Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Medicine International
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2754-3242 Online ISSN: 2754-1304
Journal Cover
November-December 2024 Volume 4 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-December 2024 Volume 4 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ibrahim Khalil
    • Reem Sayad
    • Ahmed M. Kedwany
    • Hager Hamdy Sayed
    • Ana Letícia Fornari Caprara
    • Jamir Pitton Rissardo
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5372066, Egypt, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71515, Egypt, Department of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
    Copyright: © Khalil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 70
    |
    Published online on: September 19, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.194
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cognitive impairment is a prevalent non‑motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which can result in significant disability and distress for patients and caregivers. There is a marked variation in the timing, characteristics and rate at which cognitive decline occurs in patients with PD. This decline can vary from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Cognitive impairment is associated with several pathophysiological mechanisms, including the accumulation of β‑amyloid and tau in the brain, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions are commonly observed in patients with PD. These dysfunctions play a role in the progression of cognitive impairment, the incidents of falls and even in mortality. The majority of symptoms of dysautonomia arise from changes in the peripheral autonomic nervous system, including both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Cardiovascular changes, including orthostatic hypotension, supine hypertension and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure (BP), can occur in both the early and advanced stages of PD. These changes tend to increase as the disease advances. The present review aimed to describe the cognitive changes in the setting of cardiovascular dysautonomia and to discuss strategies through which these changes can be modified and managed. It is a multifactorial process usually involving decreased blood flow to the brain, resulting in the development of cerebral ischemic lesions, an increased presence of abnormal white matter signals in the brain, and a potential influence on the process of neurodegeneration in PD. Another possible explanation is this association being independent observations of PD progression. Patients with clinical symptoms of dysautonomia should undergo 24‑h ambulatory BP monitoring, as they are frequently subtle and underdiagnosed.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Aarsland D, Marsh L and Schrag A: Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 24:2175–2186. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, Halliday GM and Morris JG: The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 23:837–844. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne EJ, Deuschl G, De Deyn PP, Durif F, Kulisevsky J, van Laar T, Lees A, et al: Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 351:2509–2518. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Kehagia AA, Barker RA and Robbins TW: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: The dual syndrome hypothesis. Neurodegener Dis. 11:79–92. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Goldberg TE, Chase TN, Hyde TM and Weinberger DR: Dopaminergic modulation of cortical function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 51:156–164. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Olanow CW, Schapira AH and Roth T: Waking up to sleep episodes in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 15:212–215. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Louter M, Munneke M, Bloem BR and Overeem S: Nocturnal hypokinesia and sleep quality in Parkinson's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 60:1104–1108. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Pfeiffer RF: Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurotherapeutics. 17:1464–1479. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Zhou Z, Zhou X, Zhou X, Xiang Y, Zhu L, Qin L, Qin L, Wang Y, Pan H, Zhao Y, et al: Characteristics of Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A large chinese multicenter cohort study. Front Aging Neurosci. 13(761044)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Blackett H, Walker R and Wood B: Urinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A review. Park Relat Disord. 15:81–87. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Sakakibara R, Tateno F, Kishi M, Tsuyuzaki Y, Uchiyama T and Yamamoto T: Pathophysiology of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 46:565–571. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Yamanishi T, Shirai K and Hattori T: Bladder and bowel dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 115:443–460. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Sakakibara R, Shinotoh H, Uchiyama T, Yoshiyama M, Hattori T and Yamanishi T: SPECT imaging of the dopamine transporter with [(123)I]-beta-CIT reveals marked decline of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in Parkinson's disease with urinary dysfunction. J Neurol Sci. 187:55–59. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Winge K, Friberg L, Werdelin L, Nielsen KK and Stimpel H: Relationship between nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, urinary symptoms, and bladder control in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol. 12:842–850. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Fasano A, Visanji NP, Liu LW, Lang AE and Pfeiffer RF: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 14:625–639. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR, Masaki KH, Tanner CM, Curb JD, Grandinetti A, Blanchette PL, Popper JS and Ross GW: Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 57:456–462. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Li ST, Bruce S, Metman LV and Cannon RO III: Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease. Ann Intern Med. 133:338–347. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Goldstein DS: Orthostatic hypotension as an early finding in Parkinson's disease. Clin Auton Res. 16:46–54. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Fanciulli A, Strano S, Colosimo C, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G and Pontieri FE: The potential prognostic role of cardiovascular autonomic failure in α-synucleinopathies. Eur J Neurol. 20:231–235. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Snider SR, Fahn S, Isgreen WP and Cote LJ: Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism. Neurology. 26:423–429. 1976.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Levy M, Wilson RS and Garron DC: Pain in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1:45–49. 1986.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Waseem S and Gwinn-Hardy K: Pain in Parkinson's disease. Common yet seldom recognized symptom is treatable. Postgrad Med. 110:33–34. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Nagy A, Eordegh G, Paroczy Z, Markus Z and Benedek G: Multisensory integration in the basal ganglia. Eur J Neurosci. 24:917–924. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Takakusaki K, Oohinata-Sugimoto J, Saitoh K and Habaguchi T: Role of basal ganglia-brainstem systems in the control of postural muscle tone and locomotion. Prog Brain Res. 143:231–237. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

von Coelln R and Shulman LM: Clinical subtypes and genetic heterogeneity: Of lumping and splitting in Parkinson disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 29:727–734. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, Bratzke H and Del Tredici K: Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 318:121–134. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Chen Z, Li G and Liu J: Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Implications for pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurobiol Dis. 134(104700)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Jankovic J, Gilden JL, Hiner BC, Kaufmann H, Brown DC, Coghlan CH, Rubin M and Fouad-Tarazi FM: Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine. Am J Med. 95:38–48. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Kehagia AA, Barker RA and Robbins TW: Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 9:1200–1213. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Rissardo JP and Caprara ALF: Risk factors for Parkinson's disease dementia. Ann Mov Disord. 6:156–159. 2023.

31 

Udow SJ, Robertson AD, MacIntosh BJ, Espay AJ, Rowe JB, Lang AE and Masellis M: Under pressure. Is There a Link between Orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment in α-Synucleinopathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 87:1311–1321. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Lahrmann H, Cortelli P, Hilz M, Mathias CJ, Struhal W and Tassinari M: EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Orthostatic hypotension. Eur J Neurol. 13:930–936. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, Cheshire WP, Chelimsky T, Cortelli P, Gibbons CH, et al: Consensus statement on the definition of Orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 21:69–72. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Rascol O, Perez-Lloret S, Damier P, Delval A, Derkinderen P, Destee A, Meissner WG, Tison F and Negre-Pages L: Falls in ambulatory non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm(Vienna). 122:1447–1455. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Verbaan D, Marinus J, Visser M, van Rooden SM, Stiggelbout AM, Middelkoop HA and van Hilten JJ: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78:1182–1187. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, Stocchi F, Sethi K, Odin P, MacPhee G, Brown RG, Naidu Y, Clayton L, Abe K, et al: Prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients. Mov Disord. 22:1623–1629. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Cutsforth-Gregory JK and Low PA: Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson Disease: A Primer. Neurol Ther. 8:307–324. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Pitton Rissardo J and Fornari Caprara AL: Parkinson's disease rating scales: A literature review. Ann Mov Disord. 3:3–22. 2020.

39 

Goldstein DS, Pechnik S, Holmes C, Eldadah B and Sharabi Y: Association between supine hypertension and Orthostatic Hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 42:136–142. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Vagaonescu TD, Saadia D, Tuhrim S, Phillips RA and Kaufmann H: Hypertensive cardiovascular damage in patients with primary autonomic failure. Lancet. 355:725–726. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Garland EM, Gamboa A, Okamoto L, Raj SR, Black BK, Davis TL, Biaggioni I and Robertson D: Renal impairment of pure autonomic failure. Hypertension. 54:1057–1061. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Minhas JS, Wang X, Lavados PM, Moullaali TJ, Arima H, Billot L, Hackett ML, Olavarria VV, Middleton S, Pontes-Neto O, et al: Blood pressure variability and outcome in acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: A post hoc analysis of the HeadPoST study. J Hum Hypertens. 33:411–418. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG and Roccella EJ: Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood pressure Research. Hypertension. 45:142–161. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, et al: 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 28:1462–1536. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, Fujita T, Higaki J, Horiuchi M, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Ito S, Iwao H, et al: The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res. 32:3–107. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Borgioni C, Gattobigio R and Reboldi G: Ambulatory blood pressure and cardiovascular outcome in relation to perceived sleep deprivation. Hypertension. 49:777–783. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Henskens LH, van Boxtel MP, Kroon AA, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Lodder J and de Leeuw PW: Subjective sleep disturbance increases the nocturnal blood pressure level and attenuates the correlation with target-organ damage. J Hypertens. 29:242–250. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA, de Leeuw PW, Duprez DA, Fagard RH, Gheeraert PJ, Missault LH, Braun JJ, Six RO, et al: Office versus Ambulatory Pressure Study Investigators. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 348:2407–2415. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, Hinedi K, Atkins N, McClory S, Den Hond E, McCormack P, Staessen JA and O'Brien E: Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: The Dublin outcome study. Hypertension. 46:156–161. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Cesana G, Corrao G, Grassi G and Mancia G: Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressure compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation. 111:1777–1783. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD, Ben-Ishay D, Mekler J, Ben-Arie L and Bursztyn M: Predictors of all-cause mortality in clinical ambulatory monitoring: Unique aspects of blood pressure during sleep. Hypertension. 49:1235–1241. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Boggia J, Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Richart T, Ohkubo T, Kuznetsova T, Torp-Pedersen C, et al: Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: A cohort study. Lancet. 370:1219–1229. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

