Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
August-2017 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2017 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway

  • Authors:
    • Junde Han
    • Lingqi Gao
    • Jing Dong
    • Yingtian Wang
    • Mazhong Zhang
    • Jijian Zheng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Han et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1982-1990
    |
    Published online on: June 20, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6823
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Apoptosis has been identified as the primary cause of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and the development of methods to prevent and treat FASD have been based on the mechanisms of alcohol-induced apoptosis. The present study aimed to explore the effects of dopamine on alcohol‑induced neuronal apoptosis using whole‑mount cultures of rat retinas (postnatal day 7). Retinas were initially incubated with ethanol (100, 200 or 500 mM), and in subsequent analyses retinas were co‑incubated with ethanol (200 mM) and dopamine (10 µM). In addition, several antagonists and inhibitors were used, including a D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) antagonist (SCH23390; 10 µM), a D2R antagonist (raclopride; 40 µM), an adenosine A2A receptor (AA2AR) antagonist (SCH58261; 100 nM), an adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor (SQ22536; 100 µM) and a PKA inhibitor (H‑89; 1 µM). The results demonstrated that exposure increased neuroapoptosis in the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) in a dose‑dependent manner. Dopamine treatment significantly attenuated ethanol‑induced neuronal apoptosis. D1R, D2R and AA2AR antagonists partially inhibited the protective effects of dopamine against ethanol‑induced apoptosis; similar results were observed with AC and PKA inhibitor treatments. In summary, the present study demonstrated that dopamine treatment may be able to attenuate alcohol‑induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina by activating D1R, D2R and AA2AR, and by upregulating cyclic AMP/protein kinase A signaling.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Clarren SK and Smith DW: The fetal alcohol syndrome. N Engl J Med. 298:1063–1067. 1978. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Sulik KK, Johnston MC and Webb MA: Fetal alcohol syndrome: Embryogenesis in a mouse model. Science. 214:936–938. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

May PA, Gossage JP, Kalberg WO, Robinson LK, Buckley D, Manning M and Hoyme HE: Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 15:176–192. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

May PA, Baete A, Russo J, Elliott AJ, Blankenship J, Kalberg WO, Buckley D, Brooks M, Hasken J, Abdul-Rahman O, et al: Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 134:855–866. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Ikonomidou C, Bittigau P, Ishimaru MJ, Wozniak DF, Koch C, Genz K, Price MT, Stefovska V, Hörster F, Tenkova T, et al: Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome. Science. 287:1056–1060. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Tenkova T, Young C, Dikranian K, Labruyere J and Olney JW: Ethanol-induced apoptosis in the developing visual system during synaptogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44:2809–2817. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Creeley CE, Dikranian KT, Johnson SA, Farber NB and Olney JW: Alcohol-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the fetal macaque brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 1:232013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Olney JW: Focus on apoptosis to decipher how alcohol and many other drugs disrupt brain development. Front Pediatr. 2:812014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Beaulieu JM and Gainetdinov RR: The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 63:182–217. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Beaulieu JM, Espinoza S and Gainetdinov RR: Dopamine receptors-IUPHAR Review 13. Br J Pharmacol. 172:1–23. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Naseer MI, Ullah I, Rasool M, Ansari SA, Sheikh IA, Bibi F, Chaudhary AG, Al-Qahtani MH and Kim MO: Downregulation of dopamine D1 receptors and increased neuronal apoptosis upon ethanol and PTZ exposure in prenatal rat cortical and hippocampal neurons. Neurol Sci. 35:1681–1688. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Vaarmann A, Kovac S, Holmström KM, Gandhi S and Abramov AY: Dopamine protects neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Cell Death Dis. 4:e4552013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Li HZ, Guo J, Gao J, Han LP, Jiang CM, Li HX, Bai SZ, Zhang WH, Li GW, Wang LN, et al: Role of dopamine D2 receptors in ischemia/reperfusion induced apoptosis of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. J Biomed Sci. 18:182011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Canals M, Marcellino D, Fanelli F, Ciruela F, de Benedetti P, Goldberg SR, Neve K, Fuxe K, Agnati LF, Woods AS, et al: Adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor-receptor heteromerization: Qualitative and quantitative assessment by fluorescence and bioluminescence energy transfer. J Biol Chem. 278:46741–46749. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

