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Introduction

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, also termed degenerative disc disorder or degenerative disc disease, is a pathological process that may induce acute or chronic lower back pain (1,2). Lower back pain is one of the primary health problems in developed countries (3). The risk factors for disc degeneration include genetic inheritance and environmental risk factors, including smoking cigarettes and repetitive and high mechanical loading (4). IVD degeneration is a rapidly progressing disease without an effective therapeutic method (5). Therefore, it is necessary to explore the mechanisms of IVD degeneration in order to be able to develop a novel treatment scheme.

IVD degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been previously investigated. The aggrecanases ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS)-1, -4, -5, -9 and -15 may promote extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations during IVD degeneration, and may be used for preventing IVD degeneration and its morbidity (6). In disc cells, reduced expression of SRY-type high mobility group box 9 (SOX9) may be associated with disc degeneration and disc ageing via inhibition of type II collagen expression (7). The growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) cDNA and the recombinant GDF-5 protein may promote the expression of ECM protein-coding genes in mouse IVD cells (8). Previous studies have detected overexpressed tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 in aged and degenerative IVDs obtained from human and animal models (9,10). IL-1 has been identified to be involved in IVD degeneration via directly inhibiting matrix synthesis and promoting matrix degradation (11,12). Cytokines of IL-1 and TNF-α may be associated with the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration; however, IL-1 may have a greater contribution to IVD degeneration and may be a more suitable therapeutic target for the disease (13).

In 2013, Markova et al (14) established a rat disc organ culture model that mimicked IVD degeneration via culturing rat IVDs in the presence of IL-1β, TNF-α and serum-limiting conditions. They obtained 1036 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between experimental and control groups following gene expression analysis for microarray data. The present study used the data from Markova et al (14) and the DEGs between degenerated and normal nucleus pulposus cells were identified, and their possible functions were predicted using enrichment analysis. Additionally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were visualized and module analysis was conducted to screen for key genes in degenerated nucleus pulposus cells.

Materials and methods

Microarray data

Microarray data obtained from GSE42611 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE42611), which was downloaded from the database of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), were sequenced on the platform of GPL6247 Affymetrix Rat Gene 1.0 ST Array [transcript (gene) version]. GSE42611 included 4 nucleus pulposus samples isolated from degenerated IVDs and 4 nucleus pulposus samples separated from normal IVDs. The procedure that had been used to obtain the rat lumbar disc specimens (n=4 specimens/group) was as follows, according to the method of Ponnappan et al (8): Whole lumbar IVDs with endplates had been dissected and preserved in organ culture. Lumbar discs in the experimental group had been cultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 100 ng/ml TNF-α, 10 ng/ml IL-1β, 50 µg/ml L-ascorbate, 40 mM NaCl, 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotics and antimycotics. Lumbar discs in the control group had been cultured in DMEM containing 50 µg/ml L-ascorbate, 40 mM NaCl, 10% FBS and antibiotics without cytokines. The discs had been cultured for a total of 10 days (14). GSE42611 used in this study was downloaded from a public database; therefore, patient consent or ethics committee approval were not required.

Data preprocessing and DEGs screening

GSE42611 was downloaded and the microarray data was preprocessed using the Affy package (15) in R. The process of data preprocessing included background correction, quantile normalization, summarization and probe ID to gene symbol transformation. Linear models for microarray data in the limma package (16) in R were used to analyze the DEGs between degenerated and normal nucleus pulposus cells. P-values of the DEGs were calculated separately and adjusted using the t-test method and the Benjamini & Hochberg method (17). P<0.05 and |log2 fold-change (FC)|>1 were used as the thresholds.