O'Brien E, Sheridan J and O'Malley K: Dippers and non-dippers. Lancet. 2(397)1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Benemio G, Boldrini F and Porcellati C: Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation. 81:528–536. 1990.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K, Nishinaga M, Kimura S and Ozawa T: Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. J Hypertens. 10:875–878. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

56 

Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Imiya M, Matsuo M and Shimada K: Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients. Advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension. 27:130–135. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Umehara T, Toyoda C and Oka H: Postprandial hypotension in de novo Parkinson's disease: A comparison with orthostatic hypotension. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 20:573–577. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Jansen RW and Lipsitz LA: Postprandial hypotension: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Ann Intern Med. 122:286–295. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Thomaides T, Bleasdale-Barr K, Chaudhuri KR, Pavitt D, Marsden CD and Mathias CJ: Cardiovascular and hormonal responses to liquid food challenge in idiopathic Parkinson's disease multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure. Neurology. 43:900–904. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Awosika A, Adabanya U, Millis RM, Omole AE and Moon JH: Postprandial Hypotension: An underreported silent killer in the aged. Cureus. 15(e35411)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Low DA, da Nobrega AC and Mathias CJ: Exercise-induced hypotension in autonomic disorders. Auton Neurosci. 171:66–78. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Groom D: Cardiovascular observations on Tarahumara Indian runners-the modern Spartans. Am Heart J. 81:304–314. 1971.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Smith GD and Mathias CJ: Postural hypotension enhanced by exercise in patients with chronic autonomic failure. QJM. 88:251–256. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

64 

Kenney MJ and Seals DR: Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension. 22:653–664. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Polito MD and Farinatti PT: The effects of muscle mass and number of sets during resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension. J Strength Cond Res. 23:2351–2357. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Chamsi-Pasha MA and Chamsi-Pasha H: Avicenna's contribution to cardiology. Avicenna J Med. 4:9–12. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Nauman J, Janszky I, Vatten LJ and Wisloff U: Temporal changes in resting heart rate and deaths from ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 306:2579–2587. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE and Lauer MS: Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med. 341:1351–1357. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Martin CE, Shaver JA, Leon DF, Thompson ME, Reddy PS and Leonard JJ: Autonomic mechanisms in hemodynamic responses to isometric exercise. J Clin Invest. 54:104–115. 1974.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Smith LL, Kukielka M and Billman GE: Heart rate recovery after exercise: A predictor of ventricular fibrillation susceptibility after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 288:H1763–H1769. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Hemingway H, Shipley M, Brunner E, Britton A, Malik M and Marmot M: Does autonomic function link social position to coronary risk? The Whitehall II study. Circulation. 111:3071–3077. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

72 

La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, Maestri R, Mortara A, Capomolla S, Febo O, Ferrari R, Franchini M, Gnemmi M, Opasich C, et al: Short-term heart rate variability strongly predicts sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients. Circulation. 107:565–570. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

73 

Maetzler W, Liepelt I and Berg D: Progression of Parkinson's disease in the clinical phase: Potential markers. Lancet Neurol. 8:1158–1171. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Miyagi T, Yamazato M, Nakamura T, Tokashiki T, Namihira Y, Kokuba K, Ishihara S, Sakima H and Ohya Y: Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability is useful as a screening tool for detecting sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurol. 22(339)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Bidikar MP, Jagtap GJ and Chakor RT: Influence of deep breathing on heart rate variability in Parkinson's disease: Co-relation with severity of disease and non-motor symptom scale score. J Clin Diagn Res. 8:BC01–BC03. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

76 

Kim JB, Phillips Z, Paik SH, Kang SY, Jeon NJ, Kim BJ and Kim BM: Cerebral hemodynamic monitoring of Parkinson's disease patients with orthostatic intolerance during head-up tilt test. Neurophotonics. 7(025002)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S, Junghanns S, Schweitzer K, Globas C, Schöls L, Reichmann H, Berg D and Ziemssen T: Valsalva manoeuvre in patients with different Parkinsonian disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 116:875–880. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Huang CC, Lai YR, Lien CY, Cheng BC, Kung CT, Chiang YF and Lu CH: Effectiveness of different methods for baroreflex sensitivity assessment in determining the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients With Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci. 16(833344)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Puisieux F, Bulckaen H, Fauchais AL, Drumez S, Salomez-Granier F and Dewailly P: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and postprandial hypotension in elderly persons with falls or syncopes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 55:M535–M540. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

80 

Shen L, Yang X, Lu W, Chen W, Ye X and Wu D: 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure alterations in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav. 12(e2428)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

81 

DiFrancisco-Donoghue J, Elokda A, Lamberg EM, Bono N and Werner WG: Norepinephrine and cardiovascular responses to maximal exercise in Parkinson's disease on and off medication. Mov Disord. 24:1773–1778. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Cohn JN: Plasma norepinephrine and mortality. Clin Cardiol. 18 (3 Suppl I):I9–I12. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Bristow MR: Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 101:558–569. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Rowell LB, Johnson DG, Chase PB, Comess KA and Seals DR: Hypoxemia raises muscle sympathetic activity but not norepinephrine in resting humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 66:1736–1743. 1989.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Akaogi Y, Asahina M, Yamanaka Y, Koyama Y and Hattori T: Sudomotor, skin vasomotor, and cardiovascular reflexes in 3 clinical forms of Lewy body disease. Neurology. 73:59–65. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Asahina M, Sakakibara R, Liu Z, Ito T, Yamanaka Y, Nakazawa K, Shimizu E and Hattori T: The raphe magnus/pallidus regulates sweat secretion and skin vasodilation of the cat forepaw pad: A preliminary electrical stimulation study. Neurosci Lett. 415:283–287. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

87 

Antonio-Rubio I, Madrid-Navarro CJ, Salazar-Lopez E, Perez-Navarro MJ, Saez-Zea C, Gomez-Milan E, Mínguez-Castellanos A and Escamilla-Sevilla F: Abnormal thermography in Parkinson's disease. Park Relat Disord. 21:852–857. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Orimo S, Oka T, Miura H, Tsuchiya K, Mori F, Wakabayashi K, Nagao T and Yokochi M: Sympathetic cardiac denervation in Parkinson's disease and pure autonomic failure but not in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 73:776–777. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

89 

Pitton Rissardo J and Fornari Caprara AL: Cardiac 123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Scintigraphy in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive review. Brain Sci. 13(1471)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Courbon F, Brefel-Courbon C, Thalamas C, Alibelli MJ, Berry I, Montastruc JL, Rascol O and Senard JM: Cardiac MIBG scintigraphy is a sensitive tool for detecting cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 18:890–897. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

91 

Kim JS, Park HE, Oh YS, Lee SH, Park JW, Son BC and Lee KS: Orthostatic hypotension and cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease patients with REM sleep behavioral disorder. J Neurol Sci. 362:59–63. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Yoshita M, Hayashi M and Hirai S: Decreased myocardial accumulation of 123I-meta-iodobenzyl guanidine in Parkinson's disease. Nucl Med Commun. 19:137–142. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Amino T, Orimo S, Itoh Y, Takahashi A, Uchihara T and Mizusawa H: Profound cardiac sympathetic denervation occurs in Parkinson disease. Brain Pathol. 15:29–34. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

94 

Orimo S, Ozawa E, Oka T, Nakade S, Tsuchiya K, Yoshimoto M, Wakabayashi K and Takahashi H: Different histopathology accounting for a decrease in myocardial MIBG uptake in PD and MSA. Neurology. 57:1140–1141. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Bonuccelli U, Lucetti C, Del Dotto P, Ceravolo R, Gambaccini G, Bernardini S, Rossi G and Piaggesi A: Orthostatic hypotension in de novo Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 60:1400–1404. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

96 

Ejaz AA, Sekhon IS and Munjal S: Characteristic findings on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a series of patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Intern Med. 17:417–420. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

97 

Kaufmann H and Goldstein DS: Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 117:259–278. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

98 

Gibbons CH and Freeman R: Clinical implications of delayed orthostatic hypotension: A 10-year follow-up study. Neurology. 85:1362–1367. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

