Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 17 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 17 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin

  • Authors:
    • Juncheng Zhuo
    • Qiaohuang Zeng
    • Dake Cai
    • Xiaohui Zeng
    • Yuxing Chen
    • Haining Gan
    • Xuejun Huang
    • Nan Yao
    • Dane Huang
    • Chengzhe Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China, Department of Chinese Medicine Immunity, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhuo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 5132-5142
    |
    Published online on: January 26, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8504
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), which is characterized by insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, is a comprehensive dysfunction of metabolism. The insulin receptor (INSR)/phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway is well acknowledged as a predominant pathway associated with glucose uptake; however, the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) plus a high fat and sugar diet (HFSD) on the proteins associated with this pathway requires further elucidation. In order to explore this effect, a T2DM rat model was constructed to investigate T2DM pathogenesis and potential therapeutic advantages. Rats were randomly divided into control and model groups, including normal diet (ND) and HFSD types. ND types were administered intraperitoneal (IP) injections of STZ (35 mg/kg) or a combination of STZ and alloxan monohydrate (AON) (40 mg/kg), whereas HFSD types were composed of HFSD pre‑given, post‑given and simul‑given groups, and were modeled as follows: IP or intramuscular (IM) injection of STZ (35 mg/kg) or a combination of STZ and AON (40 mg/kg). Results indicated that, compared with controls, blood glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment‑insulin resistance and total triglyceride were significantly elevated in groups with HFSD and modeling agents (P<0.05 or P<0.01), whereas total cholesterol and low‑density lipoprotein levels were significantly elevated in groups simultaneously administered HFSD and modeling agents (P<0.05 or P<0.01), in addition to downregulation of the expression of insulin signaling pathway proteins in the liver, including INSR, PI3K, AKT1, phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4‑kinase type‑2α (PIP5Kα) and glucose transporter (GLUT)2, and increased expression of inflammatory factors, including p38, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)6. Furthermore, compared with other two HFSD types including pre‑given and post‑given group, the simul‑given group that received IM injection with STZ exhibited decreased expression levels of major insulin signal pathway proteins INSR, PI3K, AKT1, PIP5Kα, GLUT2 or GLUT4 in the liver and pancreas (P<0.05 or P<0.01), whereas the opposite was observed in the skeletal muscle. In addition, the protein expression levels of phosphorylated‑p38, p38, IL6 and TNFα in the simul‑given group that received IM injection with STZ were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and histopathology also indicated inflammation in pancreas and liver. The present findings suggest that a low dose of STZ may partially impair the β cells of the pancreas, whereas long‑term excess intake of HFSD may increase lipid metabolites, inhibit the insulin signaling pathway and activate the mitogen‑activated protein kinase p38 signaling pathway. The combined action of STZ and AON may result in insulin resistance, which ultimately results in abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism. The present model, analogue to T2DM onset of humans, evaluated the medical effect on metabolic dysfunction and provides an insight into the underlining mechanism of IR.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

View References

1 

Chang WC, Wu JS, Chen CW, Kuo PL, Chien HM, Wang YT and Shen SC: Protective effect of vanillic acid against hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia via alleviating hepatic insulin resistance and inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD)-Fed rats. Nutrients. 7:9946–9959. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators: Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 386:743–800. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Levey AS and Coresh J: Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 379:165–180. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Sabanayagam C, Yip W, Ting DS, Tan G and Wong TY: Ten emerging trends in the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 23:209–222. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Qian J, Thomas AP, Schroeder AM, Rakshit K, Colwell CS and Matveyenko AV: Development of diabetes does not alter behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in a transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 313:E213–E221. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Li N, Liu Q, Li XJ, Bai XH, Liu YY, Jin ZY, Jing YX, Yan ZY and Chen JX: Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of type 2 diabetes associated with depression. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 31:23–26. 2015.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

7 

Fatih A, Ydın A, Küçükgergin C, Bingül İ, Doğan-Ekici I, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S and Uysal M: Effect of Carnosine on renal function, oxidation and glycation products in the kidneys of high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 125:282–289. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Liu XY, Liu FC, Deng CY, Zhang MZ, Yang M, Xiao DZ, Lin QX, Cai ST, Kuang SJ, et al: Left ventricular deformation associated with cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) transients delay in early stage of low-dose of STZ and high-fat diet induced type 2 diabetic rats. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 16:412016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ma YG, Zhang YB, Bai YG, Dai ZJ, Liang L, Liu M, Xie MJ and Guan HT: Berberine alleviates the cerebrovascular contractility in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of intracellular Ca2+ handling in smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 15:632016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Andrade EF, Lima AR, Nunes IE, Orlando DR, Gondim PN, Zangeronimo MG, Alves FH and Pereira LJ: Exercise and Beta-Glucan consumption (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) improve the metabolic profile and reduce the atherogenic index in Type 2 diabetic rats (HFD/STZ). Nutrients. 8:E7922016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Li Y, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zou W, Gong X and Fu J: Cinepazide maleate improves cognitive function and protects hippocampal neurons in diabetic rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Biol Pharm Bull. 40:249–255. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bolzán AD and Bianchi MS: Genotoxicity of streptozotocin. Mutat Res. 512:121–134. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Xiao X, Xu L, Zhu L and Ding Q: Study on the model of diabetic mice and rat induced by Alloxan. Science Mosaic. 7:112–114. 2010.