D'Mello SR, Galli C, Ciotti T and Calissano P: Induction of apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by low potassium: Inhibition of death by insulin-like growth factor I and cAMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:10989–10993. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Meyer-Franke A, Kaplan MR, Pfrieger FW and Barres BA: Characterization of the signaling interactions that promote the survival and growth of developing retinal ganglion cells in culture. Neuron. 15:805–819. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hanson MG Jr, Shen S, Wiemelt AP, McMorris FA and Barres BA: Cyclic AMP elevation is sufficient to promote the survival of spinal motor neurons in vitro. J Neurosci. 18:7361–7371. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Sapru MK, Diamond I and Gordon AS: Adenosine receptors mediate cellular adaptation to ethanol in NG108-15 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 271:542–548. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Han JY, Jeong JY, Lee YK, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Kang SS, Cho GJ and Choi WS: Suppression of survival kinases and activation of JNK mediate ethanol-induced cell death in the developing rat brain. Neurosci Lett. 398:113–117. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gigante ED, Santerre JL, Carter JM and Werner DF: Adolescent and adult rat cortical protein kinase A display divergent responses to acute ethanol exposure. Alcohol. 48:463–470. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Liu Z, Liu Y, Gao R, Li H, Dunn T, Wu P, Smith RG, Sarkar PS and Fang X: Ethanol suppresses PGC-1α expression by interfering with the cAMP-CREB pathway in neuronal cells. PLoS One. 9:e1042472014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wang X, Yang Z, Sun Y, Zhou H, Chu G, Zhang J and Meng X: Ethanol activation of PKA mediates single-minded 2 expression in neuronal cells. Mol Neurobiol. 52:1234–1244. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kadam RS, Williams J, Tyagi P, Edelhauser HF and Kompella UB: Suprachoroidal delivery in a rabbit ex vivo eye model: Influence of drug properties, regional differences in delivery, and comparison with intravitreal and intracameral routes. Mol Vis. 19:1198–1210. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Dong J, Gao L, Han J, Zhang J and Zheng J: Dopamine attenuates ketamine-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat retina independent of early synchronized spontaneous network activity. Mol Neurobiol. 54:3407–3417. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Minion GE, Slovis CM and Boutiette L: Severe alcohol intoxication: A study of 204 consecutive patients. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 27:375–384. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Fredholm BB, Arslan G, Halldner L, Kull B, Schulte G and Wasserman W: Structure and function of adenosine receptors and their genes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 362:364–374. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Song ZM, Undie AS, Koh PO, Fang YY, Zhang L, Dracheva S, Sealfon SC and Lidow MS: D1 dopamine receptor regulation of microtubule-associated protein-2 phosphorylation in developing cerebral cortical neurons. J Neurosci. 22:6092–6105. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Dursun I, Jakubowska-Doğru E, van der List D, Liets LC, Coombs JL and Berman RF: Effects of early postnatal exposure to ethanol on retinal ganglion cell morphology and numbers of neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 35:2063–2074. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ribeiro IM, Vale PJ, Tenedorio PA, Rodrigues PA, Bilhoto MA and Pereira HC: Ocular manifestations in fetal alcohol syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol. 17:104–109. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Bayer SA, Altman J, Russo RJ and Zhang X: Timetables of neurogenesis in the human brain based on experimentally determined patterns in the rat. Neurotoxicology. 14:83–144. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Yon JH, Daniel-Johnson J, Carter LB and Jevtovic-Todorovic V: Anesthesia induces neuronal cell death in the developing rat brain via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Neuroscience. 135:815–827. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Cheng Y, He L, Prasad V, Wang S and Levy RJ: Anesthesia-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing retina: A window of opportunity. Anesth Analg. 121:1325–1335. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, Bittigau P, Vöckler J, Dikranian K, Tenkova TI, Stefovska V, Turski L and Olney JW: Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science. 283:70–74. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Ogilvie JM, Speck JD, Lett JM and Fleming TT: A reliable method for organ culture of neonatal mouse retina with long-term survival. J Neurosci Methods. 87:57–65. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Cammer W, Tansey F, Abramovitz M, Ishigaki S and Listowsky I: Differential localization of glutathione-S-transferase Yp and Yb subunits in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes of rat brain. J Neurochem. 52:876–883. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Nowoslawski L, Klocke BJ and Roth KA: Molecular regulation of acute ethanol-induced neuron apoptosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 64:490–497. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Young C, Klocke BJ, Tenkova T, Choi J, Labruyere J, Qin YQ, Holtzman DM, Roth KA and Olney JW: Ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis in vivo requires BAX in the developing mouse brain. Cell Death Differ. 10:1148–1155. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Insel PA, Zhang L, Murray F, Yokouchi H and Zambon AC: Cyclic AMP is both a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic second messenger. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 204:277–287. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Boyadjieva NI and Sarkar DK: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and brain-derived neurotrophic factor decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis in developing hypothalamic neuronal cells: Role of microglia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 37:1370–1379. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Balino P, Ledesma JC and Aragon CM: In vivo study of ethanol-activated brain protein kinase A: Manipulations of Ca2+ distribution and flux. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 38:629–640. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Girault JA and Greengard P: The neurobiology of dopamine signaling. Arch Neurol. 61:641–644. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Witkovsky P: Dopamine and retinal function. Doc Ophthalmol. 108:17–40. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Bjelke B, Goldstein M, Tinner B, Andersson C, Sesack SR, Steinbusch HW, Lew JY, He X, Watson S, Tengroth B and Fuxe K: Dopaminergic transmission in the rat retina: Evidence for volume transmission. J Chem Neuroanat. 12:37–50. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Ogata G, Stradleigh TW, Partida GJ and Ishida AT: Dopamine and full-field illumination activate D1 and D2-D5-type receptors in adult rat retinal ganglion cells. J Comp Neurol. 520:4032–4049. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Kudlacek O, Just H, Korkhov VM, Vartian N, Klinger M, Pankevych H, Yang Q, Nanoff C, Freissmuth M and Boehm S: The human D2 dopamine receptor synergizes with the A2A adenosine receptor to stimulate adenylyl cyclase in PC12 cells. Neuropsychopharmacology. 28:1317–1327. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Hopf FW, Cascini MG, Gordon AS, Diamond I and Bonci A: Cooperative activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors increases spike firing of nucleus accumbens neurons via G-protein betagamma subunits. J Neurosci. 23:5079–5087. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

47 

Ng J, Rashid AJ, So CH, O'Dowd BF and George SR: Activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha in the striatum by the heteromeric D1-D2 dopamine receptor complex. Neuroscience. 165:535–541. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Han J, Gao L, Dong J, Wang Y, Zhang M and Zheng J: Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway. Mol Med Rep 16: 1982-1990, 2017.
APA
Han, J., Gao, L., Dong, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., & Zheng, J. (2017). Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16, 1982-1990. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6823
MLA
Han, J., Gao, L., Dong, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Zheng, J."Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 16.2 (2017): 1982-1990.
Chicago
Han, J., Gao, L., Dong, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Zheng, J."Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 16, no. 2 (2017): 1982-1990. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6823
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Han J, Gao L, Dong J, Wang Y, Zhang M and Zheng J: Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway. Mol Med Rep 16: 1982-1990, 2017.
APA
Han, J., Gao, L., Dong, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., & Zheng, J. (2017). Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16, 1982-1990. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6823
MLA
Han, J., Gao, L., Dong, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Zheng, J."Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 16.2 (2017): 1982-1990.
Chicago
Han, J., Gao, L., Dong, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Zheng, J."Dopamine attenuates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat retina via the cAMP/PKA pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 16, no. 2 (2017): 1982-1990. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6823
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team