Functional and pathway enrichment analysis

The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID; david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov) software was used to interpret functions of extensive genes obtained from previous genome studies (18). The Gene Ontology database (GO; www.geneontology.org) contained structured ontologies or vocabularies that depict basic characteristics of genes and gene products (19). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG; www.genome.jp/kegg/) synthesizes information of biological systems from genomic, chemical and systemic functional aspects (20). Using the DAVID software, functional and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted separately, for upregulated and downregulated genes. P≤0.05 and >2 enriched genes were set as the thresholds.

PPI network construction and module analysis

The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING; string-db.org) database provide comprehensive and easily accessible interaction information derived from experiments and predictions (21). Cytoscape software (www.cytoscape.org) was used to integrate high-throughput expression data and biomolecular interaction networks into a unified framework (22). The PPIs obtained for the DEGs were searched using the STRING database (21), with the required confidence (combined score) >0.4 as the threshold. Using Cytoscape software version 2.8 (22), the PPIs were used to established a PPI network. In the network, the proteins were termed nodes and the number of edges involved were their degrees. Finally, the MCODE plug-in (23) in Cytoscape was used to perform module analysis of the PPI networks. The parameters were set at the default thresholds.

Results

DEG analysis

P<0.05 and |log2FC|>1 were set as thresholds and the DEGs between degenerated and normal nucleus pulposus cells were analyzed. There were 558 DEGs identified in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells compared with normal nucleus pulposus cells, including 253 upregulated and 305 downregulated genes. There were more downregulated genes compared with upregulated genes.

Functional and pathway enrichment analysis

The upregulated genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells were significantly enriched in 255 GO terms and 9 KEGG pathways. The top 10 functions are presented in Table IA, including response to wounding (P=2.35×10−8), inflammatory response (P=5.99×10−8) and response to organic substance (P=1.56×10−7).

Table I. The top 10 enriched functions for the differentially expressed genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells

Table I.

The top 10 enriched functions for the differentially expressed genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells

