Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 17 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 17 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation

  • Authors:
    • Xue Liang
    • Qitong Zhang
    • Xinghua Wang
    • Meng Yuan
    • Yue Zhang
    • Zhao Xu
    • Guangping Li
    • Tong Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic‑Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 4933-4940
    |
    Published online on: January 24, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8472
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF); however, the underlying mechanism linking diabetes and AF remains to be clarified. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AF and the ROS‑mediated downstream events in diabetes. Firstly, the atrial fibroblasts were isolated from the left atrium of rabbits using enzyme digestion and differential adhesion. Then, the isolated cells were identified by morphology analysis under a microscope, collagen distribution using Masson trichrome staining and vimentin by immunofluorescence. Following this, the collected atrial fibroblasts were randomly divided into 7 groups and administered with high glucose (25 mM glucose), H2O2 stimulation (100 nmol/l), glucose + apocynin (100 µg/ml), H2O2 + apocynin, glucose + H2O2, and a combination of glucose, apocynin and H2O2, as well as the negative control (NC). An MTS assay was performed to investigate cell proliferation following the different treatments, and western blotting was conducted to explore the expression of several proteins including NAD(P)H oxidative (NOX) subunits, key factors involved in mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The atrial fibroblasts were spindle‑shaped with one or more protuberances. Vimentin was positively expressed in collected cells under confocal laser scanning microscopy. This result indicated that the atrial fibroblasts were successfully prepared. High glucose and H2O2 stimulation significantly increased the proliferation of atrial fibroblasts and apocynin markedly attenuated the promoting effects on cell proliferation induced by high glucose and H2O2 treatment (P<0.05). Additionally, high glucose and H2O2 stimulation increased the expression of Rac1, phospho(p)‑c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase 1, p38, p‑p38 and MMP9, which was markedly decreased by the addition of apocynin (P<0.05). The mechanism associated with diabetes and AF may be attributed to oxidative stress (ROS production) derived from NOX activity, and then induced activation of the MAPK signaling pathways and MMP9 expression.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Čihák R, Haman L and Heinc P: Summary of the 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: Prepared by the Czech Society of Cardiology. Cor Et Vasa. 54:e341–e351. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Lip GY and Tse HF: Management of atrial fibrillation. Lancet. 370:604–618. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Wolf PA, Abbott RD and Kannel WB: Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham study. Stroke. 22:983–988. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kalus JS, White CM, Caron MF, Coleman CI, Takata H and Kluger J: Indicators of atrial fibrillation risk in cardiac surgery patients on prophylactic amiodarone. Ann Thorac Surg. 77:1288–1292. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Fukahara K, Kotoh K, Doi T, Misaki T and Sumi S: Impact of preoperative atrial fibrillation on the late outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 38:366–372. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ad N, Henry L and Hunt S: The impact of surgical ablation in patients with low ejection fraction, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 40:70–76. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Kanagaratnam P, Cherian A, Stanbridge RD, Glenville B, Severs NJ and Peters NS: Relationship between connexins and atrial activation during human atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 15:206–216. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Patel C, Salahuddin M, Jones A, Patel A, Yan GX and Kowey PR: Atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological therapy. Curr Probl Cardiol. 36:87–120. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Sanguinetti MC and Bennett PB: Antiarrhythmic drug target choices and screening. Circ Res. 93:491–499. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Dudley SC Jr, Hoch NE, McCann LA, Honeycutt C, Diamandopoulos L, Fukai T, Harrison DG, Dikalov SI and Langberg J: Atrial fibrillation increases production of superoxide by the left atrium and left atrial appendage: Role of the NADPH and xanthine oxidases. Circulation. 112:1266–1273. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Neuman RB, Bloom HL, Shukrullah I, Darrow LA, Kleinbaum D, Jones DP and Dudley SC Jr: Oxidative stress markers are associated with persistent atrial fibrillation. Clin Chem. 53:1652–1657. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Chang JP, Chen MC, Liu WH, Yang CH, Chen CJ, Chen YL, Pan KL, Tsai TH and Chang HW: Atrial myocardial nox2 containing NADPH oxidase activity contribution to oxidative stress in mitral regurgitation: Potential mechanism for atrial remodeling. Cardiovasc Pathol. 20:99–106. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Kim YM, Guzik TJ, Zhang YH, Zhang MH, Kattach H, Ratnatunga C, Pillai R, Channon KM and Casadei B: A myocardial Nox2 containing NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to oxidative stress in human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 97:629–636. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Zhang J, Youn JY, Kim AY, Ramirez RJ, Gao L, Ngo D, Chen P, Scovotti J, Mahajan A and Cai H: NOX4-Dependent hydrogen peroxide overproduction in human atrial fibrillation and HL-1 atrial cells: Relationship to hypertension. Front Physiol. 3:1402012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Babusíková E, Kaplán P, Lehotský J, Jesenák M and Dobrota D: Oxidative modification of rat cardiac mitochondrial membranes and myofibrils by hydroxyl radicals. Gen Physiol Biophys. 23:327–335. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lai LP, Su MJ, Lin JL, Lin FY, Tsai CH, Chen YS, Huang SK, Tseng YZ and Lien WP: Down-regulation of L-type calcium channel and sarcoplasmic reticular Ca(2+)-ATPase mRNA in human atrial fibrillation without significant change in the mRNA of ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin and phospholamban: An insight into the mechanism of atrial electrical remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 33:1231–1237. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Li GR and Nattel S: Properties of human atrial ICa at physiological temperatures and relevance to action potential. Am J Physiol. 272:H227–H235. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, Nakayama H, Baliga RS, Piao S, Kanderian A, Pavia S, Hamlin RL, McCarthy PM, et al: Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 89:E32–E38. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Anderson EJ, Kypson AP, Rodriguez E, Anderson CA, Lehr EJ and Neufer PD: Substrate-specific derangements in mitochondrial metabolism and redox balance in the atrium of the type 2 diabetic human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 54:1891–1898. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Nichols GA, Reinier K and Chugh SS: Independent contribution of diabetes to increased prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation. Diabetes Care. 32:1851–1856. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Goudis CA, Korantzopoulos P, Ntalas IV, Kallergis EM, Liu T and Ketikoglou DG: Diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation: Pathophysiological mechanisms and potential upstream therapies. Int J Cardiol. 184:617–622. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

