Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 17 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 17 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3

Retraction in: /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768
  • Authors:
    • Shuliang Liu
    • Xingping Ge
    • Lingfei Su
    • Aifeng Zhang
    • Xuri Mou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China, Department of Radiotherapy, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China, Department of Outpatient, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
  • Pages: 3979-3986
    |
    Published online on: December 27, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8350
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Lung cancer is one of the most common type of cancers and the leading cause of cancer‑related mortality worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for >80% of lung cancer cases. Emerging studies have suggested that microRNAs are dysregulated in NSCLC and serve important roles in NSCLC initiation and development. However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression, roles and molecular mechanism of microRNA‑454 (miR‑454) have not been investigated in NSCLC. In the present study, miR‑454 was demonstrated to be significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, as assessed by western blot analysis and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Reduced miR‑454 expression was significantly correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features in NSCLC. In addition, upregulation of miR‑454 suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion NSCLC cells, as assessed by Cell Counting Kit‑8 and in vitro migration and invasion assays, respectively. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis identified STAT3 as a direct target gene of miR‑454, and STAT3 knockdown was demonstrated to simulate the effects of miR‑454 overexpression in NSCLC. In conclusion, the present study provided convincing evidence that miR‑454 is downregulated in NSCLC, and regulates growth and metastasis by directly targeting STAT3, which suggests that miR‑454 may be an efficient therapeutic target for NSCLC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Wang F, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cheng L, Bai Y and Ma H: The value of microRNA-155 as a prognostic factor for survival in non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 10:e01368892015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Verdecchia A, Francisci S, Brenner H, Gatta G, Micheli A, Mangone L and Kunkler I; EUROCARE-4 Working Group, : Recent cancer survival in Europe: A 2000–02 period analysis of EUROCARE-4 data. Lancet Oncol. 8:784–796. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Gupta GP and Massagué J: Cancer metastasis: Building a framework. Cell. 127:679–695. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Chen C, Zhao Z, Liu Y and Mu D: MicroRNA-99a is downregulated and promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer A549 and H1299 cells. Oncol Lett. 9:1128–1134. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Li Y, Li Y, Liu J, Fan Y, Li X, Dong M, Liu H and Chen J: Expression levels of microRNA-145 and microRNA-10b are associated with metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 17:272–279. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Zhang Y, Yang X, Wu H, Zhou W and Liu Z: MicroRNA-145 inhibits migration and invasion via inhibition of fascin 1 protein expression in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Mol Med Rep. 12:6193–6198. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Li D, Wei Y, Wang D, Gao H and Liu K: MicroRNA-26b suppresses the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting MIEN1 via NF-κB/MMP-9/VEGF pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 472:465–470. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Gee GV, Koestler DC, Christensen BC, Sugarbaker DJ, Ugolini D, Ivaldi GP, Resnick MB, Houseman EA, Kelsey KT and Marsit CJ: Downregulated microRNAs in the differential diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Cancer. 127:2859–2869. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock RJ, van Dongen S, Bateman A and Enright AJ: miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:D140–D144. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB and Bartel DP: Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res. 19:92–105. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Donadeu FX, Schauer SN and Sontakke SD: Involvement of miRNAs in ovarian follicular and luteal development. J Endocrinol. 215:323–334. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Liwak U, Faye MD and Holcik M: Translation control in apoptosis. Exp Oncol. 34:218–230. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Rutnam ZJ and Yang BB: The involvement of microRNAs in malignant transformation. Histol Histopathol. 27:1263–1270. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Joshi P, Middleton J, Jeon YJ and Garofalo M: MicroRNAs in lung cancer. World J Methodol. 4:59–72. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Chen T, Gao F, Feng S, Yang T and Chen M: MicroRNA-370 inhibits the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by downregulating oncogene TRAF4. Oncol Rep. 34:461–468. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wang H, Yan C, Shi X, Zheng J, Deng L, Yang L, Yu F, Yang Y and Shao Y: MicroRNA-575 targets BLID to promote growth and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells. FEBS Lett. 589:805–811. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Li D, Li DQ, Liu D and Tang XJ: miR-613 induces cell cycle arrest by targeting CDK4 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 39:139–147. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Cortinovis D, Monica V, Pietrantonio F, Ceresoli GL, La Spina CM and Wannesson L: MicroRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer: Current status and future therapeutic promises. Curr Pharm Des. 20:3982–3990. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Boeri M, Pastorino U and Sozzi G: Role of microRNAs in lung cancer: microRNA signatures in cancer prognosis. Cancer J. 18:268–274. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Nishijima N, Seike M, Soeno C, Chiba M, Miyanaga A, Noro R, Sugano T, Matsumoto M, Kubota K and Gemma A: miR-200/ZEB axis regulates sensitivity to nintedanib in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 48:937–944. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hou Y, Zhen J, Xu X, Zhen K, Zhu B, Pan R and Zhao C: miR-215 functions as a tumor suppressor and directly targets ZEB2 in human non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett. 10:1985–1992. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zhou YL, Xu YJ and Qiao CW: miR-34c-3p suppresses the proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by inhibiting PAC1/MAPK pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8:6312–6322. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Sun L, Wang Q, Gao X, Shi D, Mi S and Han Q: MicroRNA-454 functions as an oncogene by regulating PTEN in uveal melanoma. FEBS Lett. 589:2791–2796. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Liang HL, Hu AP, Li SL, Xie JP, Ma QZ and Liu JY: miR-454 prompts cell proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells by repressing CYLD expression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16:2397–2402. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhou L, Qu YM, Zhao XM and Yue ZD: Involvement of miR-454 overexpression in the poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 20:825–829. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Niu G, Li B, Sun J and Sun L: miR-454 is down-regulated in osteosarcomas and suppresses cell proliferation and invasion by directly targeting c-Met. Cell Prolif. 48:348–355. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Fang B, Zhu J, Wang Y, Geng F and Li G: miR-454 inhibited cell proliferation of human glioblastoma cells by suppressing PDK1 expression. Biomed Pharmacother. 75:148–152. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Fan Y, Xu LL, Shi CY, Wei W, Wang DS and Cai DF: MicroRNA-454 regulates stromal cell derived factor-1 in the control of the growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep. 6:227932016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Yu L, Gong X, Sun L, Yao H, Lu B and Zhu L: miR-454 functions as an oncogene by inhibiting CHD5 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 6:39225–39234. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Wagner KU and Schmidt JW: The two faces of Janus kinases and their respective STATs in mammary gland development and cancer. J Carcinog. 10:322011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Mora LB, Buettner R, Seigne J, Diaz J, Ahmad N, Garcia R, Bowman T, Falcone R, Fairclough R, Cantor A, et al: Constitutive activation of Stat3 in human prostate tumors and cell lines: Direct inhibition of Stat3 signaling induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 62:6659–6666. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Dolled-Filhart M, Camp RL, Kowalski DP, Smith BL and Rimm DL: Tissue microarray analysis of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat3) and phospho-Stat3 (Tyr705) in node-negative breast cancer shows nuclear localization is associated with a better prognosis. Clin Cancer Res. 9:594–600. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Nagpal JK, Mishra R and Das BR: Activation of Stat-3 as one of the early events in tobacco chewing-mediated oral carcinogenesis. Cancer. 94:2393–2400. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Song L, Turkson J, Karras JG, Jove R and Haura EB: Activation of Stat3 by receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokines regulates survival in human non-small cell carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 22:4150–4165. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yin Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lv T, Liu J and Wang X: Prognostic significance of STAT3 expression and its correlation with chemoresistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Acta Histochem. 114:151–158. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhu BR, Cai JM, Tang GS, Li BL, Gao F, Cui JG and Liu HC: Effects of STAT3 antisense oligonucleotide on proliferation and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549. Ai Zheng. 26:820–827. 2007.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