A, Top 10 functions enriched for the upregulated genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells
ID	Description	P-value	Number of genes	Gene
GO:0009611	Response to wounding	2.35×10−8	24	KNG1, CXCL1, NFKBIZ, IL6, GIP, KNG2, OLR1, C3, CXCL3, KNG1L1, CXCL2, CLU, HP, GLI3, TIMP1, SOD2, ORM1, CASP4, HIF1A, CCL20, PTGES, HMOX1, JAK2, TFPI2
GO:0006954	Inflammatory response	5.99×10−8	17	KNG1, CXCL1, NFKBIZ, IL6, KNG2, OLR1, C3, CXCL3, CXCL2, KNG1L1, HP, ORM1, CASP4, HIF1A, CCL20, PTGES, HMOX1
GO:0010033	Response to organic substance	1.56×10−7	35	FOSL2, OSMR, IL6ST, TLR2, NFKBIA, HP, GNG12, MMP3, GLI3, TIMP1, GCH1, IRAK3, PTGES, HMOX1, CSF2RB, ANGPT1, PPP3CA, SKIL, PIK3R3, NR1H3, IL6, SGK1, GIP, BCKDHB, MMP14, CYP7B1, HIF1A, ATP2A2, ABCB1B, CXCL16, JAK2, CTSC, PTPN1, CAR4, STEAP2
GO:0006952	Defense response	1.68×10−7	22	KNG1, CXCL1, NFKBIZ, IL6, KNG2, OLR1, FGR, C3, CXCL3, KNG1L1, CXCL2, TLR2, HP, GCH1, ORM1, CASP4, HIF1A, CCL20, PTGES, CXCL16, HMOX1, NOS2
GO:0042311	Vasodilation	2.48×10−6	7	KNG1, EDNRB, KNG2, KNG1L1, ITGA1, SOD2, GCH1
GO:0034097	Response to cytokine stimulus	3.62×10−6	11	IRAK3, IL6, FOSL2, OSMR, IL6ST, PTGES, CXCL16, SKIL, MMP3, TIMP1, GCH1
GO:0009719	Response to endogenous stimulus	4.73×10−6	24	SGK1, IL6, FOSL2, GIP, BCKDHB, TLR2, HP, GNG12, MMP14, MMP3, GLI3, TIMP1, HIF1A, ATP2A2, ABCB1B, HMOX1, ANGPT1, JAK2, PTPN1, PPP3CA, PIK3R3, STEAP2, CAR4, NR1H3
GO:0009725	Response to hormone stimulus	8.64×10−6	22	SGK1, IL6, FOSL2, GIP, BCKDHB, TLR2, HP, GNG12, MMP14, GLI3, TIMP1, HIF1A, ATP2A2, ABCB1B, HMOX1, ANGPT1, JAK2, PTPN1, STEAP2, CAR4, PIK3R3, NR1H3
GO:0055066	Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis	1.15×10−5	14	KNG1, IL6ST, HEXB, SOD2, SLC11A2, EDNRB, HIF1A, MT1A, ATP2A2, HMOX1, MT2A, PKD2, JAK2, CP
GO:0055080	Cation homeostasis	1.82×10−5	15	KNG1, SGK1, IL6ST, HEXB, SOD2, SLC11A2, EDNRB, HIF1A, MT1A, ATP2A2, HMOX1, MT2A, PKD2, JAK2, CP
B, Top 10 enriched functions for the downregulated genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells
ID	Description	P-value	Number of genes	Gene
GO:0000279	M phase	9.18×10−12	21	KIF11, MKI67, SGOL2, DLGAP5, HAUS1, NUF2, NUSAP1, CENPF, BIRC5, NDC80, CEP55, TACC3, CCNB1, KIF2C, PLK1, TUBB5, BUB1B, MNS1, SKA3, STMN1, CDCA3
GO:0048545	Response to steroid hormone stimulus	2.95×10−9	23	SOCS2, AIF1, CRYAB, IL1RN, TGFB3, IGF1, BIRC5, AQP1, MMP2, ADIPOQ, TIMP3, H19, CCND1, KRT19, CD36,SERPINF1, ADM, AVPR1A, FABP4, RARA, COL1A1, CD24, CCNA2
GO:0009628	Response to abiotic stimulus	1.09×10−8	26	RBP4, APOBEC1, GCLC, AIF1, LXN, IL18, COL3A1, MMP2, CXCL12, TIMP3, KRT8, THBS1, COL11A1, MYOF, PTPRC, CRYAB, ATP1A3, IGF1, SNAI2, CCND1, CD36, ADM, FYN, AVPR1A, TGFB1I1, COL1A1
GO:0022610	Biological adhesion	1.23×10−8	28	IBSP, COL3A1, LMO7, KITLG, ITGBL1, FAT3, CD93, COMP, ACAN, COL12A1, TNN, CD4, EMB, CD24, THBS1, COL11A1, THBS4, PTPRC, ACTN1, ITGA4, PCDH18, THY1, OMD, COL14A1, CD36, PECAM1, DSC2, CDH11
GO:0007155	Cell adhesion	1.23×10−8	28	IBSP, COL3A1, LMO7, KITLG, ITGBL1, FAT3, CD93, COMP, ACAN, COL12A1, TNN, CD4, EMB, CD24, THBS1, COL11A1, THBS4, PTPRC, ACTN1, ITGA4, PCDH18, THY1, OMD, COL14A1, CD36, PECAM1, DSC2, CDH11
GO:0051301	Cell division	2.09×10−8	16	RBP4, HAUS1, NUF2, NUSAP1, BIRC5, CEP55, CCNB1, CCND1, CCNB2, PLK1, BUB1B, SKA3, TOP2A, CCNA2, ASPM, CDCA3
GO:0022402	Cell cycle process	2.49×10−8	24	GAS2L3, KIF11, MKI67, SGOL2, DLGAP5, HAUS1, NUF2, NUSAP1, CENPF, BIRC5, NDC80, CEP55, TACC3, CDKN3, CCNB1, KIF2C, CCND1, PLK1, TUBB5, BUB1B, MNS1, SKA3, STMN1, CDCA3
GO:0030199	Collagen fibril organization	4.36×10−8	8	COL3A1, COL1A2, ACAN, COL1A1, COL11A1, COL5A2, SERPINH1, DPT
GO:0007049	Cell cycle	4.42×10−8	27	GAS2L3, S100A6, HAUS1, CEP55, KIF2C, TUBB5, MNS1, SKA3, CCNA2, CDCA3, KIF11, MKI67, SGOL2, DLGAP5, NUF2, CENPF, NUSAP1, BIRC5, NDC80, TACC3, CDKN3, CCNB1, CCND1, CCNB2, PLK1, BUB1B, STMN1

