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Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Hanisha Reddy Kukunoor
    • Adithya Andanappa
    • Kaushalendra Mani Tripathi
    • Iram Fatima
    • Ozoemena Z. Akah
    • Ansari Maha Faisal
    • Fawad Talat
    • Harsh Bhatia
    • Arlette Villalobos
    • Prachi Dawer
    • Yusra Qamar
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine, Maheshwara Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana 502307, India, Department of Internal Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570001, India, Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health Medical Center, Batesville, AR 72501, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Holy Name Medical Center, Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Mountain View Hospital, Las Vegas, NV 89128, USA, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Umarwada, Surat, Gujarat 395010, India, Department of Internal Medicine, Ponce Health Sciences University School of Medicine, Ponce 00716, Puerto Rico, Department of Internal Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), New Delhi 110095, India, Department of Internal Medicine, UHS Wilson Medical Center, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Danylo Halytsky L'viv National Medical University, Lviv 79010, Ukraine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
    Copyright: © Kukunoor et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 13
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    Published online on: January 14, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.297
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Abstract

Metastatic cancer remains a significant global health challenge, contributing to the majority of cancer‑related mortality due to late detection, therapeutic resistance and the complexity of disseminated disease. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and augmented reality (AR) are transforming the landscape of metastatic cancer detection and management. AI‑driven tools, including radiomics, deep learning models, and predictive analytics, enhance early identification of metastatic lesions, improve diagnostic accuracy, and support personalized treatment strategies by integrating multimodal clinical, imaging and molecular data. At the same time, AR technologies are increasingly applied in image‑guided surgery, real‑time tumor visualization and patient education, enabling more precise interventions and improved clinical decision‑making. The combined use of AI and AR fosters multidisciplinary collaboration, facilitates comprehensive treatment planning, and may ultimately improve patient outcomes. However, despite these advancements, several challenges limit widespread implementation, including algorithmic bias, variability in data quality, concerns regarding patient privacy, and regulatory and ethical constraints. Furthermore, integration into clinical workflows requires robust validation, clinician training, and standardized guidelines. Future efforts are required to focus on developing transparent, generalizable AI models, strengthening data‑security frameworks, and enhancing AR usability to ensure equitable, safe, and effective incorporation of these emerging technologies into metastatic cancer care.

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Spandidos Publications style
Kukunoor HR, Andanappa A, Tripathi KM, Fatima I, Akah OZ, Faisal AM, Talat F, Bhatia H, Villalobos A, Dawer P, Dawer P, et al: <p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>. Med Int 6: 13, 2026.
APA
Kukunoor, H.R., Andanappa, A., Tripathi, K.M., Fatima, I., Akah, O.Z., Faisal, A.M. ... Qamar, Y. (2026). <p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>. Medicine International, 6, 13. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.297
MLA
Kukunoor, H. R., Andanappa, A., Tripathi, K. M., Fatima, I., Akah, O. Z., Faisal, A. M., Talat, F., Bhatia, H., Villalobos, A., Dawer, P., Qamar, Y."<p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>". Medicine International 6.1 (2026): 13.
Chicago
Kukunoor, H. R., Andanappa, A., Tripathi, K. M., Fatima, I., Akah, O. Z., Faisal, A. M., Talat, F., Bhatia, H., Villalobos, A., Dawer, P., Qamar, Y."<p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>". Medicine International 6, no. 1 (2026): 13. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.297
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kukunoor HR, Andanappa A, Tripathi KM, Fatima I, Akah OZ, Faisal AM, Talat F, Bhatia H, Villalobos A, Dawer P, Dawer P, et al: <p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>. Med Int 6: 13, 2026.
APA
Kukunoor, H.R., Andanappa, A., Tripathi, K.M., Fatima, I., Akah, O.Z., Faisal, A.M. ... Qamar, Y. (2026). <p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>. Medicine International, 6, 13. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.297
MLA
Kukunoor, H. R., Andanappa, A., Tripathi, K. M., Fatima, I., Akah, O. Z., Faisal, A. M., Talat, F., Bhatia, H., Villalobos, A., Dawer, P., Qamar, Y."<p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>". Medicine International 6.1 (2026): 13.
Chicago
Kukunoor, H. R., Andanappa, A., Tripathi, K. M., Fatima, I., Akah, O. Z., Faisal, A. M., Talat, F., Bhatia, H., Villalobos, A., Dawer, P., Qamar, Y."<p>Metastatic cancer detection and management with artificial intelligence and augmented reality (Review)</p>". Medicine International 6, no. 1 (2026): 13. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.297
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