99 

Jamnadas-Khoda J, Koshy S, Mathias CJ, Muthane UB, Ragothaman M and Dodaballapur SK: Are current recommendations to diagnose orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease satisfactory? Mov Disord. 24:1747–1751. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

100 

Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A and Kragh-Sorensen P: Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: An 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol. 60:387–392. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Merola A, Romagnolo A, Rosso M, Suri R, Berndt Z, Maule S, Lopiano L and Espay AJ: Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A prospective cohort study. Mov Disord. 33:391–397. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Longardner K, Bayram E and Litvan I: Orthostatic hypotension is associated with cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Front Neurol. 11(897)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

103 

McDonald C, Newton JL and Burn DJ: Orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Causation or association? Mov Disord. 31:937–946. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

104 

Palma JA and Kaufmann H: Treatment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. Mov Disord. 33:372–390. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Anang JB, Nomura T, Romenets SR, Nakashima K, Gagnon JF and Postuma RB: Dementia Predictors in Parkinson Disease: A validation study. J Parkinsons Dis. 7:159–162. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

106 

Cicero CE, Raciti L, Monastero R, Mostile G, Donzuso G, Sciacca G, Luca A, Terravecchia C, Giuliano L, Baschi R, et al: Cardiovascular autonomic function and MCI in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 69:55–58. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

107 

Centi J, Freeman R, Gibbons CH, Neargarder S, Canova AO and Cronin-Golomb A: Effects of Orthostatic hypotension on cognition in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 88:17–24. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

108 

Sforza M, Assogna F, Rinaldi D, Sette G, Tagliente S and Pontieri FE: Orthostatic hypotension acutely impairs executive functions in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 39:1459–1462. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

109 

Peralta C, Stampfer-Kountchev M, Karner E, Kollensperger M, Geser F, Wolf E, Seppi K, Benke T, Poewe W and Wenning GK: Orthostatic hypotension and attention in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 114:585–588. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

110 

Fanciulli A, Gobel G, Ndayisaba JP, Granata R, Duerr S, Strano S, Colosimo C, Poewe W, Pontieri FE and Wenning GK: Supine hypertension in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Clin Auton Res. 26:97–105. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

111 

Jordan J and Biaggioni I: Diagnosis and treatment of Supine hypertension in autonomic failure patients with orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens Greenwich. 4:139–145. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, et al: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 289:2560–2572. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

113 

Kim JS, Oh YS, Lee KS, Kim YI, Yang DW and Goldstein DS: Association of cognitive dysfunction with neurocirculatory abnormalities in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. 79:1323–1331. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

114 

Schmidt C, Berg D, Herting Prieur S, Junghanns S, Schweitzer K, Globas C, Schöls L, Reichmann H and Ziemssen T: Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes. Mov Disord. 24:2136–2142. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

115 

Sommer S, Aral-Becher B and Jost W: Nondipping in blood pressure. Park Dis. 2011(897586)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

116 

Fanciulli A, Jordan J, Biaggioni I, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cheshire WP, Cortelli P, Eschlboeck S, Grassi G, Hilz MJ, Kaufmann H, et al: Consensus statement on the definition of neurogenic SH in cardiovascular autonomic failure by the American Autonomic Society (AAS) and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies (EFAS) : Endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Clin Auton Res. 28:355–362. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

117 

Umehara T, Matsuno H, Toyoda C and Oka H: Clinical characteristics of Supine hypertension in de novo Parkinson disease. Clin Auton Res. 26:15–21. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Palma JA, Redel-Traub G, Porciuncula A, Samaniego-Toro D, Millar Vernetti P, Lui YW, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L and Kaufmann H: The impact of Supine hypertension on target organ damage and survival in patients with synucleinopathies and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Park Relat Disord. 75:97–104. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

119 

Tanaka R, Shimo Y, Yamashiro K, Ogawa T, Nishioka K, Oyama G, Umemura A and Hattori N: Association between abnormal nocturnal blood pressure profile and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 46:24–29. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Oh YS, Kim JS, Yang DW, Koo JS, Kim YI, Jung HO and Lee KS: Nighttime blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities in patients with Parkinson disease. Chronobiol Int. 30:811–817. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

121 

Sunwoo MK, Jeon S, Ham JH, Hong JY, Lee JE, Lee JM, Sohn YH and Lee PH: The burden of white matter hyperintensities is a predictor of progressive mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol. 21:922–e50. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

122 

Oka H, Umehara T, Nakahara A and Matsuno H: Comparisons of cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment between de novo Parkinson's disease and de novo dementia with Lewy bodies. BMC Neurol. 20(350)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Fengler S, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Brockmann K, Schaffer E, Berg D and Kalbe E: Cognitive changes in prodromal Parkinson's disease: A review. Mov Disord. 32:1655–1666. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

124 

Perez F, Helmer C, Foubert-Samier A, Auriacombe S, Dartigues JF and Tison F: Risk of dementia in an elderly population of Parkinson's disease patients: A 15-year population-based study. Alzheimers Dement. 8:463–469. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

125 

Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H and Kragh-Sorensen P: Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: A community-based, prospective study. Neurology. 56:730–736. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

126 

Aarsland D, Zaccai J and Brayne C: A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 20:1255–1263. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

127 

Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E and Laake K: Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: A population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 48:938–942. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

128 

McKeith IG, Ferman TJ, Thomas AJ, Blanc F, Boeve BF, Fujishiro H, Kantarci K, Muscio C, O'Brien JT, Postuma RB, et al: Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 94:743–755. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

129 

Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Williams-Gray C, Weintraub D, Marder K, Kulisevsky J, Burn D and Barone P: Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: A multicenter pooled analysis. Neurology. 75:1062–1069. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

130 

Lawson RA, Yarnall AJ, Duncan GW, Breen DP, Khoo TK, Williams-Gray CH, Barker RA and Burn DJ: ICICLE-PD study group. Stability of mild cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 88:648–652. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

131 

Domellof ME, Ekman U, Forsgren L and Elgh E: Cognitive function in the early phase of Parkinson's disease, a five-year follow-up. Acta Neurol Scand. 132:79–88. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

132 

Weintraub D, Simuni T, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey C, Lasch S, Siderowf A, Aarsland D, Barone P and Burn D: Cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms in early, untreated Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 30:919–927. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

133 

Pedersen KF, Larsen JP, Tysnes OB and Alves G: Natural course of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: A 5-year population-based study. Neurology. 88:767–774. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

134 

Jones JD, Kuhn TP and Szymkowicz SM: Reverters from PD-MCI to cognitively intact are at risk for future cognitive impairment: Analysis of the PPMI cohort. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 47:3–7. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

135 

Erro R, Santangelo G, Barone P, Picillo M, Amboni M, Longo K, Giordano F, Moccia M, Allocca R, Pellecchia MT and Vitale C: Do subjective memory complaints herald the onset of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 27:276–281. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

136 

Purri R, Brennan L, Rick J, Xie SX, Deck BL, Chahine LM, Dahodwala N, Chen-Plotkin A, Duda JE, Morley JF, et al: Subjective Cognitive Complaint in Parkinson's disease patients with normal cognition: Canary in the coal mine? Mov Disord. 35:1618–1625. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

137 

Chua CY, Koh MRE, Chia NS, Ng SY, Saffari SE, Wen MC, Chen RY, Choi X, Heng DL, Neo SX, et al: Subjective cognitive Complaints in early Parkinson's disease patients with normal cognition are associated with affective symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 82:24–28. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

138 

Szewczyk-Krolikowski K, Tomlinson P, Nithi K, Wade-Martins R, Talbot K, Ben-Shlomo Y and Hu MT: The influence of age and gender on motor and non-motor features of early Parkinson's disease: Initial findings from the Oxford Parkinson Disease Center (OPDC) discovery cohort. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 20:99–105. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

139 

Augustine EF, Perez A, Dhall R, Umeh CC, Videnovic A, Cambi F, Wills AM, Elm JJ, Zweig RM, Shulman LM, et al: Sex differences in clinical features of early, treated Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 10(e0133002)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

140 

Gao L, Nie K, Tang H, Wang L, Zhao J, Gan R, Huang J, Feng S, Zhu R, Duan Z, et al: Sex differences in cognition among Chinese people with Parkinson's disease. J Clin Neurosci. 22:488–492. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

141 

Liu R, Umbach DM, Peddada SD, Xu Z, Troster AI, Huang X and Chen H: Potential sex differences in nonmotor symptoms in early drug-naive Parkinson disease. Neurology. 84:2107–2115. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

142 

Sundermann EE, Maki PM, Rubin LH, Lipton RB, Landau S and Biegon A: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Female advantage in verbal memory: Evidence of sex-specific cognitive reserve. Neurology. 87:1916–1924. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

143 

Gonzalez-Latapi P, Bayram E, Litvan I and Marras C: Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's disease: Epidemiology, clinical profile, protective and risk factors. Behav Sci (Basel). 11(74)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

