas C: An immune response gene expression module identifies a good prognosis subtype in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Genome Biol. 8(R157)2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kumar D, Da Silva VC and Chaves NL: Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review). Med Int 4: 46, 2024.
APA
Kumar, D., Da Silva, V.C., & Chaves, N.L. (2024). Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review). Medicine International, 4, 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.170
MLA
Kumar, D., Da Silva, V. C., Chaves, N. L."Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review)". Medicine International 4.5 (2024): 46.
Chicago
Kumar, D., Da Silva, V. C., Chaves, N. L."Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review)". Medicine International 4, no. 5 (2024): 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.170
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kumar D, Da Silva VC and Chaves NL: Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review). Med Int 4: 46, 2024.
APA
Kumar, D., Da Silva, V.C., & Chaves, N.L. (2024). Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review). Medicine International, 4, 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.170
MLA
Kumar, D., Da Silva, V. C., Chaves, N. L."Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review)". Medicine International 4.5 (2024): 46.
Chicago
Kumar, D., Da Silva, V. C., Chaves, N. L."Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells as targets of emerging therapies and nanotherapies (Review)". Medicine International 4, no. 5 (2024): 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.170
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team