The downregulated genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells were significantly enriched in 263 GO terms and 10 KEGG pathways. The top 10 functions included M phase (P=9.18×10−12), cell cycle phase (P=2.81×10−10) and response to steroid hormone stimulus (P=2.95×10−9; Table IB).

Additionally, the upregulated genes were significantly enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (P=2.86×10−4), apoptosis (P=3.95×10−4) and chemokine (P=1.60×10−3; Table IIA) signaling pathways.

Table II. Enriched pathways for the differentially expressed genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells.

Table II.

Enriched pathways for the differentially expressed genes in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells.

A, Pathways enriched for the upregulated genes
ID	Description	P-value	Number of genes	Gene
rno04060	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	2.86×10−4	12	TNFRSF9, IL6, ZCCHC2, IL23R, TNFSF11, OSMR, IL6ST, CXCL16, MET, CXCL2, CSF2RB, IL13RA1
rno04210	Apoptosis	3.95×10−4	8	CFLAR, IRAK3, CSF2RB, NFKBIA, NFKB1, PPP3CA, BIRC3, PIK3R3
rno04062	Chemokine signaling pathway	1.60×10−3	10	CXCL1, FGR, CCL20, CXCL16, CXCL2, NFKBIA, JAK2, NFKB1, GNG12, PIK3R3
rno04621	NOD-like receptor signaling pathway	3.04×10−3	6	CXCL1, IL6, CXCL2, NFKBIA, NFKB1, BIRC3
rno04630	Jak-STAT signaling pathway	6.77×10−3	8	IL6, IL23R, OSMR, IL6ST, CSF2RB, JAK2, PIK3R3, IL13RA1
rno04620	Toll-like receptor signaling pathway	1.45×10−2	6	IL6, MAP3K8, TLR2, NFKBIA, NFKB1, PIK3R3
rno05200	Pathways in cancer	3.02×10−2	11	IL6, HIF1A, EPAS1, MET, NFKBIA, NFKB1, NOS2, RUNX1, BIRC3, PIK3R3, GLI3
rno00230	Purine metabolism	3.71×10−2	7	XDH, GDA, PDE7A, PDE4B, PDE10A, AMPD3, NT5E
rno05222	Small cell lung cancer	4.41×10−2	5	NFKBIA, NFKB1, NOS2, BIRC3, PIK3R3
B, Pathways enriched for the downregulated genes
rno04512	ECM-receptor interaction	1.17×10−11	16	IBSP, COL3A1, ITGA4, COL5A2, HMMR, CD36, COMP, COL6A3, COL1A2, COL6A2, COL6A1, TNN, COL1A1, THBS1, COL11A1, THBS4
rno04510	Focal adhesion	1.90×10−9	20	IBSP, COL3A1, IGF1, ACTN1, ITGA4, COL5A2, CCND1, FYN, COMP, VEGFA, COL6A3, COL1A2, COL6A2, COL6A1, TNN, COL1A1, THBS1, COL11A1, FIGF, THBS4
rno04640	Hematopoietic cell lineage	3.12×10−3	7	CD36, KITLG, CD4, ANPEP, CD24, ITGA4, CSF1R
rno05200	Pathways in cancer	5.58×10−3	14	FGF7, TGFB3, EGLN3, KITLG, IGF1, BIRC5, FZD4, MMP2, CCND1, VEGFA, RARA, FGF1, FIGF, CSF1R
rno04670	Leukocyte transendothelial migration	1.97×10−2	7	CYBB, PECAM1, ACTN1, ITGA4, MMP2, CXCL12, THY1
rno05219	Bladder cancer	2.86×10−2	4	CCND1, VEGFA, MMP2, FIGF
rno04110	Cell cycle	2.93×10−2	7	CCNB1, CCND1, CCNB2, PLK1, TGFB3, BUB1B, CCNA2
rno04115	p53 signaling pathway	3.38×10−2	5	CCNB1, CCND1, CCNB2, SERPINE1, IGF1
rno04610	Complement and coagulation cascades	4.07×10−2	5	C1QA, C3AR1, C5AR1, MASP1, SERPINE1
rno03320	PPAR signaling pathway	4.25×10−2	5	LPL, CD36, FABP4, ADIPOQ, PLTP

