Role of lncRNA uc.457 in the differentiation and maturation of cardiomyocytes
- Authors:
- Published online on: April 4, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10132
- Pages: 4927-4934
Abstract
Introduction
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a structural and functional defect induced by the abnormal development of cardiovascular blood vessels. CHD is the most common type of birth defect and the leading cause of fetal mortality (1). CHD frequently leads to miscarriage, stillbirth and severe cardiopathy following birth, which seriously endangers neonatal health (2,3). Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common type of CHD, comprising 40% of all cardiac abnormalities (4). At present, it is hypothesized that CHD is primarily induced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, leading to cardiac malformation at the embryonic stage; only 2–5% of CHD cases result from environmental factors alone (5–7). Previous studies have revealed certain genes associated with cardiac developmental abnormalities, including Notch homolog 1, heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 (HAND2) and GATA (8); however, the precise mechanisms underlying the roles of these genes in the regulation of embryonic heart development are yet to be determined. Therefore, further study of the mechanisms underlying embryonic heart formation and development is required to develop novel strategies for the prevention of CHD.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise a group of transcripts that are >200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs do not encode proteins as they lack a specific open reading frame (9). Functionally, lncRNAs regulate gene expression by influencing chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional modification (10,11). Previous studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs exhibit important roles in the development of the cardiovascular system and the pathogenesis of associated disorders, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy and VSD (12,13). For example, lncRNA cardiac hypertrophy-related factor induces cardiac hypertrophy via competitive binding to microRNA (miR)-489 (14), whereas lncRNA braveheart (Bvht) promotes stem cell differentiation during cardiac development (15).
LncRNA uc.457 is located at 22q11.21 (chr22: 19395909-19396119) and is 211 bp in length. Our previous study reported that uc.457 is differentially expressed in children with VSD (16); however, its specific role in cardiac development remains unclear. P19 cells are pluripotent stem cells that can be cultured in vitro. The self-replication ability and differentiation potential of P19 cells enable them to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells when induced by a low concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (17). P19 cells have been widely utilized in the study of cardiac development (18).
In the present study, differentiated P19 cells were employed to investigate the effects of differential expression of uc.457 on the proliferation and differentiation of cardiomyocytes, providing novel insight into the mechanisms of cardiac development.
Materials and methods
Cell culture and transfection
Mouse embryonic carcinoma P19 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were cultured in α-minimal essential medium (α-MEM; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. Cells were maintained in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. Cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 5×104 cells/ml. The medium was replaced by complete medium without antibiotics 6 h before transfection. Plasmids (pGPU6/GFP/Neo-uc.457 and pGPU6/GFP/Neo-siRNA-uc.457) were constructed by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). The sequences of the 3 siRNAs were as follows: uc457-siRNA: 5′-GGGCCTTATCTTTCTAATTAC-3′; siNC: 5′-GTTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′; siGAPDH: 5′-GTATGACAACAGCCTCAAG-3′. Cells were seeded in 6-well culture plates and grown to 70–80% confluence before transfection. Transfection was conducted according to the Lipofectamine® 2000 DNA transfection reagent protocol (Life Technologies; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Then, 24 h after transfection, the confluence was approximately 90% and the cells were removed to grow in flasks (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The cells were also collected to confirm uc.457 silencing efficiency and overexpression by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).
Cardiomyocyte differentiation
P19 cells were seeded in a 10-cm culture dish at a density of 1×106 cells/ml. Cardiomyocyte differentiation was induced using α-MEM containing 1% DMSO at 37°C. On the 4th day post-induction, 10 embryonic bodies were seeded in 6-well plates. Autonomously beating cardiomyocyte-like cell masses were first observed on the 8th day, and were largely present by the 10th day.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
P19 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 3×104 cells/ml. CCK-8 reagent (10 µl; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) was added to each well for 4 consecutive days. Following incubation for a further 2 h at 37°C, the optical density of each well was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).