144 

Compta Y, Valente T, Saura J, Segura B, Iranzo A, Serradell M, Junqué C, Tolosa E, Valldeoriola F, Muñoz E, et al: Correlates of cerebrospinal fluid levels of oligomeric- and total-α-synuclein in premotor, motor and dementia stages of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 262:294–306. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

145 

Stewart T, Liu C, Ginghina C, Cain KC, Auinger P, Cholerton B, Shi M and Zhang J: Parkinson Study Group DATATOP Investigators. Cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease progression in the DATATOP cohort. Am J Pathol. 184:966–975. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

146 

Hansson O, Hall S, Ohrfelt A, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Minthon L, Nägga K, Londos E, Varghese S, Majbour NK, et al: Levels of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein oligomers are increased in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 6(25)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

147 

Coughlin DG, Hurtig HI and Irwin DJ: Pathological influences on clinical heterogeneity in lewy body diseases. Mov Disord. 35:5–19. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

148 

Robinson JL, Lee EB, Xie SX, Rennert L, Suh E, Bredenberg C, Caswell C, Van Deerlin VM, Yan N, Yousef A, et al: Neurodegenerative disease concomitant proteinopathies are prevalent, age-related and APOE4-associated. Brain. 141:2181–2193. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

149 

Smith C, Malek N, Grosset K, Cullen B, Gentleman S and Grosset DG: Neuropathology of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of autopsy studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 90:1234–1243. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

150 

Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C, von Ahsen N, Bibl M, Steinacker P, Brechlin P, Schindehuette J, Poser S, Wiltfang J and Otto M: Beta-amlyoid 1-42 and tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 22:200–208. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

151 

Compta Y, Pereira JB, Rios J, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Junque C, Bargallo N, Cámara A, Buongiorno M, Fernández M, Pont-Sunyer C and Martí MJ: Combined dementia-risk biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: A prospective longitudinal study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 19:717–724. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

152 

Howlett DR, Whitfield D, Johnson M, Attems J, O'Brien JT, Aarsland D, Lai MK, Lee JH, Chen C, Ballard C, et al: Regional multiple pathology scores are associated with cognitive decline in lewy body dementias. Brain Pathol. 25:401–408. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

153 

Jellinger KA and Attems J: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Lewy body disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 115:473–482. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

154 

Hansen D, Ling H, Lashley T, Foley JA, Strand C, Eid TM, Holton JL and Warner TT: Novel clinicopathological characteristics differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 47:143–156. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

155 

Chahine LM, Xie SX, Simuni T, Tran B, Postuma R, Amara A, Oertel WH, Iranzo A, Scordia C, Fullard M, et al: Longitudinal changes in cognition in early Parkinson's disease patients with REM sleep behavior disorder. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 27:102–106. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

156 

Forbes E, Tropea TF, Mantri S, Xie SX and Morley JF: Modifiable comorbidities associated with cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 8:254–263. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

157 

Guo Y, Xu W, Liu FT, Li JQ, Cao XP, Tan L, Wang J and Yu JT: Modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Mov Disord. 34:876–883. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

158 

Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, Winblad B, Soininen H and Tuomilehto J: Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: A longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 5:735–741. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

159 

Chahine LM, Dos Santos C, Fullard M, Scordia C, Weintraub D, Erus G, Rosenthal L, Davatzikos C and McMillan CT: Modifiable vascular risk factors, white matter disease and cognition in early Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol. 26:246–e18. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

160 

Dong C, Nabizadeh N, Caunca M, Cheung YK, Rundek T, Elkind MS, DeCarli C, Sacco RL, Stern Y and Wright CB: Cognitive correlates of white matter lesion load and brain atrophy: The Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 85:441–449. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

161 

Erten-Lyons D, Woltjer R, Kaye J, Mattek N, Dodge HH, Green S, Tran H, Howieson DB, Wild K and Silbert LC: Neuropathologic basis of white matter hyperintensity accumulation with advanced age. Neurology. 81:977–983. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

162 

Mollenhauer B, Zimmermann J, Sixel-Doring F, Focke NK, Wicke T, Ebentheuer J, Schaumburg M, Lang E, Friede T and Trenkwalder C: DeNoPa Study Group. Baseline predictors for progression 4 years after Parkinson's disease diagnosis in the De Novo Parkinson Cohort (DeNoPa). Mov Disord. 34:67–77. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

163 

Kim HJ, Oh ES, Lee JH, Moon JS, Oh JE, Shin JW, Lee KJ, Baek IC, Jeong SH, Song HJ, et al: Relationship between changes of body mass index (BMI) and cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 55:70–72. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

164 

Yoo HS, Chung SJ, Lee PH, Sohn YH and Kang SY: The influence of body mass index at diagnosis on cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Neurol. 15:517–526. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

165 

Anang JB, Gagnon JF, Bertrand JA, Romenets SR, Latreille V, Panisset M, Montplaisir J and Postuma RB: Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: A prospective cohort study. Neurology. 83:1253–1260. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

166 

Goldstein DS, Holmes CS, Dendi R, Bruce SR and Li ST: Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 58:1247–1255. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

167 

Papapetropoulos S, Gonzalez J and Mash DC: The effect of ischemic cerebrovascular disease on the clinical characteristics of Parkinson's disease. A post-mortem study. Eur J Neurol. 13:96–97. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

168 

Moran LB and Graeber MB: Towards a pathway definition of Parkinson's disease: A complex disorder with links to cancer, diabetes and inflammation. Neurogenetics. 9:1–13. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

169 

Menon R and Farina C: Shared molecular and functional frameworks among five complex human disorders: A comparative study on interactomes linked to susceptibility genes. PLoS One. 6(e18660)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

170 

Cheong JLY, de Pablo-Fernandez E, Foltynie T and Noyce AJ: The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 10:775–789. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

171 

Santiago JA and Potashkin JA: Shared dysregulated pathways lead to Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Trends Mol Med. 19:176–186. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

172 

Bosco D, Plastino M, Cristiano D, Colica C, Ermio C, De Bartolo M, Mungari P, Fonte G, Consoli D, Consoli A and Fava A: Dementia is associated with insulin resistance in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci. 315:39–43. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

173 

Shen C, Guo Y, Luo W, Lin C and Ding M: Serum urate and the risk of Parkinson's disease: Results from a meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci. 40:73–79. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

174 

Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly E, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA and Ascherio A: Plasma urate and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 166:561–567. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

175 

Jain S, Ton TG, Boudreau RM, Yang M, Thacker EL, Studenski S, Longstreth WT Jr, Strotmeyer ES and Newman AB: The risk of Parkinson disease associated with urate in a community-based cohort of older adults. Neuroepidemiology. 36:223–229. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

176 

Rissardo JP and Caprara ALF: Uric acid and Parkinson's disease. Menoufia Med J. 35:2093–2094. 2023.

177 

Maetzler W, Stapf AK, Schulte C, Hauser AK, Lerche S, Wurster I, Schleicher E, Melms A and Berg D: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid uric acid levels in lewy body disorders: associations with disease occurrence and amyloid-β pathway. J Alzheimers Dis. 27:119–126. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

178 

Annanmaki T, Pessala-Driver A, Hokkanen L and Murros K: Uric acid associates with cognition in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 14:576–578. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

179 

Moccia M, Picillo M, Erro R, Vitale C, Longo K, Amboni M, Santangelo G, Spina E, De Rosa A, De Michele G, et al: Is serum uric acid related to non-motor symptoms in de-novo Parkinson's disease patients? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 20:772–775. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

180 

Moccia M, Picillo M, Erro R, Vitale C, Longo K, Amboni M, Santangelo G, Palladino R, Capo G, Orefice G, et al: Presence and progression of non-motor symptoms in relation to uric acid in de novo Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol. 22:93–98. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

181 

Block ML and Hong JS: Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol. 76:77–98. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

182 

Fan Z, Aman Y, Ahmed I, Chetelat G, Landeau B, Ray Chaudhuri K, Brooks DJ and Edison P: Influence of microglial activation on neuronal function in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 11:608–621.e7. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

183 

Aviles-Olmos I, Limousin P, Lees A and Foltynie T: Parkinson's disease, insulin resistance and novel agents of neuroprotection. Brain. 136(Pt 2):374–384. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

184 

Garabadu D, Agrawal N, Sharma A and Sharma S: Mitochondrial metabolism: A common link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Behav Pharmacol. 30:642–652. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

185 

Jeon YM, Kwon Y, Jo M, Lee S, Kim S and Kim HJ: The Role Glial Mitochondria in α-Synuclein Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol. 8(548283)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

186 

Gatt AP, Duncan OF, Attems J, Francis PT, Ballard CG and Bateman JM: Dementia in Parkinson's disease is associated with enhanced mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Mov Disord. 31:352–359. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

187 

Toklu HZ and Tumer N: Oxidative Stress, Brain Edema, Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, and Autonomic Dysfunction from Traumatic Brain Injury. In: Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, Neuropsychological, and Rehabilitation Aspects. Kobeissy FH (Ed.). Chapter 5. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton Fl, 2015.