The pathways enriched for the downregulated genes included ECM-receptor interaction [P=1.17×10−11, involving thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)], focal adhesion (P=1.90×10−9) and hematopoietic cell lineage (P=3.12×10−3; Table IIB).

PPI network construction and module analysis

PPI networks were constructed by Cytoscape software following a PPI search of the DEGs. The PPI networks for the upregulated (Fig. 1) and the downregulated (Fig. 2) genes separately had 360 and 1,112 interactions. Notably, IL-6 (degree=39) in the PPI network for the upregulated genes and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA; degree=37) in the PPI network for the downregulated genes had higher degrees. Using the MCODE plug-in in Cytoscape, four modules (µM1, µM2, µM3 and µM4) were identified from the PPI network for the upregulated genes (Fig. 3). Meanwhile, four modules (dM1, dM2, dM3 and dM4) were identified from the PPI network for the downregulated genes (Fig. 4). It is of note that collagen, type I, α1 (COL1A1), COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, COL11A1, COL12A1 and integrin α4 (ITGA4) may interact with each other in the dM2 module.

Figure 1. Protein-protein interaction network constructed for the upregulated genes.

Figure 2. Protein-protein interaction network constructed for the downregulated genes.

Figure 3. Four modules (µM1, µM2, µM3 and µM4) identified from the protein-protein interaction network constructed for the upregulated genes.

Figure 4. Four modules (dM1, dM2, dM3 and dM4) identified from the protein-protein interaction network constructed for the downregulated genes.

The top 5 functions enriched for the upregulated genes in modules included taxis (µM1; P=1.03×10−8), response to organic substance (µM2; P=1.21×10−4), response to cytokine stimulus (µM3; P=5.04×10−4) and chemical homeostasis (µM4, P=1.22×10−3; Table IIIA). The pathways enriched for the upregulated genes in modules included the chemokine signaling pathway (µM1; P=1.10×10−4) and the Jak-STAT signaling pathway (µM2; P=7.69 ×10−4; Table IIIB). Additionally, the top 5 functions enriched for the downregulated genes in modules, included M phase (dM1; P=2.70×10−16), extracellular matrix organization (dM2; P=1.79×10−7, including COL3A1, COL1A2, COL1A1, COL11A1 and COL5A2), G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway (dM3; P=7.27×10−4) and wound healing (dM4; P=1.56 ×10−4; Table IVA). The pathways enriched for the downregulated genes in modules included cell cycle (dM1; P=4.40×10−5), ECM-receptor interaction (dM2; P=1.37×10−15, including COL3A1, COL6A3, COL1A2, COL6A2, COL6A1, ITGA4, COL1A1, COL11A1 and COL5A2) and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (dM3; P=9.49×10−4; Table IVB).