RNA extraction and RT-qPCR
Total RNA was isolated from cultured P19 cells using TRIzol® reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and RT was performed using a PrimeScript RT Reagent kit (Takara Bio, Inc., Otsu, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocols. RNA concentration was determined using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and an ABI Prism 7500 cycler. qPCR was performed using the following thermocycling conditions: 95°C for 30 sec, 95°C for 5 sec and 60°C for 30 sec, for a total of 40 cycles. Gene expression was measured in triplicate. The data was analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCq method (19). The relative gene expression levels were quantified based on the Ct and normalized to a reference gene, GAPDH. The primers used were as follows: Uc.457, forward 5′-CCTTTGCAGGCTTTGCGTG-3′, reverse, 5′-CCGCACGGGGCCTTATCTT-3′; histone cell cycle regulation defective homolog A (HIRA), forward 5′-CTGGACACTGGGTACTCACTC-3′, reverse, 5′-AACTGGCTAACTGACAACAGAAG-3′; natriuretic peptide A (NPPA), forward 5′-GCTTCCAGGCCATATTGGAG-3′, reverse, 5′-GGGGGCATGACCTCATCTT-3′; cardiac muscle troponin T (cTnT), forward 5′-CAGAGGAGGCCAACGTAGAAG-3′, reverse, 5′-CTCCATCGGGGATCTTGGGT-3′; myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (Mef2c), forward 5′-ATCCCGATGCAGACGATTCAG-3′, reverse, 5′-AACAGCACACAATCTTTGCCT-3′; GAPDH, forward 5′-CTGCGACTTCAACAGCAACT-3′, reverse, 5′-GAGTTGGGATAGGGCCTCTC-3′.
Western blotting
P19 cells were lysed using cell lysis buffer (Nanjing KeyGen Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China), agitated on ice for 30 min and centrifuged (14,000 × g) at 4°C for 15 min. The total protein concentration was calculated using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Extracted proteins (50 µg of total protein per lane) were separated via 10% SDS-PAGE and subsequently transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) in TBST (50 mM tris-buffered saline, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20). The membrane was incubated at 4°C overnight in 5% BSA in TBST containing primary antibodies to one of the following: HIRA (1:200; ab20655; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), NPPA (1:200; ab180649; Abcam), CTnT (1:250; ab209813; Abcam), Mef2c (1:200; ab211493; Abcam) and β-actin (1:1,000; ab124964; Abcam). The membrane was washed 5 times with TBST for 5 min each wash. Following washing, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (ab6721; Abcam) at 1:5,000 dilution for 1 h at room temperature, then washed with TBST. Western blot analysis was performed according to standard procedures.
Bioinformatics analysis
The University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu/) was employed to identify transcription factor (TF) binding sites, TF partners, histone modification and DNase I hypersensitive sites (indicative of open chromatin) in the uc.457 region.
Statistical analysis
Each experiment was performed at least three times. SPSS version 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. Data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Continuous variables were analyzed by Student's t-tests. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Biological predictions of uc.457
The UCSC database was employed to predict the potential biological functions of uc.457. It was revealed that uc.457 is located at 22q11.21 (chr22: 19395909-19396119) and is 211 bp in length (Fig. 1A). In addition, uc.457 is highly conserved among vertebrates, with identical sequences in humans, rhesus monkeys and mice (Fig. 1B). By analyzing the DNase I footprint, TFs and histone modifications, it was determined that uc.457 contains a binding site for cis-acting elements (Fig. 1C). Uc.457 was also predicted to be regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and GATA-binding factor 1 (GATA1; Fig. 1D). There were numerous histone modifications identified within the chromosomal region of uc.457, including H3K4me1, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, H3K27me3 and H3K36me3 (Fig. 1E).
Uc.457 overexpression suppresses the proliferation of P19 cells
To determine the effects of uc.457 on cardiac development, uc.457 overexpression plasmids and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against uc.457 were generated. Overexpression of uc.457 significantly inhibited the proliferation of P19 cells in a time-dependent manner, with significant decreases in absorbance observed at 48 and 72 h compared with transfection with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-control (pGPU6/GFP/Neo; Fig. 2A and B). Conversely, siRNA-mediated knockdown of uc.457 significantly increased the proliferation of cells compared with the control (Fig. 2C and D).
Uc.457 overexpression inhibits the differentiation of P19 cells
The mRNA expression levels of the cardiomyocyte maturation-associated genes HIRA, NPPA, cTnT and Mef2c were markedly increased over time in differentiating P19 cells, reaching a peak on the 10th day (Fig. 3); however, overexpression of uc.457 notably suppressed. Significant reductions in expression following uc.457 were observed from day 4 for NPPA and cTnT, and day 6 for HIRA and Mef2c compared with the control.
Uc.457 knockdown promotes the differentiation of P19 cells
To further investigate the effects of uc.457 on the differentiation of P19 cells, the mRNA expression levels of HIRA, NPPA, cTnT and Mef2c were determined following knockdown of uc.457. It was revealed that transfection with uc.457 siRNA (si-uc.457) significantly upregulated the expression of HIRA, NPPA and cTnT from 4 days, and Mef2c from 6 days in P19 cells compared with in control siRNA (si-control)-transfected cells (Fig. 4).
