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Introduction

One of the common types of malignant cancer affecting the head and neck is laryngeal cancer. As these types of cancer are largely derived from the skin of the larynx, the majority are cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). While early-stage LSCC is often curable with surgery or radiotherapy, patients with advanced carcinoma have poor long-term survival rates (1,2), as LSCCs are often difficult to remove completely, and cancer recurrence following treatment remains a significant obstacle.

Despite advances in anticancer therapeutics, the outcome for advanced LSCC patients has not improved in the last two decades. This is due to the fact that the molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of LSCC remain largely unknown (3). Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of LSCC progression is crucial for improving therapies and the long-term prognosis of patients.

One pathway that has been implicated in cell survival, angiogenesis and resistance to therapy in various different tumors is the Notch signaling pathway (4). Notch signaling is crucial during embryonic development and in adult life. For the pathway to be activated, one of the four Notch receptors expressed in mammals (Notch 1–4) will interact with one of the five known Notch ligands, jagged 1, jagged 2, Delta-like (DLL)1, DLL3 or DLL4, present on an adjacent cell. Following ligand binding, the intracellular domain of Notch (NICD) is cleaved by metalloproteases and γ-secretases. The NICD then translocates from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, where it can drive the expression of numerous genes, including hes-related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (Myc), cyclin D1 and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), which regulate multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, stem cell maintenance and apoptosis.

Notch pathway signaling has been previously reported be tumor-suppressive and oncogenic (5,6). Aberrant activation of this pathway has been associated with tumorigenesis in prostate cancer development and metastasis (7,8). Similarly, expression of the Notch ligand jagged 1 is correlated with increased aggressiveness of gastric cancer and poor patient survival rates (9). Dysregulation of Notch signaling has been previously reported in human hematological malignancies and in various solid tumors (6), including cases of T-cell (10–12) and B-cell (13–15) carcinoma. Additionally, Notch signaling maintains the survival of stem and precursor cells in multiple tissues, including the gut and glandular tissues, and thus, also maintains the survival of cancer stem cells (16).

Notch signaling has also been previously demonstrated to promote tissue differentiation, notably, in the squamous epithelia of various organs and the skin. Therefore, mutations that inactivate crucial components of the Notch signaling pathway, including mutations in the Notch 1, 2 or 3 receptors, may result in squamous cell carcinomas, including LSCC. However, the precise mechanisms of the Notch pathway in LSCC development remain unclear.

Multiple studies have reported that the Notch 2 signaling pathway in particular has important potential oncogenic or tumor-suppressing actions in several hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma, B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and also in various solid tumors, including glioblastoma and breast, cervical, colon, pancreatic, skin and small cell lung cancer (17,18). Consequently, the current study analyzed the expression of Notch 2 in clinical LSCC samples using quantum dots (QDs)-based immunofluorescence histochemical staining. Additionally, knockdown of NOTCH2 was performed in a Hep-2 cell line using short hairpin RNA (shRNA). These studies aimed to elucidate the effects of Notch 2 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of LSCC.

Materials and methods

Patients

In total, 95 laryngeal carcinoma samples with adjacent non-tumor tissues were obtained from patients who had undergone surgery between 2009 and 2013 at the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan, China). All paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were analyzed and reconfirmed by two experienced pathologists. The clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients were squamous cell carcinoma. All patients underwent selective neck lymph node dissection and lymph node tissues were analyzed by pathologists. If the clinicopathologic characteristics of lymph nodes tissue were positive, the tissue was confirmed as LSCC with lymph node metastasis. If the clinicopathologic characteristics of the lymph node tissue was negative, the tissue of patients was confirmed as LSCC without lymph node metastasis. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

Laryngeal carcinoma specimens and cell lines

The Hep-2 cell line was obtained from the China Center for Type Culture Collection (Wuhan, China). Hep-2 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and incubated in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C.

RNA interference of NOTCH2 using shRNA

The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-V-RS-Notch 2 shRNA plasmids were synthesized by Wuhan XiMa Technologies Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Cells were transfected with shRNA vectors using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The structure of the shRNA plasmid was as follows: Stop-mir30-flanking-shRNA1-mir30-flanking-EG FP-CMV-U6-shRNA2-stop. The shRNA sequences were as follows: Notch2 shRNA1, 5′-TGGAGGTCTCAGTGGATATAA-3′; and Notch2 shRNA2, 5′-AAGATCCTGTTAGACCATTT-3′. Three treatments were designed for the current study. Untreated Hep-2 cells were considered the blank control and termed the non-transfected group. The cells transfected with the EGFP-V-RS-negative shRNA plasmid, containing non-specific shRNA, and the EGFP-V-RS-Notch 2 shRNA plasmid, containing the Notch 2-specific shRNA, were termed the negative-shRNA and Notch 2-shRNA groups, respectively.

