LncRNA HOTTIP promotes the proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by activating the MEK/ERK pathway

Introduction

Among women, ~2.5% of all malignant tumors are ovarian cancer (OC) (1), but OC accounts for 5% of cancer-associated mortality in female patients; this is due to the low survival rates, which are largely caused by the late-stage diagnosis of OC (2). At present, interval debulking surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for OC, but there remains a lack of methods for screening and early diagnosis of this disease (3). Thus, OC is usually diagnosed at a terminal stage, and it is important to study the mechanisms of OC carcinogenesis for improved diagnosis and treatment.

In the past decade, studies have uncovered the role of lncRNAs in carcinogenesis, suggesting that these genes may be used as promising biomarkers in cancer (4–6). Among them, lncRNA ANRIL is associated with an unfavorable prognosis and aggravates invasion in malignant OC (5), whereas lncRNA homeobox (HOX) A11-antisense suppresses the oncogenic phenotype of epithelial OC (6). Genes of the HOX family act as transcription factors that contribute to embryo and cancer development (7). HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA (HOTTIP) is an lncRNA that locates near chromosome 7p15.2 and transcribes from the 5′ end of the HOXA gene (8). A previous study has revealed that HOTTIP regulates the stem cell characteristics of pancreatic cancer by regulating HOXA9 (9). Upregulation of HOTTIP promotes the invasion of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (10). A previous study has also revealed that HOTTIP is an indicator of OC progression and enhances cell proliferation and invasion (11), but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. However, downregulation of HOTTIP regulates the cell cycle and insulin secretion of islet β cells by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK signaling pathway (12).

The present study hypothesized that HOTTIP may promote ovarian carcinogenesis by activating the MEK/ERK pathway.

Materials and methods

Cell culture

Human OC cell lines including OVCAR3, SKOV3 and human ovarian epithelial cells (HOSEpiC) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere at 37°C with 5% CO2.

Plasmids

HOTTIP short hairpin (sh)RNA (sh-HOTTIP) or negative controls (sh-NC) were obtained from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. A pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used for the construction of the overexpression plasmid pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP. The HOTTIP sequence (RefSeq, NR_037843.3) was purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. and subcloned into the pcDNA3.1 vector; an empty pcDNA 3.1 vector was used as the control.

Cell transfection

OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cells were seeded in 6-well plates at the density of 1×106 cells/well, 2.5 µg sh-HOTTIP or sh-NC was transfected into the cells for shRNA experiments and cells without transfection were used as control. 3.0 µg pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP or empty pcDNA3.1 (vector) was transfected into the cells for overexpression experiments and cells transfected vector were used as control. All the plasmids were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with Opti-MEM medium (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C for 48 h. The medium was replaced by DMEM containing 2% FBS 6 h post transfection at 37°C according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were collected 48 h post-transfection, and HOTTIP expression levels were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q PCR).

RT-qPCR

RNA extraction with TRIzol® (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) from OVCAR3 or SKOV3 cells was carried out according to the manufacturer's protocol. The RNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA at 42°C for 15 min with a cDNA synthesis kit (cat. no. AE341-02; TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. QPCR was performed using a Roche Light-Cycler (Roche Diagnostics) whit a SYBR® Green Reaction mix (Qiagen GmbH) under the following thermocycling conditions: Denaturation at 95°C for 15 sec and annealing at 60°C for 30 sec, extension at 72°C for 30 sec for a total of 40 cycles. The primers used were as follows: HOTTIP forward, 5′-AGCTCTTTTCCCCGACAGTG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CCTTCACCAAGCTCCCTCTG-3′; and β-actin forward, 5′-ATTGCCGACAGGATGCAGAA-3′ and reverse. 5′-GCTGATCCACATCTGCTGGA-3′. Experiments were performed in triplicate, the expression levels of HOTTIP were calculated and normalized to β-actin using the 2−ΔΔCq method (13).

