Open Access

CUL4A regulates endometrial cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6

  • Authors:
    • Xiangrong Wang
    • Tianquan Chen
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: November 3, 2020     https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11661
  • Article Number: 23
  • Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common malignant gynecological tumor arising from the endometrium, with an annually increasing morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the functions of cullin 4A (CUL4A) in EC, as well as the underlying mechanisms. CUL4A expression was assessed in several human EC cells and normal human endometrial epithelial cells (hEECs) via reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Subsequently, short hairpin (sh)RNA‑CULA4 was transfected into cells, and cell proliferation, invasion and migration were detected using Cell Counting kit‑8, Transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. The STRING database identified that CSN6 interacted with CULA4, and immunoprecipitation was performed to verify the interaction. Subsequently, following CUL4A knockdown, pcDNA3.1‑CSN6 was transfected into cells and its effects on cell proliferation, invasion and migration were assessed. The expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2, MMP9 and p53 were evaluated via western blotting. The results indicated that CUL4A was highly expressed in EC cells, compared with hEECs. CULA4‑knockdown notably inhibited EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. The expression levels of MMP2 and MMP9 were significantly decreased, while p53 expression was enhanced following CUL4A‑knockdown. The immunoprecipitation assay verified that COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6) interacted with CULA4. Furthermore, CSN6‑overexpression alleviated the inhibitory effects of CUL4A‑knockdown on EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Similarly, CSN6 overexpression reversed CUL4A‑knockdown‑mediated effects on the expression of MMP2, MMP9 and p53. In summary, the results demonstrated that CUL4A regulated EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6.

Introduction

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common malignant gynecological tumor arising from the endometrium and is the fourth most common cause of cancer among females (13). It currently accounts for ~50% of newly diagnosed gynecological malignancies (4). The morbidity and mortality of EC are increasing year by year, which negatively affects the health of females worldwide (5,6). Although significant advances in therapeutic strategies have been achieved, including hormonal agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy, which contribute towards improvements in the survival rates of patients with EC, the prognosis of patients with EC remains poor (7,8). Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of EC is important to identify preventative and therapeutic strategies for EC.

Cullin 4A (CUL4A), a member of the cullin family, acts as a scaffold protein to bind DNA damage-binding protein 1 and subsequently form a ubiquitin ligase E3 complex to mediate the degradation of numerous substrates (9,10). Therefore, CUL4A mediates multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, DNA replication, apoptosis and hematopoiesis (11,12). Emerging evidence supports that CUL4A is responsible for the regulation of certain tumor suppressor genes, including p53 and p27 (13,14). Increasing evidence suggests that CUL4A expression was highly upregulated in a variety of different types of human cancer, including non-small cell lung, colorectal, ovarian and breast cancer, which promoted tumor cell proliferation, invasion and migration (1518). However, the biological functions of CUL4A in EC are not completely understood.

In the present study, the expression of CUL4A in several EC cell lines and human endometrial epithelial cells (hEECs), as well as the potential underlying mechanisms, were examined. The results indicated that CUL4A regulated EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6), which provided a theoretical basis and potential therapeutic strategy for EC.

Materials and methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database analysis

Human RNA-sequencing data from uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) projects, which included 546 patients with EC and 35 normal tissues were obtained from TCGA analysis in UALCAN database (ualcan.path.uab.edu/). Student's t-test was used to determine statistical significance of CUL4A expression between normal and tumor samples.

Cell culture

Several human endometrial cancer cell lines (Ishikawa, KLE, RL95-2 and AN3CA) and a normal human endometrial epithelial cell line (hEECs) were obtained from Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences (Shanghai, China. Cells were cultured in DMEM (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C with 5% CO2.