39 

Siveen KS, Sikka S, Surana R, Dai X, Zhang J, Kumar AP, Tan BK, Sethi G and Bishayee A: Targeting the STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer: Role of synthetic and natural inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1845:136–154. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu S, Ge X, Su L, Zhang A and Mou X: MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768. Mol Med Rep 17: 3979-3986, 2018.
APA
Liu, S., Ge, X., Su, L., Zhang, A., & Mou, X. (2018). MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 3979-3986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8350
MLA
Liu, S., Ge, X., Su, L., Zhang, A., Mou, X."MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.3 (2018): 3979-3986.
Chicago
Liu, S., Ge, X., Su, L., Zhang, A., Mou, X."MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 3 (2018): 3979-3986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8350
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu S, Ge X, Su L, Zhang A and Mou X: MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768. Mol Med Rep 17: 3979-3986, 2018.
APA
Liu, S., Ge, X., Su, L., Zhang, A., & Mou, X. (2018). MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 3979-3986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8350
MLA
Liu, S., Ge, X., Su, L., Zhang, A., Mou, X."MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.3 (2018): 3979-3986.
Chicago
Liu, S., Ge, X., Su, L., Zhang, A., Mou, X."MicroRNA-454 inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cells growth and metastasis via targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Retraction in /10.3892/mmr.2022.12768". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 3 (2018): 3979-3986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8350
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team