Colony formation assay

OVCAR3 or SKOV3 cells (200 cells/well) were seeded in 6-well plates and cultured in complete DMEM for 14 days at 37°C, culture medium changed regularly. Following washing with PBS, the adherent colonies were fixed in cold 20% methanol at 4°C for 10 min and stained with 1% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) dissolved in methanol for 15 min at room temperature. In some instances, 10 µM U0126 (MedChemExpress) was added 12 h after the transfection to block MEK/ERK pathway selectively. The colonies were rinsed and counted under an inverted light microscope (magnification, ×40).

Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis

An Annexin V-FITC Detection kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was used to detect apoptosis. OVCAR3 or SKOV3 cells grown in 6-cm dishes at the density of 1×106 cells/well were harvested by trypsinization without EDTA and incubated with FITC-labelled Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) according to the manufacturer's instructions. FlowJo version 10 software (FlowJo LLC) was used for analysis. The experiments were performed three times.

Western blotting

OVCAR3 or SKOV3 cells were harvested and lysed with ice cold RIPA buffer (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics), which was used to extract the total protein. The lysates were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C to remove debris and the protein concentration was determined by BCA Kit (Takara Bio, Inc.). Cell lysate containing 20 µg total protein samples was subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore). Following blocking with a BSA (BioFroxx)-TBST solution (1×TBS, 1% Tween-20, 5% w/v BSA) for 1 h at room temperature, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (dilution 1:1,000) overnight at 4°C. The following antibodies were used: Anti-E-Cadherin (cat. no. 14472S), cleaved caspase-3 (cat. no. 9661S), total caspase-3 (cat. no. 9662S), phosphorylated (p-)p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; Erk1/2; Thr202/Tyr204; cat. no. 4370S) and p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2; cat. no. 4695S), p-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 (Ser217/221; cat. no. 9154S), MEK1/2 (cat. no. 9122S), Bcl-2 (cat. no. 4223S) and Bax (cat. no. 14796S) from Cell Signaling Technologies, Inc; Ki67 (SP6; cat. no. GTX20833) from GeneTex, Inc.; proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; cat. no. 10205-2-AP), vimentin (cat. no. 10366-1-AP) and N-cadherin (cat. no. 22018-1-AP) from ProteinTech Group, Inc.; and SNAIL (Sn9H2, cat. no. ab229701) and β-actin (cat. no. ab179467) from Abcam. Primary antibody incubation was followed by incubation with a horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (dilution 1:10,000; cat. no. ab205718, Abcam) at room temperature for 1 h, and the protein blots on the membrane were imaged by chemiluminescence kit (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc). Data were semi-quantified using ImageJ software v1.41 (National institutes of Health).

Cell invasion assay

Cell invasion was determined using Transwell invasion chambers with 8 µm pores (BD Diagnostics) pre-coated with Matrigel overnight at 4°C according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, 1×105 OVCAR3 or SKOV3 cells were transfected, resuspended in 200 µl DMEM without FBS and placed into the upper chamber of the insert with or without 10 µM U0126. Complete DMEM medium plus 10% FBS was used as a chemoattractant in the lower chamber. The cells were incubated at 37°C for 1 day; subsequently, the cells on the back surface of the membrane were fixed with 20% methanol for 30 min at 4°C and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 20 min at room temperature. The number of cells on the surface of the membrane was determined in five random fields of view using an IX71 inverted microscope (Olympus Corporation), and images were captured at ×200 magnification. The experiments were performed three times.

Cell migration assay

OVCAR3 or SKOV3 cells (2×106) with or without transfection and 10 µM U0126 were plated into a 6-well plate and cultured in complete DMEM at 37°C until the cells were grown to confluence. Following a pre-incubation with 10 µg/ml mitomycin C (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 2 h at 37°C, wounds were created in OC cell monolayers with a sterile 200 µl pipette tip, and the medium was aspirated to remove the detached cells. Serum-free medium was added to the 6-well plate, and images of the wound were captured at 0 and 24 h. This experiment was performed three times. The wound area was analyzed in five random fields of view with an IX71 inverted microscope (Olympus Corporation) using AlphaImager 2200 software v3.2 (ProteinSimple).