Table III. Top 5 functions and pathways enriched for the upregulated genes in µM1, µM2, µM3 and µM4 modules.

Table III.

Top 5 functions and pathways enriched for the upregulated genes in µM1, µM2, µM3 and µM4 modules.

A, Top 5 functions enriched for the upregulated genes in µM1, µM2, µM3 and µM4 modules
Module	ID	Description	P-value	Number of genes	Gene
µM1	GO:0042330	Taxis	1.03×10−8	5	CXCL1, CCL20, CXCL16, CXCL3, CXCL2
	GO:0006935	Chemotaxis	1.03×10−8	5	CXCL1, CCL20, CXCL16, CXCL3, CXCL2
	GO:0006952	Defense response	3.82×10−8	6	KNG1, CXCL1, CCL20, CXCL16, CXCL3, CXCL2
	GO:0007626	Locomotory behavior	4.20×10−7	5	CXCL1, CCL20, CXCL16, CXCL3, CXCL2
	GO:0006954	Inflammatory response	4.97×10−7	5	KNG1, CXCL1, CCL20, CXCL3, CXCL2
µM2	GO:0010033	Response to organic substance	1.21×10−4	6	IL6, OSMR, IL6ST, HMOX1, PTPN1, PIK3R3
	GO:0042127	Regulation of cell proliferation	5.31×10−4	5	IL6, OSMR, IL6ST, HMOX1, SOD2
	GO:0010035	Response to inorganic substance	5.55×10−4	4	IL6, HMOX1, NFKB1, SOD2
	GO:0007167	Enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway	6.31×10−4	4	IL6ST, MET, PTPN1, PIK3R3
	GO:0031667	Response to nutrient levels	6.44×10−4	4	IL6, IL6ST, HMOX1, SOD2
µM3	GO:0034097	Response to cytokine stimulus	5.04×10−4	3	FOSL2, MMP3, TIMP1
	GO:0009719	Response to endogenous stimulus	1.26×10−2	3	FOSL2, MMP3, TIMP1
	GO:0006508	Proteolysis	2.26×10−2	3	ADAMTS1, MMP3, ADAMTS4
	GO:0010033	Response to organic substance	3.18×10−2	3	FOSL2, MMP3, TIMP1
	GO:0007568	Aging	4.87×10−2	2	FOSL2, TIMP1
µM4	GO:0048878	Chemical homeostasis	1.22×10−3	4	SLC11A2, SGK1, HIF1A, EPAS1
	GO:0043619	Regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress	2.48×10−3	2	HIF1A, EPAS1
	GO:0043618	Regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress	2.97×10−3	2	HIF1A, EPAS1
	GO:0043620	Regulation of transcription in response to stress	2.97×10−3	2	HIF1A, EPAS1
	GO:0042592	Homeostatic process	3.58×10−3	4	SLC11A2, SGK1, HIF1A, EPAS1
B, Pathways enriched for the upregulated genes in µM1 and µM2 modules
Module	ID	Description	P-value	Number of genes	Gene
µM1	rno04062	Chemokine signaling pathway	1.10×10−4	4	CXCL1, CCL20, CXCL16, CXCL2
	rno04621	NOD-like receptor signaling pathway	4.36×10−2	2	CXCL1, CXCL2
µM2	rno04630	Jak-STAT signaling pathway	7.69×10−4	4	IL6, OSMR, IL6ST, PIK3R3
µM2	rno04060	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	2.12×10−3	4	IL6, OSMR, IL6ST, MET
	rno04620	Toll-like receptor signaling pathway	6.74×10−3	3	IL6, NFKB1, PIK3R3
	rno05200	Pathways in cancer	8.17×10−3	4	IL6, MET, NFKB1, PIK3R3

Table IV. Top 5 functions and pathways enriched for the downregulated genes in dM1, dM2, dM3 and dM4 modules.

Table IV.

Top 5 functions and pathways enriched for the downregulated genes in dM1, dM2, dM3 and dM4 modules.

