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Article Open Access

Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

  • Authors:
    • Mohan Giri
    • Anju Puri
    • Shiv Kumar Yadav
    • Yi Chen

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Giri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 67
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    Published online on: August 27, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.266
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Abstract

Oropouche virus (OROV) is emerging as a growing public health concern, with increasing numbers of case, an expanding global spread and the potential for severe clinical outcomes. However, despite the increasing incidence, the clinical features of OROV infections have not yet been thoroughly examined. The present systematic review and meta‑analysis aimed to investigate the prevalence of clinical manifestations in OROV infections. For this purpose, a comprehensive search across PubMed, Web of Science and Embase was conducted up to April 9, 2025, to identify relevant studies. A random effects model was employed to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calucalted. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Additionally, sensitivity analyses and publication bias assessments were conducted to ensure the robustness of our findings. The present study included 28 articles and assessed 4,196 patients with OROV infection from 6 countries across the globe. The pooled prevalence of clinical manifestations of OROV included fever (97%), headache (86.5%), myalgia (72.3%), malaise or fatigue (56.4%), arthralgia (50.3%), chills (49.6%), loss of appetite (44.3%), eye pain (43.2%), back pain (31.7%), pallor (31.7%), dizziness (30.2%), photophobia (30.9%), nausea/vomiting (28.9%), sore throat (26.1%), odynophagia (22.9%), diarrhea (18.4%), skin rash (18.2%), conjunctival injection (15.4%), abdominal pain (16.3%), petechiae (2.3%), cough (12.9%), and chest pain (0.7%). High heterogeneity was detected among the included studies, which may be attributed to differences in geographic locations and diagnostic methodologies. Sensitivity analyses further supported the robustness of our findings. On the whole, the present systematic review provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical manifestations of OROV infection, highlighting key symptoms that may aid in differential diagnosis in arbovirus‑endemic regions. The findings may provide critical insight for clinicians and public health professionals and lay the groundwork for future research on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of OROV.
View Figures

Figure 1

PRISMA flowchart of literature search for the clinical characteristics of Oropouche virus infection.

Figure 2

Forest plot of the prevalence of general or systemic manifestations among patients infected with OROV. (A) Pooled prevalence of fever among OROV-infected patients. (B) The pooled prevalence of malaise or fatigue among OROV-infected patients . (C) The pooled prevalence of chills among OROV-infected patients. (D) Prevalence of pallor among OROV-infected patients. The studies included were as follows: Aguilar et al (24), Alvarez-Falconi et al (25), Alva-Urcia et al (26), Azevedo et al (11), Benitez et al (34), Cardoso et al (16), Carvalho et al (17), Castillo et al (27), Ciuoderis et al (36), Cola et al (18), Cravo et al (19), da Costa et al (20), de Lima et al (21), de Melo Iani et al (22), Durango-Chavez et al (28), Gaillet et al (32), Gourjault et al (33), Gravier et al (35), Martins-Luna et al (29), Moreira et al (2), Morrison et al (37), Mourão et al (23), Naveca et al (12), Pinheiro et al (13), Silva-Caso et al (30), Vasconcelos et al (14), Vasconcelos et al (15), Watts et al (31) OROV, Oropouche virus; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 3

Forest plot of the prevalence of neurological manifestations among patients infected with OROV. (A) The pooled prevalence of headache among OROV-infected patients. (B) The pooled prevalence of dizziness among OROV-infected patients. The studies included were as follows: Aguilar et al (24), Alvarez-Falconi et al (25), Alva-Urcia et al (26), Azevedo et al (11), Benitez et al (34), Cardoso et al (16), Carvalho et al (17), Castillo et al (27), Ciuoderis et al (36), Cola et al (18), Cravo et al (19), da Costa et al (20), de Lima et al (21), de Melo Iani et al (22), Durango-Chavez et al (28), Gaillet et al (32), Gourjault et al (33), Gravier et al (35), Martins-Luna et al (29), Moreira et al (2), Morrison et al (37), Mourão et al (23), Naveca et al (12), Pinheiro et al (13), Silva-Caso et al (30), Vasconcelos et al (14), Vasconcelos et al (15), Watts et al (31). OROV, Oropouche virus; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 4

Forest plot of the prevalence of ocular manifestations among patients infected with OROV. (A) The pooled prevalence of eye pain among OROV-infected patients. (B) Prevalence of conjunctival injection among OROV-infected patients. (C) Prevalence of photophobia among OROV-infected patients. The studies included were as follows: Aguilar et al (24), Alvarez-Falconi et al (25), Alva-Urcia et al (26), Azevedo et al (11), Benitez et al (34), Cardoso et al (16), Carvalho et al (17), Castillo et al (27), Ciuoderis et al (36), Cola et al (18), Cravo et al (19), da Costa et al (20), de Lima et al (21), de Melo Iani et al (22), Durango-Chavez et al (28), Gaillet et al (32), Gourjault et al (33), Gravier et al (35), Martins-Luna et al (29), Moreira et al (2), Morrison et al (37), Mourão et al (23), Naveca et al (12), Pinheiro et al (13), Silva-Caso et al (30), Vasconcelos et al (14), Vasconcelos et al (15), Watts et al (31). OROV, Oropouche virus; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 5

