Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 17 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 17 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway

  • Authors:
    • Ga Bin Park
    • Daejin Kim
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea, Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Park et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3563-3574
    |
    Published online on: December 27, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8355
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is inevitable change of age‑related macular degeneration (AMD). Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of EMT in several diseases, including lung cancer. Cigarette smoke‑induced stress promotes the production of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in RPE cells. However, the underlying signaling pathways induced by aberrant EGF receptor (EGFR) expression in cigarette smoke-exposed RPE cells remain largely unknown. In the present study, the morphological transformation and production of EMT-associated cytokines were investigated to analyze the effect of smoking on the retina. Furthermore, EGF‑treated or cigarette smoke‑exposed RPE cells, as well as the downstream targets of EGFR, were investigated to identify the key molecules involved in EMT of cigarette smoke‑stimulated RPE cells via immunoblotting. Exposure of RPE cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced secretion of VEGF and TGF‑β1, and increased the expression of EMT markers. CSE‑mediated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation resulted in the phosphorylation and activation of spleen associated tyrosine kinase (Syk)/Src proto‑oncogene, non‑receptor tyrosine kinase (Src), leading to migration and invasion of RPE cells. Knockdown of FAK or pharmacological inhibition of Syk/Src abrogated CSE‑mediated VEGF and TGF‑β1 production and blocked the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in CSE‑stimulated RPE cells. Erlotinib (an EGFR inhibitor) suppressed EGF and CSE‑mediated switch from an epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Baicalein, an inhi­bitor of 12/15‑lipooxygenase, also efficiently suppressed CSE‑induced EMT processes by inhibiting EGFR‑associated downstream signaling transduction. The results identified a novel signaling pathway mediated by EGFR in CSE‑activated RPE cells, and suggest baicalein as a potential new therapeutic drug for CSE‑associated retinopathy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Ryan SJ: Traction retinal detachment. XLIX Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol. 115:1–20. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Charteris DG, Sethi CS, Lewis GP and Fisher SK: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy-developments in adjunctive treatment and retinal pathology. Eye (Lond). 16:369–374. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Charteris DG: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: Pathobiology, surgical management, and adjunctive treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 79:953–960. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lee MY, Chou CY, Tang MJ and Shen MR: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer: Correlation with tumor progression, epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression and snail up-regulation. Clin Cancer Res. 14:4743–4750. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Ha GH, Kim JL and Breuer EK: TACC3 is essential for EGF-mediated EMT in cervical cancer. PLoS One. 8:e703532013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Chen Z, Chen CZ, Gong WR, Li JP and Xing YQ: Integrin-alpha5 mediates epidermal growth factor-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation and migration. Pathobiology. 77:88–95. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Li H, Wang H, Wang F, Gu Q and Xu X: Snail involves in the transforming growth factor β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells. PLoS One. 6:e233222011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A, Piault E, Evans C, Zlateva G, Buggage R, Pleil A and Mitchell P: Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 10:312010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Klein R, Knudtson MD, Cruickshanks KJ and Klein BE: Further observations on the association between smoking and the long-term incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 126:115–121. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Kunchithapautham K, Atkinson C and Rohrer B: Smoke exposure causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium through oxidative stress and complement activation. J Biol Chem. 289:14534–14546. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Hollborn M, Iandiev I, Seifert M, Schnurrbusch UE, Wolf S, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A and Kohen L: Expression of HB-EGF by retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitreoretinal proliferative disease. Curr Eye Res. 31:863–874. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Higgins GT, Wang JH, Dockery P, Cleary PE and Redmond HP: Induction of angiogenic cytokine expression in cultured RPE by ingestion of oxidized photoreceptor outer segments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44:1775–1782. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Dong A, Xie B, Shen J, Yoshida T, Yokoi K, Hackett SF and Campochiaro PA: Oxidative stress promotes ocular neovascularization. J Cell Physiol. 219:544–552. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Khan EM, Lanir R, Danielson AR and Goldkorn T: Epidermal growth factor receptor exposed to cigarette smoke is aberrantly activated and undergoes perinuclear trafficking. FASEB J. 22:910–917. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Yarden Y and Sliwkowski MX: Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2:127–137. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Schlessinger J: Ligand-induced, receptor-mediated dimerization and activation of EGF receptor. Cell. 110:669–672. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Uttamsingh S, Bao X, Nguyen KT, Bhanot M, Gong J, Chan JL, Liu F, Chu TT and Wang LH: Synergistic effect between EGF and TGF-beta1 in inducing oncogenic properties of intestinal epithelial cells. Oncogene. 27:2626–2634. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Araya J, Cambier S, Markovics JA, Wolters P, Jablons D, Hill A, Finkbeiner W, Jones K, Broaddus VC, Sheppard D, et al: Squamous metaplasia amplifies pathologic epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in COPD patients. J Clin Invest. 117:3551–3562. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Shen HJ, Sun YH, Zhang SJ, Jiang JX, Dong XW, Jia YL, Shen J, Guan Y, Zhang LH, Li FF, et al: Cigarette smoke-induced alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition is mediated by Rac1 activation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1840:1838–1849. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Kim J and Hwan Kim S: CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 blocks TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One. 8:e743422013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhou C, Wu YL, Chen G, Feng J, Liu XQ, Wang C, Zhang S, Wang J, Zhou S, Ren S, et al: Erlotinib versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (OPTIMAL, CTONG-0802): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 12:735–742. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Muraoka-Cook RS, Dumont N and Arteaga CL: Dual role of transforming growth factor beta in mammary tumorigenesis and metastatic progression. Clin Cancer Res. 11:937s–943s. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hewing NJ, Weskamp G, Vermaat J, Farage E, Glomski K, Swendeman S, Chan RV, Chiang MF, Khokha R, Anand-Apte B and Blobel CP: Intravitreal injection of TIMP3 or the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib offers protection from oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 54:864–870. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Wertheimer C, Liegl R, Kernt M, Mayer W, Docheva D, Kampik A and Eibl-Lindner KH: EGF receptor inhibitor erlotinib as a potential pharmacological prophylaxis for posterior capsule opacification. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 251:1529–1540. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Seth RK, Haque MS and Zelenka PS: Regulation of c-fos induction in lens epithelial cells by 12(S)HETE-dependent activation of PKC. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 42:3239–3246. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ottino P, Taheri F and Bazan HE: Growth factor-induced proliferation in corneal epithelial cells is mediated by 12(S)-HETE. Exp Eye Res. 76:613–622. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Al-Shabrawey M, Mussell R, Kahook K, Tawfik A, Eladl M, Sarthy V, Nussbaum J, El-Marakby A, Park SY, Gurel Z, et al: Increased expression and activity of 12-lipoxygenase in oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Implications in retinal neovascularization. Diabetes. 60:614–624. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Thannickal VJ, Lee DY, White ES, Cui Z, Larios JM, Chacon R, Horowitz JC, Day RM and Thomas PE: Myofibroblast differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta1 is dependent on cell adhesion and integrin signaling via focal adhesion kinase. J Biol Chem. 278:12384–12389. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Liu S, Xu SW, Kennedy L, Pala D, Chen Y, Eastwood M, Carter DE, Black CM, Abraham DJ and Leask A: FAK is required for TGFbeta-induced JNK phosphorylation in fibroblasts: Implications for acquisition of a matrix-remodeling phenotype. Mol Biol Cell. 18:2169–2178. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Morales SA, Mareninov S, Wadehra M, Zhang L, Goodglick L, Braun J and Gordon LK: FAK activation and the role of epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) in collagen gel contraction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 50:462–469. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Zhang Q, Adiseshaiah P and Reddy SP: Matrix metalloproteinase/epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling regulate fra-1 induction by cigarette smoke in lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 32:72–81. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lee H, O'Meara SJ, O'Brien C and Kane R: The role of gremlin, a BMP antagonist, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48:4291–4299. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Buck E, Eyzaguirre A, Barr S, Thompson S, Sennello R, Young D, Iwata KK, Gibson NW, Cagnoni P and Haley JD: Loss of homotypic cell adhesion by epithelial-mesenchymal transition or mutation limits sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther. 6:532–541. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Cicchini C, Laudadio I, Citarella F, Corazzari M, Steindler C, Conigliaro A, Fantoni A, Amicone L and Tripodi M: TGFbeta-induced EMT requires focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Exp Cell Res. 314:143–152. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Carter CA: Multiplexed high content screening reveals that cigarette smoke condensate-altered cell signaling pathways are accentuated through FAK inhibition in human bronchial cells. Int J Toxicol. 31:257–266. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Carter CA and Hamm JT: Multiplexed quantitative high content screening reveals that cigarette smoke condensate induces changes in cell structure and function through alterations in cell signaling pathways in human bronchial cells. Toxicology. 261:89–102. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Lu Q, Sakhatskyy P, Grinnell K, Newton J, Ortiz M, Wang Y, Sanchez-Esteban J, Harrington EO and Rounds S: Cigarette smoke causes lung vascular barrier dysfunction via oxidative stress-mediated inhibition of RhoA and focal adhesion kinase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 301:L847–L857. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Avizienyte E and Frame MC: Src and FAK signalling controls adhesion fate and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 17:542–547. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Filosto S, Becker CR and Goldkorn T: Cigarette smoke induces aberrant EGF receptor activation that mediates lung cancer development and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther. 11:795–804. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Tanaka Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Kanayama N and Terao T: Transforming growth factor-beta1-dependent urokinase up-regulation and promotion of invasion are involved in Src-MAPK-dependent signaling in human ovarian cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 279:8567–8576. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Nakamura K, Yano H, Schaefer E and Sabe H: Different modes and qualities of tyrosine phosphorylation of Fak and Pyk2 during epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation and cell migration: Analysis of specific phosphorylation events using site-directed antibodies. Oncogene. 20:2626–2635. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ueno NT and Zhang D: Targeting EGFR in triple negative breast cancer. J Cancer. 2:324–328. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Chao HM, Chuang MJ, Liu JH, Liu XQ, Ho LK, Pan WH, Zhang XM, Liu CM, Tsai SK, Kong CW, et al: Baicalein protects against retinal ischemia by antioxidation, antiapoptosis, downregulation of HIF-1α, VEGF and MMP-9 and upregulation of HO-1. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 29:539–549. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Park GB and Kim D: Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway. Mol Med Rep 17: 3563-3574, 2018.
APA
Park, G.B., & Kim, D. (2018). Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 3563-3574. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8355
MLA
Park, G. B., Kim, D."Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.3 (2018): 3563-3574.
Chicago
Park, G. B., Kim, D."Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 3 (2018): 3563-3574. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8355
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Park GB and Kim D: Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway. Mol Med Rep 17: 3563-3574, 2018.
APA
Park, G.B., & Kim, D. (2018). Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 3563-3574. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8355
MLA
Park, G. B., Kim, D."Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.3 (2018): 3563-3574.
Chicago
Park, G. B., Kim, D."Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 3 (2018): 3563-3574. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8355
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team