Cell transfection

The short hairpin (sh) RNAs targeted against CUL4A (shRNA-CUL4A-1 and shRNA-CUL4A-2) and a negative control (NC) scrambled shRNA (shRNA-NC) were provided by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.). In addition, a CSN6-overexpression plasmid (pcDNA-CSN6) and its empty vector (pcDNA-NC) were purchased from of Shanghai Integrated Biotech Solutions Co., Ltd. Cells were plated into 6-well plates (1×106 cells/well) overnight. Subsequently, cells were transfected using Lipofectamine® 3000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). At 24 h post-transfection, transfection efficiency was assessed via western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay

Cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 kit (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), according to the manufacturer's protocol. In brief, transfected RL95-2 cells were cultured on a 96-well plate and incubated for 24, 48 or 72 h at 37°C. Subsequently, 10 µl CCK-8 solution (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) was added to each well. Following incubation for 2 h at 37°C, the optical density at a wavelength of 450 nm was detected using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).

Transwell invasion assay

A Transwell invasion assay was conducted using 8-µm Transwell chambers (Corning Inc.) coated with diluted BD Matrigel (BD Biosciences) overnight at 37°C. In brief, 2×105 cells were cultured in the upper chamber with serum-free DMEM, and medium containing 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was plated in the lower chamber. Following incubation for 24 h at 37°C, cells on the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with methanol for 20 min at 37°C and stained with crystal violet for 30 min at 37°C. The number of invaded cells was counted and images were captured using an inverted light microscope (magnification, ×200).

Wound healing assay

Cell migration was assessed by conducting a wound healing assay. Cells were plated onto 6-well plates and cultured overnight at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere. At 80% confluence, a linear wound was gently created in the cell monolayer using a pipette tip and the cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Cells were incubated in FBS-free DMEM for 48 h at 37°C. Migratory cells were observed using an IX711 phase contrast microscope (Olympus Corporation) at 0 and 48 h (magnification, ×200).

Co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assay

For co-IP assays, RL95-2 cells were washed in 2 ml PBS (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and centrifuged at 850 × g at room temperature for 5 min to collect the cells. Then, cells were lysed in lysis buffer for IP (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Lysates were incubated with 1 µg antibodies against CUL4A (1:1,000; cat. no. 2699T; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), CSN6 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-393023; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and control lgG (1:1,000; cat. no. 3900S; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc) plus Protein A/G beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) at 4°C for 2 h. After washing the beads with PBS (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) three times, immunoprecipitates were analyzed via western blotting.

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was isolated from cells using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using a Reverse Transcription kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Subsequently, qPCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) and an ABI 7500 system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The following thermocycling conditions were used: Pre denaturation at 95°C for 10 min, then 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 sec and annealing at 60°C for 1 min. The following primer sequences were used: CUL4A, forward, 5′-AAGAGCAGGCAACAAAGAAGCCAC-3′ and reverse 5′-TTGGCCAGTAGCCCATTGTGAGTA-3′; CSN6, forward, 5′-TCATCGAGAGCCCCCTCTTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-CCAATGCGTTCCGCTTCCT-3′; and GAPDH, forward, 5′-GAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCG-3′ and reverse, 5′-TTGATTTTGGAGGGATCTCG-3′. Relative expression was quantified using the 2−ΔΔCq method and normalized to the internal reference gene GAPDH (19).

Western blotting

Total protein was extracted using RIPA buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Total protein was quantified using a BCA kit. Subsequently, equal amounts of protein (40 µg/lane) were separated via 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto polyvinylidene membranes (EMD Millipore; Merck KGaA), which were blocked with 5% skimmed fat milk overnight at 4°C. The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies. Following primary incubation, the membranes were incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:3,000; cat. no. 7074S; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at room temperature for 1.5 h. Proteins were visualized using Image Quant LAS 4000 (Cytiva) and scanned using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health) with GAPDH as the loading control. Anti-CUL4A (cat. no. 2699T), anti-matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2 (cat. no. 40994S), anti-MMP9 (cat. no. 13667T), anti-p53 (cat. no. 2527T) and anti-GAPDH (cat. no. 5174T) antibodies (all 1:1,000) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.