Statistical analysis

The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) was used for analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Knockdown of HOTTIP inhibits the MEK/ERK pathway in OC cells

To explore the role of HOTTIP in OC progression, HOTTIP expression levels in human ovarian epithelial and OC cells were determined by RT-qPCR. SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells expressed higher levels of HOTTIP compared with HOSEpiC ovarian epithelial cells (Fig. 1A). To investigate the function of HOTTIP in OC cells, HOTTIP was knocked down by shRNA transfection. The expression of HOTTIP was significantly downregulated following transfection with sh-HOTTIP in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells (Fig. 1B). In addition, HOTTIP knockdown reduced the levels of MEK and ERK phosphorylation compared with those in the cells transfected with sh-NC (Fig. 1C and D), which suggested that HOTTIP was involved in the MEK/ERK signaling transduction in human OC cells.

Figure 1. Knockdown of HOTTIP inhibits MEK/ERK signaling in ovarian cancer cells. (A) RT-qPCR analysis of HOTTIP expression levels in human ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OVCAR-3, and the human ovarian surface epithelial cell line HOSEpiC. (B) RT-qPCR analysis of HOTTIP in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells transfected with sh-HOTTIP or sh-NC. (C and D) Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the expression of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway proteins in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following knockdown of HOTTIP. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. HOTTIP, HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA; p-, phosphorylated; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; sh, short hairpin; NC, negative control.

HOTTIP knockdown suppresses OC cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis

The MEK/ERK pathway serves an important role in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, migration and malignant transformation (14). In the present study, HOTTIP knockdown significantly reduced the proliferation of SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells (Fig. 2A and B). Furthermore, HOTTIP silencing promoted OC cell apoptosis as detected by Annexin V/PI staining (Fig. 2C and D). To further investigate the molecular mechanisms by which HOTTIP knockdown affected OC cell proliferation and apoptosis, protein markers of cell proliferation (PCNA and ki67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) were analyzed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that knockdown of HOTTIP significantly reduced PCNA, ki67 and Bcl-2 protein levels, and elevated those of cleaved-caspase 3 and Bax in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells compared with cells transfected with sh-NC (Fig. 2E and F). These results indicated that HOTTIP knockdown suppressed OC cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis.

Figure 2. HOTTIP knockdown affects the proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. (A and B) Colony formation in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with sh-HOTTIP. (C and D) Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric analysis in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells transfected with sh-HOTTIP. (E and F) Western blotting detection of the expression of proliferation factors (PCNA and ki67) and apoptosis-associated proteins (cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2) in transfected SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells, respectively. β-actin was used as internal control. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. HOTTIP, HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA; sh, short hairpin; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; NC, negative control; PI, propidium iodide.

HOTTIP knockdown inhibits OC cell migration, invasion and EMT

Metastasis is a major cause of poor outcomes in patients with cancer; thus, the effects of HOTTIP on metastasis-associated cell behaviors were assessed in vitro using wound healing and Transwell assays. Wound healing assay results demonstrated that knockdown of HOTTIP reduced the migration of OC cells compared with that in cells transfected with sh-NC (Fig. 3A and B). Cancer cell invasion was also reduced by HOTTIP knockdown compared with that in the control shRNA group as detected by the Transwell assay (Fig. 3C and D). These results demonstrated that HOTTIP may exert an oncogenic role in OC by facilitating cell migration and invasion.

Figure 3. Knockdown of HOTTIP suppresses the migration, invasion and EMT of ovarian cancer cells. (A and B) Wound healing assay was conducted to determine the cell migration in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells transfected with sh-HOTTIP. Scale bar=100 µm. (C and D) SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells were transfected with sh-HOTTIP, and cell invasive ability was demonstrated using a Transwell invasion assay. Scale bar=100 µm. (E and F) Differences among EMT marker expression in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells transfected with sh-HOTTIP were detected by western blotting. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. HOTTIP, HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; sh, short hairpin; NC, negative control.