188 

Krauss JK: Movement disorders secondary to craniocerebral trauma. Handb Clin Neurol. 128:475–496. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

189 

Schiehser DM, Filoteo JV, Litvan I, Pirogovsky-Turk E, Lessig SL and Song DS: Cognitive functioning in individuals with Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 30:58–61. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

190 

Nombela C, Rowe JB, Winder-Rhodes SE, Hampshire A, Owen AM, Breen DP, Duncan GW, Khoo TK, Yarnall AJ, Firbank MJ, et al: Genetic impact on cognition and brain function in newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease: ICICLE-PD Study. Brain. 137(Pt 10):2743–2758. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

191 

Paul KC, Rausch R, Creek MM, Sinsheimer JS, Bronstein JM, Bordelon Y and Ritz B: APOE, MAPT, and COMT and Parkinson's disease susceptibility and cognitive symptom progression. J Park Dis. 6:349–359. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

192 

Williams-Gray CH, Goris A, Saiki M, Foltynie T, Compston DA, Sawcer SJ and Barker RA: Apolipoprotein E genotype as a risk factor for susceptibility to and dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 256:493–498. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

193 

Williams-Gray CH, Mason SL, Evans JR, Foltynie T, Brayne C, Robbins TW and Barker RA: The CamPaIGN study of Parkinson's disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84:1258–1264. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

194 

Harward SC, Hedrick NG, Hall CE, Parra-Bueno P, Milner TA, Pan E, Laviv T, Hempstead BL, Yasuda R and McNamara JO: Autocrine BDNF-TrkB signalling within a single dendritic spine. Nature. 538:99–103. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

195 

Chen ZY, Patel PD, Sant G, Meng CX, Teng KK, Hempstead BL and Lee FS: Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Met66) alters the intracellular trafficking and activity-dependent secretion of wild-type BDNF in neurosecretory cells and cortical neurons. J Neurosci. 24:4401–4411. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

196 

Guerini FR, Beghi E, Riboldazzi G, Zangaglia R, Pianezzola C, Bono G, Casali C, Di Lorenzo C, Agliardi C, Nappi G, et al: BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with cognitive impairment in Italian patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol. 16:1240–1245. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

197 

Karakasis C, Kalinderi K, Katsarou Z, Fidani L and Bostantjopoulou S: Association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in a Greek population. J Clin Neurosci. 18:1744–1745. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

198 

The CA, Lee TS, Kuchibhatla M, Ashley-Koch A, Macfall J, Krishnan R and Beyer J: Bipolar disorder, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and brain morphology. PLoS One. 7(e38469)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

199 

Svetel M, Pekmezovic T, Markovic V, Novakovic I, Dobricic V, Djuric G, Stefanova E and Kostić V: No association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor G196A polymorphism and clinical features of Parkinson's disease. Eur Neurol. 70:257–262. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

200 

Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J, Schrag AE and Lang AE: Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Primer. 3(17013)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

201 

Bridi JC and Hirth F: Mechanisms of α-Synuclein Induced Synaptopathy in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci. 12(80)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

202 

Aarsland D, Batzu L, Halliday GM, Geurtsen GJ, Ballard C, Ray Chaudhuri K and Weintraub D: Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment. Nat Rev Primer. 7(47)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

203 

Sasikumar S and Strafella AP: Imaging Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol. 11(47)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

204 

Ranganath A and Jacob SN: Doping the Mind: Dopaminergic modulation of prefrontal cortical cognition. Neuroscientist. 22:593–603. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

205 

Westbrook A, van den Bosch R, Maatta JI, Hofmans L, Papadopetraki D, Cools R and Frank MJ: Dopamine promotes cognitive effort by biasing the benefits versus costs of cognitive work. Science. 367:1362–1366. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

206 

Keren NI, Taheri S, Vazey EM, Morgan PS, Granholm AC, Aston-Jones GS and Eckert MA: Histologic validation of locus coeruleus MRI contrast in post-mortem tissue. Neuroimage. 113:235–245. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

207 

Borodovitsyna O, Flamini M and Chandler D: Noradrenergic modulation of cognition in health and disease. Neural Plast. 2017(6031478)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

208 

Ehrminger M, Latimier A, Pyatigorskaya N, Garcia-Lorenzo D, Leu-Semenescu S, Vidailhet M, Lehericy S and Arnulf I: The coeruleus/subcoeruleus complex in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Brain. 139(Pt 4):1180–1188. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

209 

Sommerauer M, Fedorova TD, Hansen AK, Knudsen K, Otto M, Jeppesen J, Frederiksen Y and Blicher JU: Evaluation of the noradrenergic system in Parkinson's disease: An 11C-MeNER PET and neuromelanin MRI study. Brain. 141:496–504. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

210 

Sinn DI and Gibbons CH: Pathophysiology and Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinsonian Disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 18(28)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

211 

Zhan Y, Raza MU, Yuan L and Zhu MY: Critical Role of Oxidatively Damaged DNA in Selective Noradrenergic Vulnerability. Neuroscience. 422:184–201. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

212 

Buddhala C, Loftin SK, Kuley BM, Cairns NJ, Campbell MC, Perlmutter JS and Kotzbauer PT: Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits in Parkinson disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2:949–959. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

213 

Betts MJ, Kirilina E, Otaduy MCG, Ivanov D, Acosta-Cabronero J, Callaghan MF, Lambert C, Cardenas-Blanco A, Pine K, Passamonti L, et al: Locus coeruleus imaging as a biomarker for noradrenergic dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain. 142:2558–2571. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

214 

Schulz J, Pagano G, Fernandez Bonfante JA, Wilson H and Politis M: Nucleus basalis of Meynert degeneration precedes and predicts cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 141:1501–1516. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

215 

Bohnen NI, Albin RL, Muller ML, Petrou M, Kotagal V, Koeppe RA, Scott PJ and Frey KA: Frequency of cholinergic and caudate nucleus dopaminergic deficits across the predemented cognitive spectrum of Parkinson disease and evidence of interaction effects. JAMA Neurol. 72:194–200. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

216 

Pereira JB, Hall S, Jalakas M, Grothe MJ, Strandberg O, Stomrud E, Westman E, van Westen D and Hansson O: Longitudinal degeneration of the basal forebrain predicts subsequent dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 139(104831)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

217 

Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA and Role LW: Basal forebrain cholinergic circuits and signaling in cognition and cognitive decline. Neuron. 91:1199–1218. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

218 

Pillet LE, Taccola C, Cotoni J, Thiriez H, Andre K and Verpillot R: Correction: Correlation between cognition and plasma noradrenaline level in Alzheimer's disease: A potential new blood marker of disease evolution. Transl Psychiatry. 10(409)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

219 

Alexandris AS, Walker L, Liu AKL, McAleese KE, Johnson M, Pearce RKB, Gentleman SM and Attems J: Cholinergic deficits and galaninergic hyperinnervation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disorders. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 46:264–278. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

220 

Mattila PM, Roytta M, Lonnberg P, Marjamaki P, Helenius H and Rinne JO: Choline acetytransferase activity and striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease in relation to cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol. 102:160–166. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

221 

Gaykema RP and Zaborszky L: Direct catecholaminergic-cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain. II. Substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area projections to cholinergic neurons. J Comp Neurol. 374:555–577. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

222 

Gargouri F, Gallea C, Mongin M, Pyatigorskaya N, Valabregue R, Ewenczyk C, Sarazin M, Yahia-Cherif L, Vidailhet M and Lehéricy S: Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basal forebrain damage and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 34:516–525. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

223 

Hall H, Reyes S, Landeck N, Bye C, Leanza G, Double K, Thompson L, Halliday G and Kirik D: Hippocampal Lewy pathology and cholinergic dysfunction are associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 137(Pt 9):2493–2508. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

224 

Liu AKL, Chau TW, Lim EJ, Ahmed I, Chang RC, Kalaitzakis ME, Graeber MB, Gentleman SM and Pearce RKB: Hippocampal CA2 Lewy pathology is associated with cholinergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease with cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 7(61)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

225 

Nicastro N, Garibotto V and Burkhard PR: Extrastriatal 123I-FP-CIT SPECT impairment in Parkinson's disease - the PPMI cohort. BMC Neurol. 20(192)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

226 

Qamhawi Z, Towey D, Shah B, Pagano G, Seibyl J, Marek K, Borghammer P, Brooks DJ and Pavese N: Clinical correlates of raphe serotonergic dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease. Brain. 138 (Pt 10):2964–2973. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

227 

Maillet A, Krack P, Lhommee E, Metereau E, Klinger H, Favre E, Le Bars D, Schmitt E, Bichon A, Pelissier P, et al: The prominent role of serotonergic degeneration in apathy, anxiety and depression in de novo Parkinson's disease. Brain. 139 (Pt 9):2486–2502. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