14 

Hu C, Zhang G, Sun D, Han H and Hu S: Duodenal-jejunal bypass improves glucose metabolism and adipokine expression independently of weight loss in a diabetic rat model. Obes Surg. 23:1436–1444. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Yu X, Shen N, Zhang ML, Pan FY, Wang C, Jia WP, Liu C, Gao Q, Gao X, Xue B and Li CJ: Egr-1 decreases adipocyte insulin sensitivity by tilting PI3K/Akt and MAPK signal balance in mice. EMBO J. 30:3754–3765. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Dai B, Wu Q, Zeng C, Zhang J, Cao L, Xiao Z and Yang M: The effect of Liuwei Dihuang decoction on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in liver of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats with insulin resistance. J Ethnopharmacol. 192:382–389. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Antony PJ, Gandhi GR, Stalin A, Balakrishna K, Toppo E, Sivasankaran K, Ignacimuthu S and Al-Dhabi NA: Myoinositol ameliorates high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats through promoting insulin receptor signaling. Biomed Pharmacother. 88:1098–1113. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Zouari R, Hamden K, Feki AE, Chaabouni K, Makni-Ayadi F, Kallel C, Sallemi F, Ellouze-Chaabouni S and Ghribi-Aydi D: Protective and curative effects of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant on high-fat-high-fructose diet induced hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and deterioration of liver function in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 84:323–329. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals issued by CIOMS. Vet Q. 8:350–352. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Feng W, Zhao T, Mao G, Wang W, Feng Y, Li F, Zheng D, Wu H, Jin D, Yang L and Wu X: Type 2 diabetic rats on diet supplemented with chromium malate show improved glycometabolism, glycometabolism-related enzyme levels and lipid metabolism. PLoS One. 10:e1259522015.

21 

Smith U and Kahn BB: Adipose tissue regulates insulin sensitivity: Role of adipogenesis, de novo lipogenesis and novel lipids. J Intern Med. 280:465–475. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wu Y, Wu T, Wu J, Zhao L, Li Q, Varghese Z, Moorhead JF, Powis SH, Chen Y and Ruan XZ: Chronic inflammation exacerbates glucose metabolism disorders in C57BL/6J mice fed with high-fat diet. J Endocrinol. 219:195–204. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Savary S, Trompier D, Andréoletti P, Le Borgne F, Demarquoy J and Lizard G: Fatty acids - induced lipotoxicity and inflammation. Curr Drug Metab. 13:1358–1370. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Gao Y, Zhang M, Wu T, Xu M, Cai H and Zhang Z: Effects of D-Pinitol on insulin resistance through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in Type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. J Agric Food Chem. 63:6019–6026. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Yang M, Ren Y, Lin Z, Tang C, Jia Y, Lai Y, Zhou T, Wu S, Liu H, Yang G and Li L: Krüppel-like factor 14 increases insulin sensitivity through activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Cell Signal. 27:2201–2208. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Gao TT, Qin ZL, Ren H, Zhao P and Qi ZT: Inhibition of IRS-1 by hepatitis C virus infection leads to insulin resistance in a PTEN-dependent manner. Virol J. 12:122015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Liu T, Yu B, Kakino M, Fujimoto H, Ando Y, Hakuno F and Takahashi SI: A novel IRS-1-associated protein, DGKzeta regulates GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Sci Rep. 6:354382016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Bae JS, Kim TH, Kim MY, Park JM and Ahn YH: Transcriptional regulation of glucose sensors in pancreatic beta-cells and liver: An update. Sensors (Basel). 10:5031–5053. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Garvey WT, Maianu L, Hancock JA, Golichowski AM and Baron A: Gene expression of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant patients with obesity, IGT, GDM, and NIDDM. Diabetes. 41:465–475. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Zorzano A, Palacin M and Gumà A: Mechanisms regulating GLUT4 glucose transporter expression and glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 183:43–58. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Narasimhan A, Chinnaiyan M and Karundevi B: Ferulic acid regulates hepatic GLUT2 gene expression in high fat and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 761:391–397. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Bloch KO, Zemel R, Bloch OV, Grief H and Vardi P: Streptozotocin and alloxan-based selection improves toxin resistance of insulin-producing RINm cells. Int J Exp Diabetes Res. 1:211–219. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Erion DM, Park HJ and Lee HY: The role of lipids in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated co-morbidities. BMB Rep. 49:139–148. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhuo J, Zeng Q, Cai D, Zeng X, Chen Y, Gan H, Huang X, Yao N, Huang D, Zhang C, Zhang C, et al: Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin. Mol Med Rep 17: 5132-5142, 2018.
APA
Zhuo, J., Zeng, Q., Cai, D., Zeng, X., Chen, Y., Gan, H. ... Zhang, C. (2018). Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 5132-5142. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8504
MLA
Zhuo, J., Zeng, Q., Cai, D., Zeng, X., Chen, Y., Gan, H., Huang, X., Yao, N., Huang, D., Zhang, C."Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.4 (2018): 5132-5142.
Chicago
Zhuo, J., Zeng, Q., Cai, D., Zeng, X., Chen, Y., Gan, H., Huang, X., Yao, N., Huang, D., Zhang, C."Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 4 (2018): 5132-5142. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8504
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhuo J, Zeng Q, Cai D, Zeng X, Chen Y, Gan H, Huang X, Yao N, Huang D, Zhang C, Zhang C, et al: Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin. Mol Med Rep 17: 5132-5142, 2018.
APA
Zhuo, J., Zeng, Q., Cai, D., Zeng, X., Chen, Y., Gan, H. ... Zhang, C. (2018). Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 5132-5142. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8504
MLA
Zhuo, J., Zeng, Q., Cai, D., Zeng, X., Chen, Y., Gan, H., Huang, X., Yao, N., Huang, D., Zhang, C."Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.4 (2018): 5132-5142.
Chicago
Zhuo, J., Zeng, Q., Cai, D., Zeng, X., Chen, Y., Gan, H., Huang, X., Yao, N., Huang, D., Zhang, C."Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 4 (2018): 5132-5142. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8504
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team