QDs-based immunofluorescence histochemistry

Tissue sections were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in a graded ethanol series. For antibody binding, slides were first incubated with 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Gibco Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C for 30 min, and then incubated with primary rabbit anti-prostate stem cell antigen antibody (rabbit polyclonal anti-Notch2 antibody; cat. no. SAB4502020, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, 1:100) diluted in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) overnight at 4°C. Slides were then washed in TBS. Negative control samples were prepared in parallel, in which the primary antibody was replaced by TBS.

For QD conjugation, slides were incubated with 2% BSA at 37°C for 10 min, and then incubated with ZnS-capped CdSe QDs conjugated anti-rabbit IgG probes (Wuhan Jiayuan Quantum Dot Technological Development Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China), with an emission wavelength of 605 nm, diluted 1:50 in 2% BSA for 30 min at 37°C. Following incubation, the slides were vigorously washed with TBS, mounted with neutral glycerol, and stored at 4°C until observation.

The QDs were excited by blue light (excitation wavelength of 450–480 nm under U-MWB filters) and the subsequent emission of red light was monitored. The immunohistochemical staining was observed under a light microscope. Positive cells expressing Notch 2 exhibited brown-yellow staining and were granular in appearance. During the observation period, all labeled slides were stored at 4°C, primarily to prevent the drying of tissues. The stained samples were scored using the extensional standard as follows: i) Number of positively stained cells ≤5% scored 0, 6–25% scored 1, 26–50% scored 2, 51–75% scored 3, >75% scored 4; and ii) intensity of stain, colorless scored 0, pallide-flavens scored 1, yellow scored 2, brown scored 3. The staining score was obtained by multiplying the number of positively stained cells and the intensity of stain, and stratified as either negative (<3 score) or strong (≥3 score) (19).

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Total RNA was extracted from cells with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and reverse transcribed to cDNA with the PrimeScript RT Reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The synthesized cDNA was used as the template to detect the expression of the genes of interest by RT-qPCR with SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). Primer sequences were as follows: NOTCH2, forward 5′-ATCCCACAAAGCCTAGCACC-3′, reverse 5′-CCTTGTCCCTGAGCAACCAT-3′; and GAPDH, forward 5′-GAAAGCCTGCCGGTGACTAA-3′, reverse 5′-AGGAAAAGCATCACCCGGAG-3′. qPCR was conducted using LightCycler Technology (LC-96; Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Cycling conditions included reverse transcription at 50°C for 30 min, denaturation at 95°C for 15 min, 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec, and 68°C for 2 min, and a final extension step at 68°C for 10 min. PCR experiments were repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed according to the 2−ΔΔCq method (20).

Cell viability assay

Cells were transfected with shRNA for 24 h, then plated in 96-well culture plates. At the same time each day for three consecutive days, the original culture medium was removed, and 10 µl cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) dye (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) and 90 µl fresh RPMI-1640 were added to each well. The cells were incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Absorbance (450 nm) of the medium was measured with an ELx-800 plate reader (BioTek China, Beijing, China). Representative data for three independent experiments are presented.

Apoptosis assay

Cellular apoptosis was analyzed using the FACScan instrument (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). The cells were harvested and washed in phosphate-buffered saline, then subsequently stained with annexin V-allophycocyanin and propidium iodide 7-amino actinomycin D (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA). Cells were quantified using a BD FACSVerse flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Quantification of the apoptotic fraction included early and late apoptotic cells. All data were analyzed using Kaluza software 1.1 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). Representative data for three independent experiments are presented.

Scratch wound healing motility assay

Cells were transfected with shRNA for 24 h and then plated in 6-well culture plates. A 'scratch' was created by running a pipette tip through the plate. Cells were then cultured under standard conditions for a further 24 h. Plates were washed twice with fresh medium to remove non-adherent cells and then images were captured. The number of cells that had migrated from the edge of the wound were counted. Results were expressed as the average number of cells per field. Representative data for three independent experiments are presented.

