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Molecular Medicine Reports
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Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
July-August 2008 Volume 1 Issue 4

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Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

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July-August 2008 Volume 1 Issue 4

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Review

Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Giovanni Ligresti
    • Massimo Libra
    • Loredana Militello
    • Silvia Clementi
    • Marco Donia
    • Rosa Imbesi
    • Grazia Malaponte
    • Alessandro Cappellani
    • James A. McCubrey
    • Franca Stivala
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy
  • Pages: 451-458
    |
    Published online on: July 1, 2008
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.1.4.451
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Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. It is frequently treated with chemotherapy and hormone therapy. More recently, however, ‘targeted therapy’ has emerged as an important approach to cancer therapy. Targeted therapy works by interfering with a specific molecular target, though inter-individual variability in drug response often causes treatment failure. Anticancer agents inhibit breast cancer progression by several different mechanisms. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway regulates cell cycle progression and apoptosis in diverse cell types. Alterations in this pathway are often associated with human cancer, including breast cancer. Understanding breast cancer biology is useful for the identification of appropriate anticancer drugs. This review describes the effect of gene alterations on breast cancer development. In addition, it shows how each anticancer drug used to treat breast cancer may block aberrant cell proliferation. Finally, the mechanisms of resistance to therapy are also discussed.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ligresti G, Libra M, Militello L, Clementi S, Donia M, Imbesi R, Malaponte G, Cappellani A, McCubrey JA, Stivala F, Stivala F, et al: Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review). Mol Med Rep 1: 451-458, 2008.
APA
Ligresti, G., Libra, M., Militello, L., Clementi, S., Donia, M., Imbesi, R. ... Stivala, F. (2008). Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 1, 451-458. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.1.4.451
MLA
Ligresti, G., Libra, M., Militello, L., Clementi, S., Donia, M., Imbesi, R., Malaponte, G., Cappellani, A., McCubrey, J. A., Stivala, F."Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 1.4 (2008): 451-458.
Chicago
Ligresti, G., Libra, M., Militello, L., Clementi, S., Donia, M., Imbesi, R., Malaponte, G., Cappellani, A., McCubrey, J. A., Stivala, F."Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 1, no. 4 (2008): 451-458. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.1.4.451
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ligresti G, Libra M, Militello L, Clementi S, Donia M, Imbesi R, Malaponte G, Cappellani A, McCubrey JA, Stivala F, Stivala F, et al: Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review). Mol Med Rep 1: 451-458, 2008.
APA
Ligresti, G., Libra, M., Militello, L., Clementi, S., Donia, M., Imbesi, R. ... Stivala, F. (2008). Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 1, 451-458. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.1.4.451
MLA
Ligresti, G., Libra, M., Militello, L., Clementi, S., Donia, M., Imbesi, R., Malaponte, G., Cappellani, A., McCubrey, J. A., Stivala, F."Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 1.4 (2008): 451-458.
Chicago
Ligresti, G., Libra, M., Militello, L., Clementi, S., Donia, M., Imbesi, R., Malaponte, G., Cappellani, A., McCubrey, J. A., Stivala, F."Breast cancer: Molecular basis and therapeutic strategies (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 1, no. 4 (2008): 451-458. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.1.4.451
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