Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 17 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 17 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Hao Wu
    • Jianping Gong
    • Yong Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Hechuan, Chongqing 401520, P.R. China
  • Pages: 4867-4873
    |
    Published online on: February 1, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8537
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the initial and rate‑limiting step in the degradation pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan and is expressed by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), epithelial cells, vascular endothelium and tumor cells. IDO‑mediated catabolic products, which are additionally termed ʻkynureninesʼ, exerts important immunosuppressive functions primarily via regulating T effector cell anergy and inducing the proliferation of T regulatory cells. This endogenous tolerogenic pathway has a critical effect on mediating the magnitude of immune responses under various stress conditions, including tumor, infection and transplantation. The present review evaluates the recent progress in elucidating how catabolism of tryptophan regulated by IDO modulates the immune response to inflammatory and immunological signals. Blocking this pathway may be a novel adjuvant therapeutic strategy for clinical application in immunotherapy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Munn DH: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, Tregs and cancer. Curr Med Chem. 18:2240–2246. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Gerriets VA and Rathmell JC: Metabolic pathways in T cell fate and function. Trends Immunol. 33:168–73. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Munn DH, Zhou M, Attwood JT, Bondarev I, Conway SJ, Marshall B, Brown C and Mellor AL: Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism. Science. 281:1191–1193. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Ciorba MA, Bettonville EE, McDonald KG, Metz R, Prendergast GC, Newberry RD and Stenson WF: Induction of IDO-1 by immunostimulatory DNA limits severity of experimental colitis. J Immunol. 184:3907–3916. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Mbongue JC, Nicholas DA, Torrez TW, Kim NS, Firek AF and Langridge WH: The Role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in immune suppression and autoimmunity. Vaccines (Basel). 3:703–729. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Prendergast GC, Smith C, Thomas S, Mandik-Nayak L, Laury-Kleintop L, Metz R and Muller AJ: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathways of pathogenic inflammation and immune escape in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 63:721–735. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Trabanelli S, Ocadlikova D, Evangelisti C, Parisi S and Curti A: Induction or regulatory T Cells by dendritic cells through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: A potent mechanism of acquired peripheral tolerance. Curr Med Chem. 18:2234–2239. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Huang L, Baban B, Johnson BA and Mellor AL: Dendritic cells, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and acquired immune privilege. Int Rev Immunol. 29:133–155. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ball HJ, Sanchez-Perez A, Weiser S, Austin CJ, Astelbauer F, Miu J, McQuillan JA, Stocker R, Jermiin LS and Hunt NH: Characterization of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-like protein found in humans and mice. Gene. 396:203–213. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Poormasjedi-Meibod MS, Jalili RB, Hosseini-Tabatabaei A, Hartwell R and Ghahary A: Immuno-Regulatory Function of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase through Modulation of Innate Immune Responses. PLoS One. 8:e710442013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Munn DH and Mellor AL: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and metabolic control of immune responses. Trends Immunol. 34:137–143. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Nguyen NT, Kimura A, Nakahama T, Chinen I, Masuda K, Nohara K, Fujii-Kuriyama Y and Kishimoto T: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates dendritic cell immunogenicity via a kynurenine-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:pp. 19961–19966. 2010; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sundrud MS, Koralov SB, Feuerer M, Calado DP, Kozhaya AE, Rhule-Smith A, Lefebvre RE, Unutmaz D, Mazitschek R, Waldner H, et al: Halofuginone inhibits TH17 cell differentiation by activating the amino acid starvation response. Science. 324:1334–1338. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Baban B, Chandler PR, Johnson BA, Huang L, Li M, Sharpe ML, Francisco LM, Sharpe AH, Blazar BR, Munn DH, et al: Physiologic control of IDO competence in splenic dendritic cells. J Immunol. 187:2329–2335. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Smith C, Chang MY, Parker KH, Beury DW, Du Hadaway JB, Flick HE, Boulden J, Sutanto-Ward E, Soler AP, Laury-Kleintop LD, et al: IDO Is a nodal pathogenic driver of lung cancer and metastasis development. Cancer Discov. 