EMT is associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis (15). Epithelial tumors become more aggressive during EMT, which is associated with the upregulation of mesenchymal protein markers, including vimentin and N-cadherin, and the downregulation of epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin (16). In the present study, HOTTIP knockdown notably elevated E-cadherin and reduced N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail expression in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells compared with that in cells transfected with sh-NC (Fig. 3E and F). These results suggested that HOTTIP may promote the migration and invasion of OC cells via EMT.

MEK/ERK pathway is involved in the HOTTIP-induced proliferation of OC cells

HOTTIP serves crucial roles in OC cell proliferation and apoptosis (11), and HOTTIP knockdown significantly affected MEK and ERK phosphorylation in OC cells. To further confirm that HOTTIP regulated OC cell proliferation and apoptosis through the MEK/ERK pathway, SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP and treated with the MEK1/2-specific inhibitor U0126 simultaneously. The mRNA expression level of HOTTIP was increased following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells compared with that in cells transfected with an empty vector (Fig. 4A). HOTTIP overexpression promoted OC cell colony formation, which was reversed by U0126 (Fig. 4B and C). In addition, the apoptotic rate of OC cells was decreased when HOTTIP was overexpressed and elevated in the presence of U0126 compared with the HOTTIP group, as demonstrated by Annexin V/PI staining (Fig. 4D and E). Additionally, when HOTTIP was overexpressed, the phosphorylation levels of MEK and ERK were increased, the protein levels of PCNA, ki67 and Bcl-2 were upregulated, and the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax were downregulated in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells compared with those in the cells transfected with an empty vector (Fig. 4F and G). U0126 inhibited the HOTTIP-induced MEK and ERK phosphorylation and PCNA, ki67 and Bcl-2 expression, and decreased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax in HOTTIP-overexpressing OC cells. These results suggested that the MEK/ERK pathway was associated with HOTTIP-induced OC cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Figure 4. MEK/ERK pathway is involved in the HOTTIP-induced proliferation of ovarian carcinoma cells. (A) HOTTIP expression levels in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP or vector were measured by RT-qPCR. (B and C) Colony formation of SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP and treatment with 10 µM U0126 simultaneously. (D and E) Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP and treatment with 10 µM U0126. (F and G) Western blotting analysis of the expression of proliferation factors (PCNA and ki67) and apoptosis-associated proteins (cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2) in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP and treatment with 10 µM U0126. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; HOTTIP, HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; p-, phosphorylated; PI, propidium iodide.

MEK/ERK pathway participates in the HOTTIP-induced invasion and migration of OC cells

As HOTTIP serves important roles in OC migration and EMT (10–11), the present study further investigated whether the MEK/ERK signaling pathway was involved in the HOTTIP-mediated OC cell migration and EMT. Overexpression of HOTTIP promoted the migration and invasion of OC cells compared with those of cells transfected with the empty vector, which was demonstrated by the wound healing (Fig. 5A and B) and Transwell (Fig. 5C and D) assays. As presented in Fig. 5A-D, the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 significantly inhibited the HOTTIP-induced OC cell migration and invasion, which suggested that the MEK/ERK pathway served a role in HOTTIP-regulated OC cell migration. HOTTIP overexpression downregulated the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and upregulated the expression of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells compared with those in vector-transfected cells; however, HOTTIP-induced OC cell EMT was significantly reversed by U0126 (Fig. 5E and F). These results suggested that HOTTIP promoted OC cell EMT via a mechanism involving the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

Figure 5. MEK/ERK pathway is involved in the HOTTIP-induced ovarian carcinoma cell invasion and migration. (A and B) Wound healing assays of SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP and treatment with 10 µM U0126. (C and D) Transwell invasion assay of SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP and treatment with 10 µM U0126. (E and F) Differences among epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression in SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-HOTTIP and treatment with 10 µM U0126 detected by western blotting. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; HOTTIP, HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA.

Discussion

OC is a serious threat to female health. Previous studies have demonstrated that a number of lncRNAs are involved in the development of OC (17–19), including lncRNA HOTTIP, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The results of the present study revealed that HOTTIP may be important for OC proliferation and invasion, and that the cancer-promoting features of HOTTIP could be reversed by MEK1/2 inhibitor; this suggested that HOTTIP may promote the proliferation and invasion of OC cells by activating the MEK/ERK pathway.