Uc.457 regulates the expression of genes associated with cardiomyocyte differentiation
Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expression of HIRA, NPPA, cTnT, and Mef2c increased in a time-dependent manner under conditions of cell differentiation (Fig. 5). Overexpression of uc.457 in P19 cells resulted in a marked downregulation of these proteins, whereas si-uc.457 transfection was associated with upregulated expression.
Discussion
CHD is the most common type of congenital malformation in infants and young children, and is the leading cause of mortality in members of this population with non-infectious diseases (20). Cardiac development involves the migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of various types of cells, including cardiomyocytes, endocardial cells and cardiac neural crest cells (7). The development of CHD involves a precise and complex network of various TFs, cell adhesion molecules and signaling molecules (21,22). A previous study demonstrated that genetic defects are the leading cause of cardiac dysplasia (23); GATA4, homeobox protein NKX2.5 and HAND2 have been identified to be associated with abnormal heart development (24,25). Post-transcriptional regulation also serves an important role in heart development; noncoding RNAs are notably involved in post-transcriptional regulation (26).
It has been demonstrated the important roles of lncRNAs in embryonic and cardiovascular development (27). In the process of stem cell differentiation, LncRNA Bvht stimulates the differentiation of cardiac cells by activating a gene network that promotes the formation of pluripotent cardiac progenitor cells from cardiac mesoderm (15). Furthermore, Bvht interacts with polycomb repressive complex 2, which in turn regulates the differentiation of cell lineages and cardiac formation (28). Additionally, lncRNA TERMINATOR regulates the differentiation state of pluripotent stem cells and regulates the function of the cardiovascular development-associated lncRNA ALIEN, whereas lncRNA PUNISHER attenuates the function of cardiac endothelial cells (29). Grote et al (30) found that the tissue-specific lncRNA Fendrr is an essential regulator of heart and body wall development in the mouse.
Our previous study identified numerous differentially expressed lncRNAs in heart tissues from patients with VSD (16). Subsequent bioinformatics analyses predicted that these lncRNAs were closely associated with cardiac development, apoptosis and proliferation; however, their biological functions were not verified. In the present study, the biological functions of uc.457 were investigated using an in vitro model. Via bioinformatics analysis, it was revealed that uc.457 is highly conserved among vertebrates and contains a binding site for the TFs, STAT (associated with the growth, survival and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes) and GATA1 (associated with cardiac development). In addition, the chromosomal region of uc.457 is enriched with H3K4me1, H3K9ac and H3K27ac histone modifications. Various studies have reported that histone lysine methylation is closely associated with heart development and CHD (31,32). In the present study, P19 cells overexpressing uc.457 exhibited reduced proliferation compared with the control, whereas uc.457 silencing increased proliferation, suggesting that uc.457 may affect cardiac development by regulating cell proliferation.
Additionally, during the differentiation of P19 cells into cardiomyocytes, it was revealed that overexpression of uc.457 downregulated the expression of HIRA, NPPA, cTnT and Mef2c. Song et al (33) reported that lncRNAs and cardiomyogenesis-associated RNAs act synergistically during cardiac differentiation; for example, co-expression of Mef2c and lncRNA uc.167 partially reversed the suppressive effects of lncRNA uc.167 on the proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of P19 cells. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, muscle differentiation 1 sequesters miR-135 to regulate the expression of Mef2c, serving a role in the activation of muscle-specific gene expression (34). As an H3.3 chaperone, HIRA is a negative regulator of histone gene expression (35). It is highly conserved among various species and is differentially expressed during embryonic development; HIRA is important for embryonic survival and physiological development (35). It has been reported that mutations in HIRA prevent the axial rotation of embryos and normal heart looping, leading to CHD (36). HIRA is also located on the long arm of human chromosome 22, specifically at 22q11.2 (37). Therefore, it was considered that uc.457 may affect the differentiation of cardiac precursors into mature cardiomyocytes via an unknown mechanism.
P19 cells are characterized by a single genetic background with a simple method to induce differentiation compared with human embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (15). Additional cell lines such as H9C2 cells and in vivo experiments are required to further determine the roles of uc.457 in cardiac development.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81870167 and 81570209) and the Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation (grant no. Ykk15148).
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during the present study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
QZ performed the majority of the experiments and wrote the manuscript. ZC and ZY analyzed the data. CZ and LQ designed the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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