2:722–735. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Chaudhary K, Shinde R, Liu H, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Veeranan-Karmegam R, Huang L, Ravishankar B, Bradley J, Kvirkvelia N, McMenamin M, et al: Amino acid metabolism inhibits antibody-driven kidney injury by inducing autophagy. J Immunol. 194:5713–5724. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Chuang HC, Lan JL, Chen DY, Yang CY, Chen YM, Li JP, Huang CY, Liu PE, Wang X and Tan TH: The kinase GLK controls autoimmunity and NF-κB signaling by activating the kinase PKC-θ in T cells. Nat Immunol. 12:1113–1138. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Metz R, Rust S, Duhadaway JB, Mautino MR, Munn DH, Vahanian NN, Link CJ and Prendergast GC: IDO inhibits a tryptophan sufficiency signal that stimulates mTOR: A novel IDO effector pathway targeted by D-1-methyl-tryptophan. Oncoimmunology. 1:1460–1468. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Zaher SS, Germain C, Fu H, Larkin DF and George AJ: 3-Hydroxykynurenine suppresses CD4+ T-cell proliferation, induces T-regulatory-cell development, and prolongs corneal allograft survival. Investig. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52:2640–2648. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Hao K, Zhou Q, Chen W, Jia W, Zheng J, Kang J, Wang K and Duan T: Possible role of the ‘IDO-AhR axis’ in maternal-foetal tolerance. Cell Biol Int. 37:105–108. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Pilotte L, Larrieu P, Stroobant V, Colau D, Dolusic E, Frédérick R, De Plaen E, Uyttenhove C, Wouters J, Masereel B and Van den Eynde BJ: Reversal of tumoral immune resistance by inhibition of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109:pp. 2497–2502. 2012; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

DiNatale BC, Murray IA, Schroeder JC, Flaveny CA, Lahoti TS, Laurenzana EM, Omiecinski CJ and Perdew GH: Kynurenic acid is a potent endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand that synergistically induces interleukin-6 in the presence of inflammatory signaling. Toxicol Sci. 115:89–97. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Pallotta MT, Orabona C, Volpi C, Vacca C, Belladonna ML, Bianchi R, Servillo G, Brunacci C, Calvitti M, Bicciato S, et al: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a signaling protein in long-term tolerance by dendritic cells. Nat Immunol. 12:870–878. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Tas SW, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Hajji N, Schuitemaker JH, van der Sluijs KF, May MJ, Ghosh S, Kapsenberg ML, Tak PP and de Jong EC: Noncanonical NF-kappaB signaling in dendritic cells is required for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) induction and immune regulation. Blood. 110:1540–1549. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Romani L, Fallarino F, De Luca A, Montagnoli C, D'Angelo C, Zelante T, Vacca C, Bistoni F, Fioretti MC, Grohmann U, et al: Defective tryptophan catabolism underlies inflammation in mouse chronic granulomatous disease. Nature. 451:211–215. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Matteoli G, Mazzini E, Iliev ID, Mileti E, Fallarino F, Puccetti P, Chieppa M and Rescigno M: Gut CD103+ dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction. Gut. 59:595–604. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Sharma MD, Hou DY, Liu Y, Koni PA, Metz R, Chandler P, Mellor AL, He Y and Munn DH: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls conversion of Foxp3? Tregs to TH17-like cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Blood. 113:6102–6111. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Chung DJ, Rossi M, Romano E, Ghith J, Yuan J, Munn DH and Young JW: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing mature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expand potent autologous regulatory T cells. Blood. 114:555–563. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Thaker AI, Rao MS, Bishnupuri KS, Kerr TA, Foster L, Marinshaw JM, Newberry RD, Stenson WF and Ciorba MA: IDO1 metabolites activate beta-catenin signaling to promote cancer cell proliferation and colon tumorigenesis in mice. Gastroenterology. 145:416–425.e1-4. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Ferns DM, Kema IP, Buist MR, Nijman HW, Kenter GG and Jordanova ES: Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) metabolic activity is detrimental for cervical cancer patient survival. Oncoimmunology. 4:e9814572015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Johnson TS, Munn DH and Maria BL: Modulation of tumor tolerance in primary central nervous system malignancies. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012:9372532012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Munn DH and Mellor AL: IDO and tolerance to tumors. Trends Mol Med. 10:15–18. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Palucka K, Banchereau J and Mellman I: Designing vaccines based on biology of human dendritic cell subsets. Immunity. 