228 

Smith CR, Cullen B, Sheridan MP, Cavanagh J, Grosset KA and Grosset DG: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is multifactorial: A neuropsychological study. Acta Neurol Scand. 141:500–508. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

229 

Amin J, Holmes C, Dorey RB, Tommasino E, Casal YR, Williams DM, Dupuy C, Nicoll JAR and Boche D: Neuroinflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies: A human post-mortem study. Transl Psychiatry. 10(267)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

230 

Devanand DP, Pradhaban G, Liu X, Khandji A, De Santi S, Segal S, Rusinek H, Pelton GH, Honig LS, Mayeux R, et al: Hippocampal and entorhinal atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: Prediction of Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 68:828–836. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

231 

Harding AJ and Halliday GM: Cortical Lewy body pathology in the diagnosis of dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 102:355–363. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

232 

Schaser AJ, Osterberg VR, Dent SE, Stackhouse TL, Wakeham CM, Boutros SW, Weston LJ, Owen N, Weissman TA, Luna E, et al: Alpha-synuclein is a DNA binding protein that modulates DNA repair with implications for Lewy body disorders. Sci Rep. 9(10919)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

233 

Petrou M, Dwamena BA, Foerster BR, MacEachern MP, Bohnen NI, Muller ML, Albin RL and Frey KA: Amyloid deposition in Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Mov Disord. 30:928–935. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

234 

Reimand J, Boon BDC, Collij LE, Teunissen CE, Rozemuller AJM, van Berckel BNM, Scheltens P, Ossenkoppele R and Bouwman F: Amyloid-β PET and CSF in an autopsy-confirmed cohort. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 7:2150–2160. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

235 

Toledo JB, Gopal P, Raible K, Irwin DJ, Brettschneider J, Sedor S, Waits K, Boluda S, Grossman M, Van Deerlin VM, et al: Pathological ?-synuclein distribution in subjects with coincident Alzheimer's and Lewy body pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 131:393–409. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

236 

Howard E, Irwin DJ, Rascovsky K, Nevler N, Shellikeri S, Tropea TF, Spindler M, Deik A, Chen-Plotkin A, Siderowf A, et al: Cognitive Profile and Markers of Alzheimer disease-type pathology in patients with lewy body dementias. Neurology. 96:e1855–e1864. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

237 

Tan MMX, Lawton MA, Jabbari E, Reynolds RH, Iwaki H, Blauwendraat C, Kanavou S, Pollard MI, Hubbard L, Malek N, et al: Genome-Wide Association Studies of Cognitive and Motor Progression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 36:424–433. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

238 

Hopfner F, Mueller SH, Szymczak S, Junge O, Tittmann L, May S, Lohmann K, Grallert H, Lieb W, Strauch K, et al: Rare variants in specific lysosomal genes are associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 35:1245–1248. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

239 

Setó-Salvia N, Pagonabarraga J, Houlden H, Pascual-Sedano B, Dols-Icardo O, Tucci A, Paisán-Ruiz C, Campolongo A, Antón-Aguirre S, Martín I, et al: Glucocerebrosidase mutations confer a greater risk of dementia during Parkinson's disease course. Mov Disord. 27:393–399. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

240 

Chia R, Sabir MS, Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Reynolds RH, Gustavsson E, Walton RL, Ahmed S, Viollet C, Ding J, et al: Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into its genetic architecture. Nat Genet. 53:294–303. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

241 

Jiang Z, Huang Y, Zhang P, Han C, Lu Y, Mo Z, Zhang Z, Li X, Zhao S, Cai F, et al: Characterization of a pathogenic variant in GBA for Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment patients. Mol Brain. 13(102)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

242 

Martelle SE, Raffield LM, Palmer ND, Cox AJ, Freedman BI, Hugenschmidt CE, Williamson JD and Bowden DW: Dopamine pathway gene variants may modulate cognitive performance in the DHS-Mind Study. Brain Behav. 6(e0044)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

243 

Bäckström D, Granåsen G, Domellöf ME, Linder J, Jakobson Mo S, Riklund K, Zetterberg H, Blennow K and Forsgren L: Early predictors of mortality in parkinsonism and Parkinson disease: A population-based study. Neurology. 91:e2045–e2056. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

244 

Aarsland D, Perry R, Brown A, Larsen JP and Ballard C: Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson's disease: A prospective, community-based study. Ann Neurol. 58:773–776. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

245 

Colosimo C and Riario Sforza A: Diagnostic imaging of degenerative diseases of the extrapyramidal system. Radiol Med. 106 (3 Suppl 1):S19–S23. 2003.PubMed/NCBI(In Italian).

246 

Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Takeda S, Ohama E and Ikuta F: Parkinson's disease: The presence of Lewy bodies in Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses. Acta Neuropathol. 76:217–221. 1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

247 

Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN and Braak E: Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 24:197–211. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

248 

Kosaka K: Diffuse Lewy body disease in Japan. J Neurol. 237:197–204. 1990.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

249 

Gibb WR: Idiopathic Parkinson's disease and the Lewy body disorders. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 12:223–234. 1986.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

250 

Braak H, Rub U, Jansen Steur EN, Del Tredici K and de Vos RA: Cognitive status correlates with neuropathologic stage in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 64:1404–1410. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

251 

Horimoto Y, Matsumoto M, Akatsu H, Ikari H, Kojima K, Yamamoto T, Otsuka Y, Ojika K, Ueda R and Kosaka K: Autonomic dysfunctions in dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol. 250:530–533. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

252 

Orimo S, Amino T, Itoh Y, Takahashi A, Kojo T, Uchihara T, Tsuchiya K, Mori F, Wakabayashi K and Takahashi H: Cardiac sympathetic denervation precedes neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia in Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol. 109:583–588. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

253 

Larner AJ, Mathias CJ and Rossor MN: Autonomic failure preceding dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol. 247:229–231. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

254 

Mehrabian S, Duron E, Labouree F, Rollot F, Bune A, Traykov L and Hanon O: Relationship between orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Neurol Sci. 299:45–48. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

255 

Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Manganaro D, Vilotti C and Pizzolato G: Risk factors for vascular dementia: Hypotension as a key point. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 4:395–402. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

256 

Coon EA, Cutsforth-Gregory JK and Benarroch EE: Neuropathology of autonomic dysfunction in synucleinopathies. Mov Disord. 33:349–358. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

257 

De Pablo-Fernandez E, Courtney R, Warner TT and Holton JL: A histologic study of the circadian system in Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear Palsy. JAMA Neurol. 75:1008–1012. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

258 

Sharabi Y and Goldstein DS: Mechanisms of orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci. 310:123–128. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

259 

Treglia G, Cason E, Gabellini A, Giordano A and Fagioli G: Recent developments in innervation imaging using iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in Lewy body diseases. Neurol Sci. 31:417–422. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

260 

Iwanaga K, Wakabayashi K, Yoshimoto M, Tomita I, Satoh H, Takashima H, Satoh A, Seto M, Tsujihata M and Takahashi H: Lewy body-type degeneration in cardiac plexus in Parkinson's and incidental Lewy body diseases. Neurology. 52:1269–1271. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

261 

Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Stull R, Folio CJ, Keiser HR and Kopin IJ: Plasma dihydroxyphenylglycol and the intraneuronal disposition of norepinephrine in humans. J Clin Invest. 81:213–220. 1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

262 

Gibbons CH, Schmidt P, Biaggioni I, Frazier-Mills C, Freeman R, Isaacson S, Karabin B, Kuritzky L, Lew M, Low P, et al: The recommendations of a consensus panel for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and associated supine hypertension. J Neurol. 264:1567–1582. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

263 

Tipre DN and Goldstein DS: Cardiac and extracardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease with orthostatic hypotension and in pure autonomic failure. J Nucl Med. 46:1775–1781. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

264 

Noack C, Schroeder C, Heusser K and Lipp A: Cardiovascular effects of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 20:815–818. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

265 

Hastings MH, Maywood ES and Brancaccio M: Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Rev Neurosci. 19:453–469. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

266 

Videnovic A, Noble C, Reid KJ, Peng J, Turek FW, Marconi A, Rademaker AW, Simuni T, Zadikoff C and Zee PC: Circadian melatonin rhythm and excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 71:463–469. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

267 

Espay AJ, LeWitt PA and Kaufmann H: Norepinephrine deficiency in Parkinson's disease: The case for noradrenergic enhancement. Mov Disord. 29:1710–1719. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

268 

Kato S, Oda M, Hayashi H, Shimizu T, Hayashi M, Kawata A and Tanabe H: Decrease of medullary catecholaminergic neurons in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease and their preservation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 132:216–221. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

269 

Dayan E, Sklerov M and Browner N: Disrupted hypothalamic functional connectivity in patients with Parkinson's disease and autonomic dysfunction. Neurology. 90:e2051–e2058. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

270 

Papapetropoulos S and Mash DC: Insular pathology in Parkinson's disease patients with orthostatic hypotension. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 13:308–311. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

