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Molecular Medicine Reports
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Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
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May-June 2011 Volume 4 Issue 3

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

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International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

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Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

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Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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Article Open Access

The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students

  • Authors:
    • Marinella Coco
    • Valentina Perciavalle
    • Tiziana Maci
    • Ferdinando  Nicoletti
    • Donatella Di Corrado
    • Vincenzo Perciavalle

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy, Department of Formative Processes, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy, Faculty of Sciences of Formation, University of Enna, Italy
  • Pages: 471-476
    |
    Published online on: March 15, 2011
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.456
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Abstract

Prenatal androgens have important organizing effects on the development and future behavior of the brain. The second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) has been proposed as a marker of these prenatal androgen effects, with a relatively longer fourth finger indicating higher prenatal androgen exposure. 2D:4D has been shown to predict the success of men who play sports and of financial traders. However, to date little is known regarding the effects of prenatal androgens on academic performance, for example, admission to and success in a highly competitive university system such as the state-run Italian medical schools. Here, we report the findings of a study conducted at the University of Catania Medical School, Italy, in which the 2D:4D ratio was sampled in a group of 48 male students. The 2D:4D ratios were found to be correlated with the performance of the students on the admission test to the medical school, their salivary testosterone levels and their aggressiveness; however, no correlation was observed with the mean score on exams during the course of study. Our results suggest that pre and/or postnatal androgens increase performance in situations that require prompt decision-making and the ability to take risks, but do not influence performance when a more analytical and planned approach is called for.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Coco M, Perciavalle V, Maci T, Nicoletti F, Di Corrado D and Perciavalle V: The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students. Mol Med Rep 4: 471-476, 2011.
APA
Coco, M., Perciavalle, V., Maci, T., Nicoletti, F., Di Corrado, D., & Perciavalle, V. (2011). The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students. Molecular Medicine Reports, 4, 471-476. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.456
MLA
Coco, M., Perciavalle, V., Maci, T., Nicoletti, F., Di Corrado, D., Perciavalle, V."The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students". Molecular Medicine Reports 4.3 (2011): 471-476.
Chicago
Coco, M., Perciavalle, V., Maci, T., Nicoletti, F., Di Corrado, D., Perciavalle, V."The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students". Molecular Medicine Reports 4, no. 3 (2011): 471-476. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.456
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Coco M, Perciavalle V, Maci T, Nicoletti F, Di Corrado D and Perciavalle V: The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students. Mol Med Rep 4: 471-476, 2011.
APA
Coco, M., Perciavalle, V., Maci, T., Nicoletti, F., Di Corrado, D., & Perciavalle, V. (2011). The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students. Molecular Medicine Reports, 4, 471-476. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.456
MLA
Coco, M., Perciavalle, V., Maci, T., Nicoletti, F., Di Corrado, D., Perciavalle, V."The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students". Molecular Medicine Reports 4.3 (2011): 471-476.
Chicago
Coco, M., Perciavalle, V., Maci, T., Nicoletti, F., Di Corrado, D., Perciavalle, V."The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with the rate of academic performance in medical school students". Molecular Medicine Reports 4, no. 3 (2011): 471-476. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.456
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