33:464–478. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Brandacher G, Cakar F, Winkler C, Schneeberger S, Obrist P, Bösmüller C, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER, Bonatti H, Margreiter R and Fuchs D: Non-invasive monitoring of kidney allograft rejection through IDO metabolism evaluation. Kidney Int. 71:60–67. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Sun X, Gong ZJ, Wang ZW, Li T, Zhang JY, Sun HC, Liu S, Huang L, Huang C and Peng ZH: IDO-Competent-DCs induced by IFN-γ attenuate acute rejection in rat liver transplantation. J Clin Immunol. 32:837–847. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Xie FT, Cao JS, Zhao J, Yu Y, Qi F and Dai XC: IDO expressing dendritic cells suppress allograft rejection of small bowel transplantation in mice by expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Transpl Immunol. 33:69–77. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Liu WL, Lin YH, Xiao H, Xing S, Chen H, Chi PD and Zhang G: Epstein-Barr virus infection induces indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages through p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways: Impairment in T cell functions. J Virol. 88:6660–6671. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Schulz S, Landi A, Garg R, Wilson JA and van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S: Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression by monocytes and dendritic cell populations in hepatitis C patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 180:484–498. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Yoshio S, Sugiyama M, Shoji H, Mano Y, Mita E, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y, Okuno A, Takikawa O, Mizokami M and Kanto T: Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase as an effector and an indicator of protective immune responses in patients with acute hepatitis B. Hepatology. 63:83–94. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Donovan MJ, Tripathi V, Favila MA, Geraci NS, Lange MC, Ballhorn W and McDowell MA: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) induced by Leishmania infection of human dendritic cells. Parasite Immunol. 34:464–472. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Sage LK, Fox JM, Mellor AL, Tompkins SM and Tripp RA: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity during the primary immune response to influenza infection modifies the memory T Cell response to influenza challenge. Viral Immunol. 27:112–123. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Planès R and Bahraoui E: HIV-1 Tat protein induces the production of IDO in human monocyte derived-dendritic cells through a direct mechanism: Effect on T cells proliferation. PLoS One. 8:e745512013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Page EE, Greathead L, Metcalf R, Clark SA, Hart M, Fuchs D, Pantelidis P, Gotch F, Pozniak A, Nelson M, et al: Loss of Th22 cells is associated with increased immune activation and IDO-1 activity in HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 67:227–235. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Moon YW, Hajjar J, Hwu P and Naing A: Targeting the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway in cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 3:512015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Andersen MH: The specific targeting of immune regulation: T-cell responses against Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 6:1289–1297. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Sharma MD, Hou DY, Baban B, Koni PA, He Y, Chandler PR, Blazar BR, Mellor AL and Munn DH: Reprogrammed foxp3(+) regulatory T cells provide essential help to support cross-presentation and CD8(+) T cell priming in naive mice. Immunity. 33:942–954. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wu H, Gong J and Liu Y: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review). Mol Med Rep 17: 4867-4873, 2018.
APA
Wu, H., Gong, J., & Liu, Y. (2018). Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 4867-4873. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8537
MLA
Wu, H., Gong, J., Liu, Y."Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.4 (2018): 4867-4873.
Chicago
Wu, H., Gong, J., Liu, Y."Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 4 (2018): 4867-4873. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8537
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wu H, Gong J and Liu Y: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review). Mol Med Rep 17: 4867-4873, 2018.
APA
Wu, H., Gong, J., & Liu, Y. (2018). Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 4867-4873. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8537
MLA
Wu, H., Gong, J., Liu, Y."Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.4 (2018): 4867-4873.
Chicago
Wu, H., Gong, J., Liu, Y."Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase regulation of immune response (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 4 (2018): 4867-4873. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8537
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team