The function of lncRNA HOTTIP has been investigated in multiple types of cancer, including esophageal squamous cell (10) and thyroid (20) carcinoma, colorectal (21) and nasopharyngeal (22) cancer cells. The majority of studies conclude that HOTTIP serves oncogenic roles (10,20–22). The AKT survival pathway is upregulated by HOTTIP in various types of cancer cells, including mammary (23), endometrial (24) and renal (25) cancer cells. In addition to cancer cells, HOTTIP has been identified to regulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration (26). A recent study has suggested that HOTTIP is an indicator of OC prognosis and facilitates OC cell proliferation and invasion (11), but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that HOTTIP knockdown inhibited, whereas HOTTIP overexpression promoted MEK and ERK phosphorylation in OC cells compared with that in the respective negative control groups. The MEK/ERK pathway regulates a number of important cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration (27). Previous studies have demonstrated that over-activation of MEK/ERK signaling is involved in the oncogenesis of human cancers, which makes it an appealing target for anticancer therapeutics (28–31). The MEK/ERK pathway serves important roles in regulating gastric cancer (29), retinoblastoma (30) and pancreatic cancer (31) oncogenesis. A recent study has also revealed that the MEK/ERK cascade may be a promising target to inhibit human OC cells via inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (32). The present study identified that HOTTIP was involved in the regulation of OC cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion. The OC-promoting properties of HOTTIP were reversed by a specific inhibitor of MEK1/2, which suggested that HOTTIP promoted the proliferation and invasion of OC cells by activating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

Although a number of studies have revealed the important role of lncRNAs in regulating different physiological and pathological processes, the underlying mechanisms are mostly uncharacterized (33). The sponge or decoy function of lncRNA on micro (mi)RNAs has been revealed (34). The results of the present study suggested that lncRNA HOTTIP promoted OC via the MEK/ERK pathway; however, no evidence was observed to identify whether HOTTIP directly phosphorylated MEK or ERK. A recent study has demonstrated that miRNA-145 inhibits the MEK/ERK pathway by directly regulating ERK1/2 expression (35). miRNA-30a also suppresses MEK/ERK signaling by targeting K-Ras mRNA (36). HOTTIP may regulate the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway indirectly by interacting with other mRNA or miRNAs; the specific regulatory mechanism of lncRNA HOTTIP on MEK/ERK signaling transduction in OC needs to be further investigated.

Tumor cells may be transformed into cancer stem cell-like cells through EMT and lead to radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance, angiogenesis and distant metastasis, which lead to the poor prognosis of tumors (37). EMT is accompanied by upregulation of mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin and vimentin, and downregulation of epithelial markers, including E-cadherin, and is expected to be an important target in cancer treatment (16). The results of the present study identified that the levels of the mesenchymal protein markers were downregulated by HOTTIP knockdown and upregulated by HOTTIP overexpression, whereas those of the epithelial protein marker E-cadherin were upregulated by HOTTIP knockdown and downregulated by HOTTIP overexpression. These results suggested that HOTTIP may promote the migration and invasion of OC cells via EMT. In addition, the HOTTIP-promoted changes in EMT marker expression in OC cells were reversed by U0126, which suggested that HOTTIP promoted OC cell EMT via a mechanism involving the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

In conclusion, HOTTIP promoted the proliferation, invasion and EMT of OC cells by activating the MEK/ERK pathway. These results indicated that HOTTIP and the MEK/ERK pathway axis may contribute to OC tumorigenesis and metastasis, and that they may be potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of OC.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by Shaoguan Science and Technology Planning Project in 2019 (grant no. 2019sn011).

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Authors' contributions

JL and ZL conceived and designed the present study. JL and HH provided administrative support. YL and ZL provided study materials. YL performed literature research and analyzed literature suitability. FL and LZ performed the experiments. JL, ZL and HH performed data analysis and interpretation. All authors wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References