271 

McAleese KE, Alafuzoff I, Charidimou A, De Reuck J, Grinberg LT, Hainsworth AH, Hortobagyi T, Ince P, Jellinger K, Gao J, et al: Post-mortem assessment in vascular dementia: Advances and aspirations. BMC Med. 14(129)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

272 

Prins ND and Scheltens P: White matter hyperintensities, cognitive impairment and dementia: An update. Nat Rev Neurol. 11:157–165. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

273 

Dadar M, Maranzano J, Ducharme S and Collins DL: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. White matter in different regions evolves differently during progression to dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 76:71–79. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

274 

Gunning-Dixon FM and Raz N: The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: A quantitative review. Neuropsychology. 14:224–232. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

275 

Bohnen NI and Albin RL: White matter lesions in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 7:229–236. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

276 

Lee SJ, Kim JS, Yoo JY, Song IU, Kim BS, Jung SL, Yang DW, Kim YI, Jeong DS and Lee KS: Influence of white matter hyperintensities on the cognition of patients with Parkinson disease. Alzheimer Assoc Disord. 24:227–233. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

277 

Chesebro AG, Melgarejo JD, Leendertz R, Igwe KC, Lao PJ, Laing KK, Rizvi B, Budge M, Meier IB, Calmon G, et al: White matter hyperintensities mediate the association of nocturnal blood pressure with cognition. Neurology. 94:e1803–e1810. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

278 

Li Q, Yang Y, Reis C, Tao T, Li W, Li X and Zhang JH: Cerebral small vessel disease. Cell Transpl. 27:1711–1722. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

279 

Iadecola C and Gottesman RF: Neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction in hypertension. Circ Res. 124:1025–1044. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

280 

Kaufmann H and Palma JA: White matter hyperintensities in the Synucleinopathies: Orthostatic Hypotension, Supine Hypertension, or Both? Mov Disord Clin Pract. 7:595–598. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

281 

Palma JA and Kaufmann H: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 4:298–308. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

282 

Biaggioni I, Robertson D, Krantz S, Jones M and Haile V: The anemia of primary autonomic failure and its reversal with recombinant erythropoietin. Ann Intern Med. 121:181–186. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

283 

Perera R, Isola L and Kaufmann H: Effect of recombinant erythropoietin on anemia and Orthostatic Hypotension in primary autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res. 5:211–213. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

284 

May M and Jordan J: The osmopressor response to water drinking. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 300:R40–R46. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

285 

Shibao C, Gamboa A, Diedrich A, Dossett C, Choi L, Farley G and Biaggioni I: Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, attenuates postprandial hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 50:54–61. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

286 

Freeman R: Clinical practice. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med. 358:615–624. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

287 

Low DA, Vichayanrat E, Iodice V and Mathias CJ: Exercise hemodynamics in Parkinson's disease and autonomic dysfunction. Parkinson's disease Relat Disord. 20:549–553. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

288 

Kooner JS, Raimbach S, Watson L, Bannister R, Peart S and Mathias CJ: Relationship between splanchnic vasodilation and postprandial hypotension in patients with primary autonomic failure. J Hypertens. (Suppl 7):S40–S41. 1989.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

289 

Mata IF, Leverenz JB, Weintraub D, Trojanowski JQ, Hurtig HI, Van Deerlin VM, Ritz B, Rausch R, Rhodes SL, Factor SA, et al: APOE, MAPT, and SNCA genes and cognitive performance in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 71:1405–1412. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

290 

Krediet CT, van Lieshout JJ, Bogert LW, Immink RV, Kim YS and Wieling W: Leg crossing improves orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects: A placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 291:H1768–H1772. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

291 

Logan A, Freeman J, Pooler J, Kent B, Gunn H, Billings S, Cork E and Marsden J: Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions to treat orthostatic hypotension in elderly people and people with a neurological condition: A systematic review. JBI Evid Synth. 18:2556–2617. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

292 

Protheroe CL, Dikareva A, Menon C and Claydon VE: Are compression stockings an effective treatment for orthostatic presyncope? PLoS One. 6(e28193)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

293 

Fanciulli A, Leys F, Falup-Pecurariu C, Thijs R and Wenning GK: Management of Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 10(S1):S57–S64. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

294 

Chobanian AV, Volicer L, Tifft CP, Gavras H, Liang CS and Faxon D: Mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension in patients with Orthostatic Hypotension. N Engl J Med. 301:68–73. 1979.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

295 

Grijalva CG, Biaggioni I, Griffin MR and Shibao CA: Fludrocortisone is associated with a higher risk of all-cause hospitalizations compared with midodrine in patients with Orthostatic Hypotension. J Am Heart Assoc. 6(e006848)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

296 

Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Axelrod FB and Kaufmann H: Developmental abnormalities, blood pressure variability and renal disease in Riley Day syndrome. J Hum Hypertens. 27:51–55. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

297 

Campbell IW, Ewing DJ and Clarke BF: 9-Alpha-fluorohydrocortisone in the treatment of postural hypotension in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 24:381–384. 1975.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

298 

Decaux G: Fludrocortisone in Orthostatic Hypotension. N Engl J Med. 301:1121–1122. 1979.PubMed/NCBI

299 

Van Lieshout JJ, Ten Harkel AD and Wieling W: Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position limit the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res. 10:35–42. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

300 

Watt SJ, Tooke JE, Perkins CM and Lee MR: The treatment of idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension: A combined fludrocortisone and flurbiprofen regime. Q J Med. 50:205–212. 1981.PubMed/NCBI

301 

Low PA and Singer W: Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: An update. Lancet Neurol. 7:451–458. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

302 

Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R, Sheng KN and McElligott MA: Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. A randomized, double-blind multicenter study. Midodrine Study Group. JAMA. 277:1046–1051. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

303 

Wright RA, Kaufmann HC, Perera R, Opfer-Gehrking TL, McElligott MA, Sheng KN and Low PA: A double-blind, dose-response study of midodrine in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Neurology. 51:120–124. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

304 

McTavish D and Goa KL: Midodrine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in orthostatic hypotension and secondary hypotensive disorders. Drugs. 38:757–777. 1989.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

305 

Kaufmann H, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L and Palma JA: Droxidopa in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 13:875–891. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

306 

Goodman BP, Claassen D and Mehdirad A: Adjusting droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in a patient with Parkinson disease. Clin Auton Res. 27 (Suppl 1):S17–S19. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

307 

Gupta F, Karabin B and Mehdirad A: Titrating droxidopa to maximize symptomatic benefit in a patient with Parkinson disease and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res. 27:S15–S16. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

308 

Cheshire WP: Chemical pharmacotherapy for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 20:187–199. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

309 

Okamoto LE, Shibao C, Gamboa A, Choi L, Diedrich A, Raj SR, Black BK, Robertson D and Biaggioni I: Synergistic effect of norepinephrine transporter blockade and α-2 antagonism on blood pressure in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 59:650–656. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

310 

Ramirez CE, Okamoto LE, Arnold AC, Gamboa A, Diedrich A, Choi L, Raj SR, Robertson D, Biaggioni I and Shibao CA: Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 64:1235–1240. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

311 

Shibao CA, Palma JA, Celedonio JE, Martinez J, Kaufmann H and Biaggioni I: Predictors of the pressor response to the norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, atomoxetine. neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Hypertension. 78:525–531. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

312 

Kim JS, Ryu DW, Oh JH, Lee YH, Park SJ, Jeon K, Lee JY, Ho SH, So J, Im JH and Lee KS: Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in patients with drug-induced parkinsonism. J Clin Neurol. 13:15–20. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

313 

Singer W, Sandroni P, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Suarez GA, Klein CM, Hines S, O'Brien PC, Slezak J and Low PA: Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Arch Neurol. 63:513–518. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

314 

Byun JI, Moon J, Kim DY, Shin H, Sunwoo JS, Lim JA, Kim TJ, Lee WJ, Lee HS, Jun J, et al: Efficacy of single or combined midodrine and pyridostigmine in orthostatic hypotension. Neurology. 89:1078–1086. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

315 

Eschlböck S, Wenning G and Fanciulli A: Evidence-based treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and related symptoms. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 124:1567–1605. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

316 

Shibao C, Okamoto L and Biaggioni I: Pharmacotherapy of autonomic failure. Pharmacol Ther. 134:279–286. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

317 

Mazza A, Ravenni R, Antonini A, Casiglia E, Rubello D and Pauletto P: Arterial hypertension, a tricky side of Parkinson's disease: Physiopathology and therapeutic features. Neurol Sci. 34:621–627. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

318 

Zeng G and Quon MJ: Insulin-stimulated production of nitric oxide is inhibited by wortmannin. Direct measurement in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 98:894–898. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

319 

Okamoto LE, Celedonio JE, Smith EC, Gamboa A, Shibao CA, Diedrich A, Paranjape SY, Black BK, Muldowney JAS III, Peltier AC, et al: Local Passive Heat for the Treatment of Hypertension in Autonomic Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 10(e018979)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