Forest plot of the prevalence of respiratory manifestations among patients infected with OROV. (A) The pooled prevalence of cough among OROV-infected patients. (B) Prevalence of sore throat among OROV-infected patients. (C) Prevalence of chest pain among OROV-infected patients. The studies included were as follows: Aguilar et al (24), Alvarez-Falconi et al (25), Alva-Urcia et al (26), Azevedo et al (11), Benitez et al (34), Cardoso et al (16), Carvalho et al (17), Castillo et al (27), Durango-Chavez et al (28), Martins-Luna et al (29), Pinheiro et al (13), Silva-Caso et al (30), Watts et al (31) OROV, Oropouche virus; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 6

Forest plot of the prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations among patients infected with OROV. (A) The pooled prevalence of nausea/vomiting among OROV-infected patients. (B) The pooled prevalence of abdominal pain among OROV-infected patients. (C) The pooled prevalence of diarrhea among OROV-infected patients. (D) The pooled prevalence of loss of appetite among OROV-infected patients. (E) The pooled prevalence of odynophagia among OROV-infected patients. The studies included were as follows: Aguilar et al (24), Alvarez-Falconi et al (25), Alva-Urcia et al (26), Azevedo et al (11), Benitez et al (34), Cardoso et al (16), Carvalho et al (17), Castillo et al (27), Ciuoderis et al (36), Cola et al (18), Cravo et al (19), da Costa et al (20), de Lima et al (21), de Melo Iani et al (22), Durango-Chavez et al (28), Gaillet et al (32), Gourjault et al (33), Gravier et al (35), Martins-Luna et al (29), Moreira et al (2), Morrison et al (37), Mourão et al (23), Naveca et al (12), Pinheiro et al (13), Silva-Caso et al (30), Vasconcelos et al (14), Vasconcelos et al (15), Watts et al (31) OROV, Oropouche virus; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 7

Forest plot of the prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations among patients infected with OROV. (A) The pooled prevalence of myalgia among OROV-infected patients. (B) The pooled prevalence of arthralgia among OROV-infected patients. (C) The pooled prevalence of back pain among OROV-infected patients. The studies included were as follows: Aguilar et al (24), Alvarez-Falconi et al (25), Alva-Urcia et al (26), Azevedo et al (11), Benitez et al (34), Cardoso et al (16), Carvalho et al (17), Castillo et al (27), Ciuoderis et al (36), Cola et al (18), Cravo et al (19), da Costa et al (20), de Lima et al (21), de Melo Iani et al (22), Durango-Chavez et al (28), Gaillet et al (32), Gourjault et al (33), Gravier et al (35), Martins-Luna et al (29), Moreira et al (2), Morrison et al (37), Mourão et al (23), Naveca et al (12), Pinheiro et al (13), Silva-Caso et al (30), Vasconcelos et al (14), Vasconcelos et al (15), Watts et al (31) OROV, Oropouche virus; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 8

Forest plot of the prevalence of dermatological manifestations among patients infected with OROV. (A) The pooled prevalence of skin rash among OROV-infected patients. (B) The pooled prevalence of petechiae among OROV-infected patients. The studies included were as follows: Alvarez-Falconi et al (25), Alva-Urcia et al (26), Cardoso et al (16), Carvalho et al (17), Castillo et al (27), Ciuoderis et al (36), Cola et al (18), Cravo et al (19), da Costa et al (20), de Lima et al (21), Durango-Chavez et al (28), Gaillet et al (32), Gourjault et al (33), Martins-Luna et al (29), Moreira et al (2), Morrison et al (37), Mourão et al (23), Naveca et al (12), Silva-Caso et al (30), Vasconcelos et al (14), Watts et al (31). OROV, Oropouche virus; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Giri M, Puri A, Yadav SK and Chen Y: Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Med Int 5: 67, 2025.
APA
Giri, M., Puri, A., Yadav, S.K., & Chen, Y. (2025). Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Medicine International, 5, 67. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.266
MLA
Giri, M., Puri, A., Yadav, S. K., Chen, Y."Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 67.
Chicago
Giri, M., Puri, A., Yadav, S. K., Chen, Y."Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 67. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.266
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Giri M, Puri A, Yadav SK and Chen Y: Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Med Int 5: 67, 2025.
APA
Giri, M., Puri, A., Yadav, S.K., & Chen, Y. (2025). Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Medicine International, 5, 67. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.266
MLA
Giri, M., Puri, A., Yadav, S. K., Chen, Y."Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 67.
Chicago
Giri, M., Puri, A., Yadav, S. K., Chen, Y."Clinical manifestations of Oropouche virus infection: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 67. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.266
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