Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
June-2017 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2017 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells

  • Authors:
    • Ting Xia
    • Ying‑Nan Wang
    • Chuan‑Xin Zhou
    • Li‑Mei Wu
    • Yong Liu
    • Qian‑Hong Zeng
    • Xiang‑Long Zhang
    • Jia‑Hui Yao
    • Min Wang
    • Jian‑Pei Fang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China, Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China, Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3591-3598
    |
    Published online on: April 11, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6459
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) and ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) are primary bioactive components in Panax ginseng. The present study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of apoptotic cell‑death induced by GRh2 and GRg3 in human leukemia Jurkat cells. The Cell Counting kit‑8 assay was used to determine cell proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by nuclear morphologic observation by Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V-allophycocyanin and 7-amino-actinomycin D assay. mitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, was used to examine the effects of mitochondrial ROS on cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Finally, the expression levels of numerous mitochondrial‑associated apoptosis proteins were assessed by western blot analysis. These results demonstrated that GRh2 and GRg3 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis, and that GRh2 had greater cytotoxicity than GRg3. GRh2 induced generation of more mitochondrial ROS compared with GRg3 in Jurkat cells; however, this effect was ameliorated by subsequent treatment with mitoTEMPO. Furthermore, excess mitochondrial ROS induced by GRh2 was more potent than GRg3 in inhibiting cell proliferation and reducing MMP. In addition, expression levels of apoptosis‑associated proteins were significantly increased in Jurkat cells treated with GRh2 than GRg3. In conclusion, these findings suggested that GRh2 and GRg3 induce mitochondrial-associated apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial ROS in human leukemia Jurkat cells. GRh2 may more effectively inhibit cell growth and accelerate apoptosis than GRg3. This study provides a potential novel strategy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Attele AS, Wu JA and Yuan CS: Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol. 58:1685–1693. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Bak MJ, Jeong WS and Kim KB: Detoxifying effect of fermented black ginseng on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Int J Mol Med. 34:1516–1522. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Wang JH, Nao JF, Zhang M and He P: 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 promotes apoptosis in human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells through PI3K/Akt and XIAP pathways. Tumour Biol. 35:11985–11994. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Wang P, Wei Y, Fan Y, Liu Q, Wei W, Yang C, Zhang L, Zhao G, Yue J, Yan X and Zhou Z: Production of bioactive ginsenosides Rh2 and Rg3 by metabolically engineered yeasts. Metab Eng. 29:97–105. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Kim HS, Lee EH, Ko SR, Choi KJ, Park JH and Im DS: Effects of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res. 27:429–435. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Park HM, Kim SJ, Kim JS and Kang HS: Reactive oxygen species mediated ginsenoside Rg3- and Rh2-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells through mitochondrial signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:2736–2741. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Tang XP, Tang GD, Fang CY, Liang ZH and Zhang LY: Effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on growth and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 19:1582–1592. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Kim JW, Jung SY, Kwon YH, Lee JH, Lee YM, Lee BY and Kwon SM: Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates tumor angiogenesis via inhibiting bioactivities of endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 13:504–515. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Richardson RB: Promotional etiology for common childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The infective lymphoid recovery hypothesis. Leuk Res. 35:1425–1431. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Vicente C and Cools J: The origin of relapse In Pediatric T-Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 100:1373–1375. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Pui CH, Robison LL and Look AT: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet. 371:1030–1043. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Meleshko AN, Belevtsev MV, Savitskaja TV and Potapnev MP: The incidence of T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia is related to immunophenotype and fusion oncogene expression. Leuk Res. 30:795–800. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Reed JC: Apoptosis-regulating proteins as targets for drug discovery. Trends Mol Med. 7:314–319. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hengartner MO: The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature. 407:770–776. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Ouyang L, Shi Z, Zhao S, Wang FT, Zhou TT, Liu B and Bao JK: Programmed cell death pathways in cancer: A review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. Cell Prolif. 45:487–498. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Chakraborty JB, Oakley F and Walsh MJ: Mechanisms and biomarkers of apoptosis in liver disease and fibrosis. Int J Hepatol. 2012:6489152012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Marchi S, Giorgi C, Suski JM, Agnoletto C, Bononi A, Bonora M, De Marchi E, Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Poletti F, et al: Mitochondria-ros crosstalk in the control of cell death and aging. J Signal Transduct. 2012:3296352012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Indran IR, Hande MP and Pervaiz S: hTERT overexpression alleviates intracellular ROS production, improves mitochondrial function, and inhibits ROS-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer Res. 71:266–276. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Cheng EH, Wei MC, Weiler S, Flavell RA, Mak TW, Lindsten T and Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) sequester BH3 domain-only molecule spreventing BAX-and BAK-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Mol Cell. 8:705–711. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Kroemer G: The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 and its role in regulating apoptosis. Nat Med. 3:614–620. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Murphy MP: How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J. 417:1–13. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Shi Y: Mechanisms of caspase activation and inhibition during apoptosis. Mol Cell. 9:459–470. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Choi JS, Chun KS, Kundu J and Kundu JK: Biochemical basis of cancer chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy with ginsenosides (Review). Int J Mol Med. 32:1227–1238. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Bae EA, Han MJ, Kim EJ and Kim DH: Transformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenoside Rh2 by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformants. Arch Pharm Res. 27:61–67. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Li J, Liu T, Zhao L, Chen W, Hou H, Ye Z and Li X: Ginsenoside 20(S) Rg3 inhibits the Warburg effect through STAT3 pathways in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 46:775–781. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Guo XX, Guo Q, Li Y, Lee SK, Wei XN and Jin YH: Ginsenoside Rh2 induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis via bax/bak triggered cytochrome c release and caspase-9/caspase-8 activation. Int J Mol Sci. 13:15523–15535. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Wang W, Wang H, Rayburn ER, Zhao Y, Hill DL and Zhang R: 20(S)-25-methoxyldammarane-3beta, 12beta, 20-triol, a novel natural product for prostate cancer therapy: Activity in vitro and in vivo and mechanisms of action. Br J Cancer. 98:792–802. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Cheong JH, Kim H, Hong MJ, Yang MH, Kim JW, Yoo H, Yang H, Park JH, Sung SH, Kim HP and Kim J: Stereoisomer-specific anticancer activities of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 in HepG2 Cells: Disparity in cytotoxicity and autophagy-inducing effects due to 20(S)-epimers. Biol Pharm Bull. 38:102–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Wu N, Wu GC, Hu R, Li M and Feng H: Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits glioma cell proliferation by targeting microRNA-128. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 32:345–353. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Favaloro B, Allocati N, Graziano V, Di Ilio C and De Laurenzi V: Role of apoptosis in disease. Aging (Albany NY). 4:330–349. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Green DR and Kroemer G: Pharmacological manipulation of cell death: Clinical applications in sight? J Clin Invest. 115:2610–2617. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Apel K and Hirt H: Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 55:373–399. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Fujisawa S, Atsumi T, Ishihara M and Kadoma Y: Cytotoxicity, ROS-generation activity and radical-scavenging activity of curcumin and related compounds. Anticancer Res. 24:563–569. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Gogvadze V, Norberg E, Orrenius S and Zhivotovsky B: Involvement of Ca2+ and ROS in alpha-tocopheryl succinate-induced mitochondrial permeabilization. Int J Cancer. 127:1823–1832. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Yadav N, Kumar S, Marlowe T, Chaudhary AK, Kumar R, Wang J, O'Malley J, Boland PM, Jayanthi S, Kumar TK, et al: Oxidative phosphorylation-dependent regulation of cancer cell apoptosis in response to anticancer agents. Cell Death Dis. 6:e19692015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Ola MS, Nawaz M and Ahsan H: Role of bcl-2 family proteins and caspases in the regulation of apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 351:41–58. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Zhou J, Zhang S, Ong CN and Shen HM: Critical role of pro-apoptotic bcl-2 family members in andrographolide-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 72:132–144. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xia T, Wang YN, Zhou CX, Wu LM, Liu Y, Zeng QH, Zhang XL, Yao JH, Wang M, Fang JP, Fang JP, et al: Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells. Mol Med Rep 15: 3591-3598, 2017.
APA
Xia, T., Wang, Y., Zhou, C., Wu, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, Q. ... Fang, J. (2017). Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 3591-3598. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6459
MLA
Xia, T., Wang, Y., Zhou, C., Wu, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, Q., Zhang, X., Yao, J., Wang, M., Fang, J."Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.6 (2017): 3591-3598.
Chicago
Xia, T., Wang, Y., Zhou, C., Wu, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, Q., Zhang, X., Yao, J., Wang, M., Fang, J."Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 6 (2017): 3591-3598. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6459
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xia T, Wang YN, Zhou CX, Wu LM, Liu Y, Zeng QH, Zhang XL, Yao JH, Wang M, Fang JP, Fang JP, et al: Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells. Mol Med Rep 15: 3591-3598, 2017.
APA
Xia, T., Wang, Y., Zhou, C., Wu, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, Q. ... Fang, J. (2017). Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 3591-3598. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6459
MLA
Xia, T., Wang, Y., Zhou, C., Wu, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, Q., Zhang, X., Yao, J., Wang, M., Fang, J."Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.6 (2017): 3591-3598.
Chicago
Xia, T., Wang, Y., Zhou, C., Wu, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, Q., Zhang, X., Yao, J., Wang, M., Fang, J."Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human leukemia Jurkat cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 6 (2017): 3591-3598. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6459
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team