320 

Okamoto LE, Celedonio JE, Smith EC, Paranjape SY, Black BK, Wahba A, Park JW, Shibao CA, Diedrich A and Biaggioni I: Continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension. 80:650–658. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

321 

Arnold AC, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A, Black BK, Raj SR, Elijovich F, Robertson D, Shibao CA and Biaggioni I: Mineralocorticoid receptor activation contributes to the supine hypertension of autonomic failure. Hypertension. 67:424–429. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

322 

Jordan J, Fanciulli A, Tank J, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cheshire WP, Cortelli P, Eschlboeck S, Grassi G, Hilz MJ, Kaufmann H, et al: Management of supine hypertension in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: Scientific statement of the American Autonomic Society, European Federation of Autonomic Societies, and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 37:1541–1546. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

323 

Gomperts SN: Lewy body dementias: Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 22 (2 Dementia):435–463. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

324 

Walker Z, Possin KL, Boeve BF and Aarsland D: Lewy body dementias. Lancet. 386:1683–1697. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

325 

Goodnick PJ and Goldstein BJ: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in affective disorders-I. Basic pharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 12 (3 Suppl B):S5–S20. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

326 

Owens MJ, Morgan WN, Plott SJ and Nemeroff CB: Neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding profile of antidepressants and their metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 283:1305–1322. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

327 

Wagg A, Dale M, Tretter R, Stow B and Compion G: Randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study investigating the effect of solifenacin and oxybutynin in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: the SENIOR study. Eur Urol. 64:74–81. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

328 

Peroutka SJ and Snyder SH: Antiemetics: Neurotransmitter receptor binding predicts therapeutic actions. Lancet. 1:658–659. 1982.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

329 

Wallace DM, Wohlgemuth WK, Trotti LM, Amara AW, Malaty IA, Factor SA, Nallu S, Wittine L and Hauser RA: Practical evaluation and management of insomnia in Parkinson's Disease: A review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 7:250–266. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

330 

Orgeta V, McDonald KR, Poliakoff E, Hindle JV, Clare L and Leroi I: Cognitive training interventions for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2(CD011961)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

331 

da Silva FC, Iop RDR, de Oliveira LC, Boll AM, de Alvarenga JGS, Gutierres Filho PJB, de Melo LMAB, Xavier AJ and da Silva R: Effects of physical exercise programs on cognitive function in Parkinson's Disease patients: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the last 10 years. PLoS One. 13(e0193113)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

332 

Picelli A, Varalta V, Melotti C, Zatezalo V, Fonte C, Amato S, Saltuari L, Santamato A, Fiore P and Smania N: Effects of treadmill training on cognitive and motor features of patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's Disease: A pilot, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Funct Neurol. 31:25–31. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

333 

Trung J, Hanganu A, Jobert S, Degroot C, Mejia-Constain B, Kibreab M, Bruneau MA, Lafontaine AL, Strafella A and Monchi O: Transcranial magnetic stimulation improves cognition over time in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 66:3–8. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

334 

Doruk D, Gray Z, Bravo GL, Pascual-Leone A and Fregni F: Effects of tDCS on executive function in Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Lett. 582:27–31. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

335 

Manenti R, Cotelli MS, Cobelli C, Gobbi E, Brambilla M, Rusich D, Alberici A, Padovani A, Borroni B and Cotelli M: Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Parkinson Disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Brain Stimulat. 11:1251–1262. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

336 

Arendt T, Bigl V, Arendt A and Tennstedt A: Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's Disease. Acta Neuropathol. 61:101–108. 1983.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

337 

Kandiah N, Pai MC, Senanarong V, Looi I, Ampil E, Park KW, Karanam AK and Christopher S: Rivastigmine: The advantages of dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and its role in subcortical vascular dementia and Parkinson's Disease dementia. Clin Interv Aging. 12:697–707. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

338 

Devos D, Moreau C, Maltête D, Lefaucheur R, Kreisler A, Eusebio A, Defer G, Ouk T, Azulay JP, Krystkowiak P, et al: Rivastigmine in apathetic but dementia and depression-free patients with Parkinson's Disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 85:668–674. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

339 

Viramo P, Luukinen H, Koski K, Laippala P, Sulkava R and Kivela SL: Orthostatic hypotension and cognitive decline in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 47:600–604. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

340 

Kuo HK, Sorond F, Iloputaife I, Gagno M, Milberg W and Lipsitz LA: Effect of blood pressure on cognitive functions in elderly persons. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 59:1191–1194. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

341 

Allcock LM, Kenny RA and Burn DJ: Clinical phenotype of subjects with Parkinson's disease and orthostatic hypotension: Autonomic symptom and demographic comparison. Mov Disord. 21:1851–1855. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

342 

Yap PL, Niti M, Yap KB and Ng TP: Orthostatic hypotension, hypotension and cognitive status: Early comorbid markers of primary dementia? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 26:239–246. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

343 

Bendini C, Angelini A, Salsi F, Finelli ME, Martini E, Neviani F, Mussi C and Neri M: Relation of neurocardiovascular instability to cognitive, emotional and functional domains. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 44 (Suppl 1):S69–S74. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

344 

Rose KM, Couper D, Eigenbrodt ML, Mosley TH, Sharrett AR and Gottesman RF: Orthostatic hypotension and cognitive function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Neuroepidemiology. 34:1–7. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

345 

Hauser RA, Heritier S, Rowse GJ, Hewitt LA and Isaacson SH: Droxidopa and reduced falls in a trial of Parkinson disease patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Clin Neuropharmacol. 39:220–226. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

346 

Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott PM, Fanciulli A, Fedorowski A, Furlan R, Kenny RA, Martín A, et al: 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 39:1883–1948. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

347 

Shannon J, Jordan J, Costa F, Robertson RM and Biaggioni I: The hypertension of autonomic failure and its treatment. Hypertension. 30:1062–1067. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

348 

Arnold AC, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A, Shibao C, Raj SR, Robertson D and Biaggioni I: Angiotensin II, independent of plasma renin activity, contributes to the hypertension of autonomic failure. Hypertension. 61:701–706. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

349 

Jordan J, Shannon JR, Pohar B, Paranjape SY, Robertson D, Robertson RM and Biaggioni I: Contrasting effects of vasodilators on blood pressure and sodium balance in the hypertension of autonomic failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 10:35–42. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

350 

Dubois B, Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R, Emre M, Lees AJ, Schumann G, Pourcher E, Gray J, Thomas G, Swartz J, et al: Donepezil in Parkinson's disease dementia: A randomized, double-blind efficacy and safety study. Mov Disord. 27:1230–1238. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

351 

Wang HF, Yu JT, Tang SW, Jiang T, Tan CC, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan MS and Tan L: Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies: Systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86:135–143. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

352 

Litvan I, Goldman JG, Troster AI, Schmand BA, Weintraub D, Petersen RC, Mollenhauer B, Adler CH, Marder K, Williams-Gray CH, et al: Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Movement disorder society task force guidelines. Mov Disord. 27:349–356. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

353 

Emre M, Tsolaki M, Bonuccelli U, Destee A, Tolosa E, Kutzelnigg A, Ceballos-Baumann A, Zdravkovic S, Bladström A and Jones R: 11018 Study Investigators. Memantine for patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neuro. 9:969–977. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Khalil I, Sayad R, Kedwany AM, Sayed HH, Caprara AF and Rissardo JP: Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review). Med Int 4: 70, 2024.
APA
Khalil, I., Sayad, R., Kedwany, A.M., Sayed, H.H., Caprara, A.F., & Rissardo, J.P. (2024). Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review). Medicine International, 4, 70. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.194
MLA
Khalil, I., Sayad, R., Kedwany, A. M., Sayed, H. H., Caprara, A. F., Rissardo, J. P."Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review)". Medicine International 4.6 (2024): 70.
Chicago
Khalil, I., Sayad, R., Kedwany, A. M., Sayed, H. H., Caprara, A. F., Rissardo, J. P."Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review)". Medicine International 4, no. 6 (2024): 70. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.194
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Khalil I, Sayad R, Kedwany AM, Sayed HH, Caprara AF and Rissardo JP: Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review). Med Int 4: 70, 2024.
APA
Khalil, I., Sayad, R., Kedwany, A.M., Sayed, H.H., Caprara, A.F., & Rissardo, J.P. (2024). Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review). Medicine International, 4, 70. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.194
MLA
Khalil, I., Sayad, R., Kedwany, A. M., Sayed, H. H., Caprara, A. F., Rissardo, J. P."Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review)". Medicine International 4.6 (2024): 70.
Chicago
Khalil, I., Sayad, R., Kedwany, A. M., Sayed, H. H., Caprara, A. F., Rissardo, J. P."Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review)". Medicine International 4, no. 6 (2024): 70. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2024.194
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team