Statistical analysis

All experiments were repeated three times independently. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 19.0; IBM Corp.) and GraphPad Prism (version 6; GraphPad Software, Inc.) software. Comparisons between two groups were analyzed using the unpaired Student's t-test. Comparisons among multiple groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

CUL4A is highly expressed in EC tissues and cells

To investigate the functions of CUL4A in EC, TCGA database was used to analyze the level of CUL4A in EC tumor tissues (n=546) and adjacent non-tumor tissues (n=35). As presented in Fig. 1A, the expression level of CUL4A was increased in EC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues. Next, Ishikawa, KLE, RL95-2 and AN3CA EC cell lines, as well as one normal human endometrial epithelial cell line (hEECs) were employed to determine the level of CUL4A via RT-qPCR and western blotting. The mRNA and protein expression of CUL4A was markedly upregulated in EC cell lines, compared with hEECs (Fig. 1B and C). The expression of CUL4A was highest in RL95-2 cells; therefore, RL95-2 cells were selected for subsequent experiments.

CUL4A-knockdown inhibits EC proliferation, invasion and migration

The effects of CUL4A on the functions of EC cells were investigated in the present study. To begin with, RL95-2 cells were transfected with shRNA-CUL4A-1 or shRNA-CUL4A-2. The levels of CUL4A were significantly decreased following transfection with shRNA-CUL4A, compared with shRNA-NC (Fig. 1D and E). shRNA-CUL4A-1 induced lower expression levels of CUL4A, compared with shRNA-CUL4A-2, and was used for subsequent experiments. The CCK-8 assay indicated that CUL4A-knockdown inhibited RL95-2 cell proliferation, compared with shRNA-NC (Fig. 2A). In addition, RL95-2 cell invasion and migration were markedly suppressed by shRNA-CUL4A-1, compared with shRNA-NC (Fig. 2B-E). Furthermore, western blotting was performed to detect the expression of migration-related proteins MMP2 and MMP9. CUL4A-knockdown decreased the expression of MMP2 and MMP9, compared with shRNA-NC (Fig. 3A). The results demonstrated that CUL4A-knockdown inhibited EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration.

CUL4A-knockdown promotes the expression of p53

Western blotting was performed to assess the effect of CUL4A-knockdown on the expression of p53, a tumor suppressor gene regulated by CUL4A. shRNA-CUL4A transfection notably upregulated p53 protein expression, compared with shRNA-NC (Fig. 3B). The results indicated that CUL4A-knockdown increased p53 expression.

CSN6 interacted with CUL4A

To further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CUL4A-mediated EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration, the STRING database was applied to detect the potential proteins interacting with CULA4. The results indicated that CSN6 interacted with CULA4 (Fig. 4A). CSN6 is a pivotal subunit of the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN). To further verify the interaction between CUL4A and CSN6, a Co-IP assay was performed. The results indicated that there was a strong interaction between CUL4A and CSN6 (Fig. 4B). Taken together, these results indicated that CSN6 interacted with CUL4A in RL95-2 cells.

CSN6-overexpression attenuates the inhibitory effects of CUL4A-knockdown on EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration

The expression of CSN6 in EC cell lines was evaluated via RT-qPCR and western blotting. The level of CSN6 was markedly increased in EC cell lines, compared with hEECs (Fig. 5A and B). Subsequently, a CSN6-overexpression plasmid was transfected into cells, which notably increased CSN6 expression, compared with pcDNA-NC (Fig. 5C). Subsequently, the effects of CSN6-overexpression on CUL4A-knockdown RL95-2 cell proliferation, invasion and migration were detected. CSN6-overexpression relieved the inhibitory effects of CUL4A-knockdown on RL95-2 cell proliferation (Fig. 6A). Furthermore, CSN6-overexpression increased cell invasion (Fig. 6B and C) and migration (Fig. 6D and E) in CUL4A-knockdown RL95-2 cells. The expression levels of MMP2 and MMP9 presented the same trend as aforementioned (Fig. 7A). Taken together, these results indicated that CSN6-overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effects of CUL4A knockdown on EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration.