A, Top 5 functions enriched for the downregulated genes
Module	ID	Description	P-value	Number of genes	Gene
dM1	GO:0000279	M phase	2.70×10−16	12	CCNB1, KIF2C, KIF11, MKI67, PLK1, DLGAP5, NUF2, NUSAP1, BUB1B, CENPF, BIRC5, CEP55
	GO:0007049	Cell cycle	6.52×10−15	14	KIF11, MKI67, DLGAP5, NUF2, NUSAP1, CENPF, BIRC5, CEP55, CDKN3, CCNB1, KIF2C, PLK1, BUB1B, CCNA2
	GO:0022403	Cell cycle phase	7.11×10−15	12	CCNB1, KIF2C, KIF11, MKI67, PLK1, DLGAP5, NUF2, NUSAP1, BUB1B, CENPF, BIRC5, CEP55
	GO:0022402	Cell cycle process	1.48×10−14	13	KIF11, MKI67, DLGAP5, NUF2, NUSAP1, CENPF, BIRC5, CEP55, CDKN3, CCNB1, KIF2C, PLK1, BUB1B
	GO:0000087	M phase of mitotic cell cycle	1.70×10−14	10	CCNB1, KIF11, PLK1, DLGAP5, NUF2, NUSAP1, BUB1B, CENPF, BIRC5, CEP55
dM2	GO:0030199	Collagen fibril organization	5.72×10−10	5	COL3A1, COL1A2, COL1A1, COL11A1, COL5A2
	GO:0030198	Extracellular matrix organization	1.79×10−7	5	COL3A1, COL1A2, COL1A1, COL11A1, COL5A2
	GO:0043588	Skin development	6.89×10−7	4	COL3A1, COL1A2, COL1A1, COL5A2
	GO:0043062	Extracellular structure organization	1.10×10−6	5	COL3A1, COL1A2, COL1A1, COL11A1, COL5A2
	GO:0001501	Skeletal system development	1.45×10−5	5	COL3A1, COL1A2, COL1A1, COL11A1, COL5A2
dM3	GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway	7.27×10−4	6	S1PR3, C3AR1, C5AR1, PENK, LPAR1, CXCL12
	GO:0007610	Behavior	7.91×10−4	4	C3AR1, C5AR1, PENK, CXCL12
	GO:0002430	Complement receptor mediated signaling pathway	9.92×10−4	2	C3AR1, C5AR1
	GO:0007204	Elevation of cytosolic calciumion concentration	1.03×10−3	3	C3AR1, C5AR1, LPAR1
	GO:0051480	Cytosolic calcium ion homeostasis	1.29×10−3	3	C3AR1, C5AR1, LPAR1
dM4	GO:0042060	Wound healing	1.56×10−4	4	SERPINE1, TGFB3, IGF1, GAS6
	GO:0040007	Growth	2.91×10−4	4	SERPINE1, TGFB3, IGF1, GAS6
	GO:0042246	Tissue regeneration	3.74×10−4	3	SERPINE1, IGF1, GAS6
	GO:0007167	enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway	6.31×10−4	4	TGFB3, IGF1, FIGF, CSF1R
	GO:0051094	Positive regulation of developmental process	8.57×10−4	4	TGFB3, IGF1, FIGF, CSF1R
dM1	rno04110	Cell cycle	4.40×10-5	4	CCNB1, PLK1, BUB1B, CCNA2
	rno04914	Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation	1.41×10-3	3	CCNB1, PLK1, CCNA2
B, Pathways enriched for the downregulated genes
Module	ID	Description	P-value	Number of genes	Gene
dM2	rno04512	ECM-receptor interaction	1.37×10−15	9	COL3A1, COL6A3, COL1A2, COL6A2, COL6A1, ITGA4, COL1A1, COL11A1, COL5A2
	rno04510	Focal adhesion	1.91×10−12	9	COL3A1, COL6A3, COL1A2, COL6A2, COL6A1, ITGA4, COL1A1, COL11A1, COL5A2
dM3	rno04080	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction	9.49×10−4	4	S1PR3, C3AR1, C5AR1, LPAR1
dM4	rno05200	Pathways in cancer	5.33×10−3	4	TGFB3, IGF1, FIGF, CSF1R
	rno04510	Focal adhesion	2.26×10−2	3	IGF1, ACTN1, FIGF