van Heerebeek L, Hamdani N, Handoko ML, Falcao-Pires I, Musters RJ, Kupreishvili K, Ijsselmuiden AJ, Schalkwijk CG, Bronzwaer JG, Diamant M, et al: Diastolic stiffness of the failing diabetic heart: Importance of fibrosis, advanced glycation end products, and myocyte resting tension. Circulation. 117:43–51. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Zhang Q, Liu T, Ng CY and Li G: diabetes mellitus and atrial remodeling: Mechanisms and potential upstream therapies. Cardiovasc Ther. 32:233–241. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Mohammad MR, Hashemzadeh M and Jamal MM: Diabetes mellitus is a strong, independent risk for atrial fibrillation and flutter in addition to other cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 105:315–318. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Galaris D and Goudevenos JA: The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 115:135–143. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Liu T, Zhao H, Li J, Korantzopoulos P and Li G: Rosiglitazone attenuates atrial structural remodeling and atrial fibrillation promotion in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Cardiovasc Ther. 32:178–183. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Fu H, Li G, Liu C, Li J, Wang X, Cheng L and Liu T: Probucol prevents atrial remodeling by inhibiting oxidative stress and TNF-α/NF-κB/TGF-β signal transduction pathway in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 26:211–222. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Krenning G, Zeisberg EM and Kalluri R: The origin of fibroblasts and mechanism of cardiac fibrosis. J Cell Physiol. 225:631–637. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ieda M, Fu JD, Delgado-Olguin P, Vedantham V, Hayashi Y, Bruneau BG and Srivastava D: Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell. 142:375–386. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Shiraishi I, Takamatsu T, Minamikawa T, Onouchi Z and Fujita S: Quantitative histological analysis of the human sinoatrial node during growth and aging. Circulation. 85:2176–2184. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Shiraishi I, Takamatsu T, Minamikawa T and Fujita S: 3-D observation of actin filaments during cardiac myofibrinogenesis in chick embryo using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Anat Embryol (Berl). 185:401–408. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Burstein B and Nattel S: Atrial fibrosis: Mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 51:802–809. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Sayed AA, Khalifa M and Abd el-Latif FF: Fenugreek attenuation of diabetic nephropathy in alloxan-diabetic rats: Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy in rats. J Physiol Biochem. 68:263–269. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Aljofan M and Ding H: High glucose increases expression of cyclooxygenase-2, increases oxidative stress and decreases the generation of nitric oxide in mouse microvessel endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 222:669–675. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Li JM, Gall NP, Grieve DJ, Chen M and Shah AM: Activation of NADPH oxidase during progression of cardiac hypertrophy to failure. Hypertension. 40:477–484. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Griendling KK, Sorescu D and Ushio-Fukai M: NAD(P)H oxidase: Role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res. 86:494–501. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Qiu J, Zhao J, Li J, Liang X, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Fu H, Korantzopoulos P, Liu T and Li G: NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin prevents atrial remodeling in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 221:812–819. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhang L, Zalewski A, Liu Y, Mazurek T, Cowan S, Martin JL, Hofmann SM, Vlassara H and Shi Y: Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation. 108:472–478. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Clerk A, Fuller SJ, Michael A and Sugden PH: Stimulation of ‘stress-regulated’ mitogen-activated protein kinases (stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun N-terminal kinases and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases) in perfused rat hearts by oxidative and other stresses. J Biol Chem. 273:7228–7234. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Nakano Y, Niida S, Dote K, Takenaka S, Hirao H, Miura F, Ishida M, Shingu T, Sueda T, Yoshizumi M and Chayama K: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to human atrial remodeling during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 43:818–825. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liang X, Zhang Q, Wang X, Yuan M, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Li G and Liu T: Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation. Mol Med Rep 17: 4933-4940, 2018.
APA
Liang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z. ... Liu, T. (2018). Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 4933-4940. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8472
MLA
Liang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Li, G., Liu, T."Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.4 (2018): 4933-4940.
Chicago
Liang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Li, G., Liu, T."Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 4 (2018): 4933-4940. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8472
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liang X, Zhang Q, Wang X, Yuan M, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Li G and Liu T: Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation. Mol Med Rep 17: 4933-4940, 2018.
APA
Liang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z. ... Liu, T. (2018). Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 4933-4940. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8472
MLA
Liang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Li, G., Liu, T."Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.4 (2018): 4933-4940.
Chicago
Liang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Li, G., Liu, T."Reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress links diabetes and atrial fibrillation". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 4 (2018): 4933-4940. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8472
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team