In vitro cell invasion assay

Transwell membranes (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) were coated with Matrigel (2.5 mg/ml). Cells were transfected with shRNA for 24 h, then serum starved for 8 h and collected in RPMI-1640 medium containing 3% FBS. Cells were seeded onto the upper wells of pre-coated Transwell inserts in the same medium at a density of 1.0×105 cells/well. Lower wells of pre-coated Transwell inserts contained 800 µl RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS. After 48 h, membranes were swabbed with a Q-tip and stained with crystal violet prior to cell counting under a microscope. Representative data for three independent experiments are presented.

In vitro cell migration assay

Cell migration assays were also performed using the Transwell membranes. The procedure used for this assay was similar to that of the cell invasion assay, except that the Transwell membrane was not coated with Matrigel. Three to four fields on each filter were scored under an inverted microscope in each experiment. Representative data for three independent experiments are presented.

Western blot assay

Total protein from Hep-2 cells transfected with the plasmids was extracted using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% NP-40). The sample was then centrifuged at 4°C, 12,000 × g for 15 min. The supernatant was isolated and protein expression was analyzed by western blot analysis. The amount of protein loaded for each lane was quantified at 25 µg. Total protein extracts were separated on 12% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. GAPDH was used as a loading control. The membrane was blocked using 5% skimmed milk powder at 4°C for 60 min. The membranes were immunoblotted with the following primary antibodies: Anti-p-ERK (1:1,000 rabbit monoclonal antibody, cat. no. 4695, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA,); anti-t-ERK (rabbit monoclonal antibody, cat. no. 5013, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1,000); anti-p-AKT (rabbit monoclonal, cat. no. 4060, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1,000); t-AKT (rabbit monoclonal antibody, cat. no. 4691, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., 1:1,000); anti-c-myc (rabbit monoclonal antibody, cat. no. 13987, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1,000); anti-Bax (rabbit monoclonal antibody, cat. no. 5023, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., 1:1,000); anti-Bcl-2 (rabbit monoclonal antibody, cat. no. 4223, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., 1:1,000). The membranes were then washed three times using TBS with 0.1% Tween 20, and incubated with Donkey anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (cat. no. ab175731; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; 1:10,000). Enhanced chemiluminescence detection (Cell Signaling Technology) was used to observe the blots. The densitometry of the bands was quantified using the Image J version 1.38X software (imagej.nih.gov/ij). Western blotting was performed in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis of Notch 2 QDs-based immunofluorescence histochemistry was performed using the Wilcoxin rank-sum test. The other results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferonni's method. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 17.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Notch 2 protein levels upregulated in LSCC

The present study examined the expression of Notch 2 in a total of 126 samples from LSCC tissues and vocal cord polyps. Among the primary LSCC tissues, 83/95 (87.4%) cases exhibited Notch 2 expression, whereas, 10/31 (32.3%) cases from vocal cord polyps exhibited Notch 2 expression (Table I). QDs staining demonstrated that the Notch 2 protein is located in the cytoplasm and the nucleus (Fig. 1). Notch 2 expression was absent or low in vocal cord polyps compared with LSCC samples. The protein expression rates of Notch 2 in LSCC samples with (P=0.001) and without (P=0.001) lymph node metastasis were increased compared with the levels in vocal cord polyp samples (Table I). Additionally, the expression of Notch 2 was increased in tissue samples from LSCC with lymph node metastasis compared with those without metastasis (P=0.037), which indicates that Notch 2 may be important in lymph node metastasis of LSCC.

Figure 1 Notch 2 expression level is upregulated in LSCC samples. Representative images of quantum dots-based immunofluorescence histochemistry for Notch 2 expression in tissue from (A) LSCC with lymph node metastasis, (B) LSCC without lymph node metastasis and (C) vocal cord polyps. Magnification, ×100. White arrows indicate the Notch 2 expression. LSCC, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Table I Expression of Notch 2 in LSCC tissue and samples from vocal cord polyps.

Table I

Expression of Notch 2 in LSCC tissue and samples from vocal cord polyps.