Discussion

The present study identified a total of 558 DEGs in degenerated nucleus pulposus cells compared with normal nucleus pulposus cells, including 253 upregulated and 305 downregulated genes. Using the MCODE plug-in in Cytoscape, four modules (µM1, µ0M2, µM3 and µM4) were identified from the PPI network for the upregulated genes. Additionally, four modules (dM1, dM2, dM3 and dM4) were identified from the PPI network for the downregulated genes.

A previous study demonstrated that genetic variations of IL-6 may be associated with IVD degeneration, accompanied by sciatica (24). VEGFA was overexpressed in the nucleus pulposus and affects the survival of nucleus pulposus cells in an autocrine/paracrine manner (25). Injuries of IVDs may lead to increased VEGF levels, indicating that VEGF may be associated with discogenic back pain (26). Under co-culture conditions, VEGF induction may contribute to neo-vascularization of IVD tissue and may function in the resorption of herniated discs (27). The findings of the present study indicated that IL-6 (degree=39) in the PPI network for the upregulated genes and VEGFA (degree=37) in the PPI network for the downregulated genes had higher degrees. Therefore, IL6 and VEGFA may be key genes involved in IVD degeneration. A previous study observed the immunolocalization of THBS in human IVD (28). THBS1 and THBS2 are promising susceptibility genes in lumbar-disc herniation (LDH) that mediate the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9, which are critical effectors of ECM remodeling (29). Mice with THBS1 or THBS2 deficiency exhibit abnormal spine curvature (30). Pathway enrichment performed in the present study revealed that downregulated THBS1 was enriched in ECM-receptor interactions, suggesting that THBS1 may have an important role in IVD degeneration.

The sequence variation of the regulatory region of COL1A1 is closely associated with lumbar disc disease (LDD) in young military recruits who are newly diagnosed (31). Ribosomal protein L8, ribosomal protein S16 and ribosomal protein S23 have been identified to contribute to protein synthesis, and COL3A1 was involved in skeletal system processes in disc degeneration (DD), indicating that they may be used for diagnosis and therapy of DD (32). Polymorphisms of the COL9 and COL11 genes contribute to the progression of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (33). COL11A1 expression level was reduced in the IVD of patients with LDH and it had a negative association with the severity of disc degeneration in patients with LDH (34). In the dM2 module identified by the present study, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, COL11A1, COL12A1 and ITGA4 may interact with each other. Functional enrichment indicated that collagen genes were enriched in ECM organization. Therefore, collagen genes may contribute to the progression of IVD degeneration. Additionally, ITGA4 may also be implicated in IVD degeneration via interaction with collagen genes.

In conclusion, the present study investigated the underlying mechanisms of IVD degeneration via bioinformatics analysis. A total 558 DEGs were screened in the degenerated nucleus pulposus cells. IL6, VEGFA, THBS1, ITGA4 and collagen genes may be involved in the progression of IVD degeneration. These results suggested that the manipulation of these genes and their products may have potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with IVD. However, these findings were obtained by bioinformatics prediction and require further confirmation via further experimental studies.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by the Shandong Province Pharmaceutical Technology Development Program (grant no. 2015-261), the Projects of Medical and Health Technology Development Program in Shandong Province, China (grant no. 2014WS0502), the Taishan Medical University Cultivate High-level Task Projects (grant no. 2014GCC02) and the Projects of Health Science and Technology Association in Shandong Province, China (grant no. 2016BJ0009).

References