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Review Open Access

Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhuoning Song
    • Yadong Wang
    • Peihua Zhang
    • Ying Wang
    • Yuan Li
    • Fang Liu
    • Jinzhao Long
    • Haiyan Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China, Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Song et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 65
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    Published online on: August 26, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.264
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Abstract

Punicalagin, a polyphenolic compound extracted from pomegranate peel, has received increasing attention in recent years due to its antibacterial and antiviral properties. Punicalagin is capable of inhibiting bacterial growth at sub‑inhibitory concentrations by affecting cell membrane formation, disrupting membrane integrity, altering cell permeability, affecting efflux pumps, interfering with quorum sensing and influencing virulence factors. Additionally, punicalagin inhibits viruses by modulating enzyme activity, interacting with viral surface proteins, affecting gene expression, blocking viral attachment, disrupting virus receptor interaction and inhibiting viral replication. Notably, it exerts synergistic effects on bacterial infections in combination with certain antibiotics, such as oxacillin, particularly against methicillin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, the wide variation in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of punicalagin against various bacterial strains, in addition to the lack of safety, toxicity, or side‑effect profile data, underscores the need for additional studies. The present review discusses the advances in the antibacterial and antiviral activities of punicalagin, with in‑depth analyses of its mechanisms of action and potential applications in combating microbial infections. Future research is required to focus on addressing the variability in reported MICs, optimizing their bioavailability and conducting preclinical studies to provide a new paradigm for the antimicrobial applications of natural polyphenols.
View Figures

Figure 1

Antibacterial activities of
punicalagin. MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MRSA,
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; SEA,
staphylococcal enterotoxin A; SEB, staphylococcal enterotoxin
B.

Figure 2

Punicalagin disrupts the interaction
between the spike glycoprotein RBD and the ACE2 receptor and
affects NSP13 helicase. RBD, receptor-binding domain; ACE2,
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease
serine 2.
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Spandidos Publications style
Song Z, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu F, Long J and Yang H: Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review). Med Int 5: 65, 2025.
APA
Song, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, F. ... Yang, H. (2025). Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review). Medicine International, 5, 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.264
MLA
Song, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, F., Long, J., Yang, H."Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review)". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 65.
Chicago
Song, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, F., Long, J., Yang, H."Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review)". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.264
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Song Z, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu F, Long J and Yang H: Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review). Med Int 5: 65, 2025.
APA
Song, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, F. ... Yang, H. (2025). Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review). Medicine International, 5, 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.264
MLA
Song, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, F., Long, J., Yang, H."Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review)". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 65.
Chicago
Song, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, F., Long, J., Yang, H."Antibacterial and antiviral properties of punicalagin (Review)". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.264
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