Sample	Total, n	Negative, n (%)	Positive, n (%)	P-value
Vocal cord polyp	31	21 (67.74)	10 (32.26)
LSCC without lymph node metastasis	72	12 (16.67)	60 (83.33)	<0.05a
LSCC with lymph node metastasis	23	0 (0.00)	23 (100.00)	<0.05a,b

a P=0.001 vs. vocal cord polyps.

b P=0.037 vs. LSCC without lymph node metastasis. LSCC, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Notch 2 protein expression is stably and effectively downregulated by shRNA in Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells

The efficacy of shRNA-mediated knockdown of NOTCH2 in Hep-2 cells and the successful transfection of Notch2-shRNA plasmid transfection into Hep-2 cells were analyzed using RT-qPCR and western blotting. NOTCH2 mRNA levels were reduced by 82.0 and 80.3% in Notch2-shRNA-transfected cells compared with cells that were non-transfected or transfected with negative-shRNA, respectively (P=0.011 and P=0.013, respectively; Fig. 2A). Similarly, Notch 2 protein levels were reduced by 82.0 and 80.3% (P=0.011 and P=0.013, respectively; Fig. 2B). Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the levels of mRNA or protein between the cells that were non-transfected and those transfected with negative-shRNA (P>0.05; Fig. 2).

Figure 2 NOTCH2 was knocked down using shRNA. The expression of NOTCH2 mRNA and Notch 2 protein in Hep-2 cells 48 h after shRNA transfection measured by (A) reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and (B) western blot with densitometric analysis, respectively. Notch 2-shRNA samples demonstrate a significantly reduced level of Notch 2. The data represent the results of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 vs. non-transfected samples, #P<0.05 vs. negative-shRNA samples. No significant difference was observed between the non-transfected and the negative-shRNA samples (P>0.05). shRNA, short hairpin RNA.

NOTCH2 knockdown decreases cell proliferation and increases cell apoptosis in Hep-2 cells

The present study investigated the effect of Notch 2 on the cell morphology, proliferation and apoptosis of LSCC. Following NOTCH2 knockdown, the Hep-2 cells underwent morphological changes, consistent with reduced cell numbers in culture (Fig. 3A). Similarly, NOTCH2 knockdown significantly inhibited the growth of the Hep-2 cells compared with negative-shRNA and non-transfected cells, as measured using CCK-8 reagent (P=0.028 and P=0.046, respectively; Fig. 3B). In addition to the decreased percentage of proliferating cells, the percentage of apoptotic cells were increased, compared with negative-shRNA and non-transfected cells, as measured by flow cytometry (both P=0.003; Fig. 3C and D).

Figure 3 Effects of Notch 2 on cell morphology and viability. Notch 2-shRNA cells exhibited a higher rate of apoptosis compared with non-transfected or negative-shRNA cells. (A) Photographs of Hep-2 cell morphology captured 72 h after shRNA transfection. (B) Proliferation of Hep-2 cells was detected by Cell Counting kit-8 reagent following shRNA transfection. (C) Flow cytometry data of apoptotic Hep-2 cells and (D) the percentage of apoptotic Hep-2 cells 72 h after shRNA transfection. The data represent the results of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 vs. non-transfected cells, #P<0.05 vs. negative shRNA. shRNA, short hairpin RNA.

Notch 2 increases cell migration and invasion in vitro

The present study additionally investigated the effect of Notch 2 on the migration and invasion abilities of LSCC. Compared with negative-shRNA and non-transfected Hep-2 cells, knockdown of NOTCH2 mRNA significantly inhibited cell migration (P<0.05; Fig. 4A and B) and invasion (P<0.05; Fig. 4C and D). These results support the theory that NOTCH2 is an oncogene that may contribute to the migration and invasion of LSCC.

Figure 4 Knockdown of NOTCH2 inhibits the migration and invasion of Hep-2 cells. (A) NOTCH2 shRNA transfected Hep-2 cells exhibited inhibited cellular motility compared with the control cells. (B) The number of cells that migrated through uncoated filters (no Matrigel) represents the migratory ability of Hep-2 cells. (C) Representative images of the Transwell assay without Matrigel (upper panel) or pre-coated with Matrigel (lower panel) following shRNA transfection. (D) The number of cells that were able to pass through filters pre-coated with Matrigel represents the invasive ability of Hep-2 cells. The cell counts are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of ≥5 randomly selected low-power fields (×200) from three independent experiments. *P<0.05 vs. non-transfected samples, #P<0.05 vs. negative-shRNA samples. shRNA, short hairpin RNA.

