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Article Open Access

Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant 

  • Authors:
    • Isao Moritani
    • Kenji Yamanaka
    • Tai Nakamura
    • Junichiro Tanaka
    • Keigo Kainuma
    • Masakazu Okamoto
    • Tomoko Ieki
    • Hideo Wada
    • Katsuya Shiraki
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Internal Medicine, Mie General Medical Center, Yokkaichi, Mie 514‑8561, Japan, Sasagawa Clinic of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi, Mie 510‑0961, Japan, Nakamura Heart Clinic, Yokkaichi, Mie 510‑0892, Japan, Tanaka Internal Medicine Clinic, Yokkaichi, Mie 510‑0942, Japan, Kainuma Clinic, Yokkaichi, Mie 510‑0892, Japan, Department of Infection Control, Mie General Medical Center, Yokkaichi, Mie 514‑8561, Japan, Research Center, Mie General Medical Center, Yokkaichi, Mie 514‑8561, Japan
    Copyright: © Moritani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 17
    |
    Published online on: January 24, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.216
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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to clarify the current status of persistent symptoms following omicron variants of COVID‑19 [long COVID (LC)] and the risk factors associated with the development of LC. For this purpose, a cross‑sectional survey of patients with COVID‑19 treated at the authors' hospital and at four associated outpatient clinics was conducted. Questionnaires about a post‑infection condition were sent by post to 3,399 patients. A comparison was made of patients infected when the omicron variant was prevalent (omicron group) and patients infected prior to that (pre‑omicron group). Valid responses were received from 1,113 (32.7%) patients. The percentages of patients in whom some type of symptom or sequelae continued after 1, 3 and 6 months were 44, 37 and 28%, respectively, in the pre‑omicron group, and 20, 12 and 9%, respectively, in the omicron group. The percentages were significantly lower in the omicron group. In the multivariate analysis of risk factors for LC at 3 months, significant risk factors were hospitalization [odds ratio (OR), 1.910; P<0.01] and old age (OR, 1.120; P<0.05). Conversely, the incidence of LC was lower with vaccination (OR, 0.830; P<0.01) and in the omicron group (OR, 0.490; P<0.01). In the omicron group, underlying disease (particularly emphysema, bronchial asthma, rheumatoid or collagen disease and hypertension) and hospitalization were significantly associated with LC (P<0.01). On the whole, the present study demonstrates that the incidence of LC was >10% even in the omicron group. Patients who required hospitalization and patients with underlying conditions require careful attention for the development of LC.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Moritani I, Yamanaka K, Nakamura T, Tanaka J, Kainuma K, Okamoto M, Ieki T, Wada H and Shiraki K: Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;. Med Int 5: 17, 2025.
APA
Moritani, I., Yamanaka, K., Nakamura, T., Tanaka, J., Kainuma, K., Okamoto, M. ... Shiraki, K. (2025). Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;. Medicine International, 5, 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.216
MLA
Moritani, I., Yamanaka, K., Nakamura, T., Tanaka, J., Kainuma, K., Okamoto, M., Ieki, T., Wada, H., Shiraki, K."Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;". Medicine International 5.2 (2025): 17.
Chicago
Moritani, I., Yamanaka, K., Nakamura, T., Tanaka, J., Kainuma, K., Okamoto, M., Ieki, T., Wada, H., Shiraki, K."Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;". Medicine International 5, no. 2 (2025): 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.216
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Moritani I, Yamanaka K, Nakamura T, Tanaka J, Kainuma K, Okamoto M, Ieki T, Wada H and Shiraki K: Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;. Med Int 5: 17, 2025.
APA
Moritani, I., Yamanaka, K., Nakamura, T., Tanaka, J., Kainuma, K., Okamoto, M. ... Shiraki, K. (2025). Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;. Medicine International, 5, 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.216
MLA
Moritani, I., Yamanaka, K., Nakamura, T., Tanaka, J., Kainuma, K., Okamoto, M., Ieki, T., Wada, H., Shiraki, K."Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;". Medicine International 5.2 (2025): 17.
Chicago
Moritani, I., Yamanaka, K., Nakamura, T., Tanaka, J., Kainuma, K., Okamoto, M., Ieki, T., Wada, H., Shiraki, K."Prevalence of and risk factors for long COVID following infection with the COVID‑19 omicron variant&nbsp;". Medicine International 5, no. 2 (2025): 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.216
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