Notch 2 affects the expression of cell proliferation- and apoptosis-associated proteins

To investigate the effect of Notch pathway proteins on the apoptosis of cancer cells, the expression levels of proteins associated with the Notch pathway were evaluated. Following knockdown of Notch 2 protein expression, the protein expression levels of phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (p-ERK) (P=0.003 and P=0.016), c-Myc (P=0.011 and P=0.048) and Bcl2 (P=0.003 and P=0.012) were also downregulated (P<0.05), whereas the expression level of Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) was upregulated (P<0.05) compared with negative-shRNA and non-transfected Hep-2 cells (Fig. 5). Notch 2 knockdown demonstrated no effect on the protein expression levels of total-ERK (t-ERK), phospho-v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (p-Akt) or total-Akt (t-Akt) (P>0.05; Fig. 5).

Figure 5 Knockdown of NOTCH2 affects the expression of Notch 2 signaling pathway target genes in Hep-2 cells. (A) Western blot analysis demonstrating that the expression levels of p-ERK, c-Myc and Bcl-2 were downregulated, and the expression of Bax was upregulated. No differences were observed in the expression of t-ERK, p-Akt and t-Akt. (B) Quantification of the protein bands by densitometry. The results of three independent experiments are presented. All the histograms present the GAPDH-normalized mean ± standard deviation of the band density from the three experiments. *P<0.05 vs. non-transfected cells, #P<0.05 vs. negative shRNA. shRNA, short hairpin RNA; p, phospho; t, total; ERK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1; c-Myc, v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog; Bax, BCL2-associated X protein; Bcl2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2.

Discussion

The Notch signaling pathway has been associated with the initiation and development of various types of human cancer, including breast, brain, cervix, lung, colon, head and neck, kidney, bone marrow, lymph nodes and stomach cancer (5,21–25). Therefore, Notch signaling has become an attractive anticancer drug target (26). However, the molecular alterations of the Notch signaling pathways in LSCC are less well defined and the precise mechanisms of Notch 2-mediated tumor proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the importance of the Notch 2 signaling pathway in LSCC tissues and Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells.

The current study demonstrated that Notch 2 expression was upregulated in LSCC tissues compared with tissues from normal vocal polyps. This upregulation was increased further in tissues with lymph node metastasis compared with LSCC tissues without lymph node metastasis, indicating that Notch 2 may be oncogenic during the tumorigenesis and metastasis of LSCC.

The present study additionally demonstrated that shRNA-mediated downregulation of Notch 2 expression in Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. It was observed that NOTCH2 mRNA knockdown decreased Hep-2 cell proliferation compared with controls. In addition, the decreased expression of Notch 2 resulted in an increased proportion of apoptotic cells, as measured by flow cytometry. Again, this result suggests that NOTCH2 is an oncogene that may contribute to the proliferation and evasion of apoptosis in LSCC.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the Notch receptors regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis through multiple downstream pathways (2,27,28). The protein expression of Notch 2, in particular, has been demonstrated to affect downstream signaling pathways in different carcinoma cells (2,29,30). The current study examined the expression levels of the conventional Notch target genes in Hep-2 cells. It was observed that the silencing of Notch 2 resulted in decreased phosphorylation levels of ERK, and decreased expression levels of c-Myc and Bcl2, whereas the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was upregulated. However, no changes were observed in the expression of t-ERK, p-Akt and t-Akt following NOTCH 2 knockdown. The biological effects of ERK are induced via p-ERK1/2 (31). Zhou et al (32) demonstrated that the Notch inhibitor, DAPT, reduced ERK1/2 activity and decreased the protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor, resulting in the suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma invasion. Asnaghi et al (33) reported that Notch blockade reduced ERK activity in uveal melanoma cells. They implied that the Notch signaling pathway may modulate ERK activity to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis. The results of the current study demonstrated that NOTCH 2 mRNA knockdown decreased the phosphorylation level of ERK, which indicates reduced ERK activity. Therefore, the downregulation of Notch 2 inhibited the proliferation of Hep-2 cells by altering the activity and expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis-associated proteins.

Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that NOTCH2 knockdown inhibits the in vitro migration and invasion ability of Hep-2 cells, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear (34). Further studies are required to precisely determine the importance of Notch 2 signaling pathways in the invasion and lymph node metastasis of LSCC.

In summary, the results of the current study indicate that Notch 2 is highly expressed in LSCC tissues and is associated with increased tumorigenesis and metastasis. Additionally, knockdown of NOTCH2 inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and decreases cell migration and invasion of Hep-2 cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that the Notch 2 signaling pathway is important in the cell growth, apoptosis regulation and metastasis of LSCC. Together, these results suggest that the development of Notch 2 inhibitors to decrease cancer cell growth and metastasis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with LSCC.

Acknowledgments

The present work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81172569 and 81372880).

References