CSN6-overexpression downregulates the expression of p53, compared with CUL4A-knockdown alone

To further clarify the regulatory mechanisms underlying CUL4A in EC, the effects of CSN6-overexpression on p53 expression were examined via RT-qPCR and western blotting. As shown in Fig. 7B, CSN6-overexpression decreased the expression levels of p53 protein in CUL4A-knockdown RL95-2 cells. The results indicated that CUL4A regulated the expression of p53 by interacting with CSN6.

Discussion

As one of the most common gynecological malignancies worldwide, the morbidity and mortality of EC are increasing. Although a number of studies have suggested that diverse aberrantly expressed genes in EC may aggravate malignant behavior (20,21), the mechanism underlying the progression and metastasis of EC requires further investigation. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to investigate the expression status, functions and molecular mechanisms underlying CUL4A in EC. The results indicated that CUL4A regulated EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6, which provided a theoretical basis and potential therapeutic target for the treatment of EC.

Increasing evidence has indicated that the expression of CUL4A is markedly increased in a variety of types of human cancer, and may serve as a potential oncogene (17,22). For example, CUL4A was overexpressed in the tissues of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and CUL4A-knockdown suppressed lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis (23). CUL4A inhibition also restrained the progression of breast cancer (24). Additionally, CUL4A is highly expressed in ovarian cancer and functions as an oncogene (25). However, the functions of procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3 in EC have not been reported and require further investigation. Increasing evidence has suggested that uncontrolled proliferation, invasion and migration are dominant features of cancer cells, which exert crucial effects in the development process of human cancer (26,27). In the present study, notably upregulated CUL4A expression was observed in EC cells, and CUL4A-knockdown refrained EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration, which was consistent with previous studies (28,29). Taken together, these results indicated that CUL4A-knockdown serves protective roles in EC.

CUL4A participates in the proteolysis of p53, and CUL4A depletion results from an accumulation of p53 (13). p53 is a tumor suppressor gene, which is involved in the growth and metastasis of various types of cancer (3032). CSN6, a pivotal subunit of the constitutive COP9 CSN, is notably upregulated in a number of different types of human cancer (33,34). Previous studies have highlighted the importance of CSN6 as a regulator of the degradation of cancer-related protein p53 (35,36). In the present study, the STRING database identified that CSN6 interacted with CULA4, and the Co-IP assay verified this interaction. The expression of CSN6 was significantly enhanced in EC cells, and CSN6 overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effects of CUL4A-knockdown on EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Furthermore, CSN6 overexpression markedly reduced p53 expression in CUL4A-knockdown EC cells. The results suggested that CUL4A interacted with CSN6 and further modulated p53 expression.

In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to investigate the pivotal roles of CUL4A in the functions of EC cells. CUL4A regulated EC cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6 and further modulating p53 expression. The results also suggested that CUL4A may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of EC, which provides an innovative perspective for the clinical therapy of EC. However, the usage of only one EC cell line, lack of pull down experiment using the purified CUL4 and CSN6 proteins and the addition of EtBr to the co-IP are limitations of the present study, a comprehensive analysis resolving these issues is required in the future.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XW searched the literature, designed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. XW and TC performed the experiments. TC revised the manuscript. All authors read and approval the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

1 

Di Tucci C, Capone C, Galati G, Iacobelli V, Schiavi MC, Di Donato V, Muzii L and Panici PB: Immunotherapy in endometrial cancer: New scenarios on the horizon. J Gynecol Oncol. 30:e462019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Shu S, Liu X, Xu M, Gao X, Fan J, Liu H and Li R: MicroRNA-424 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition of endometrial carcinoma by directly targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. J Cell Biochem. 2018.(Epub ahead of print).

3 

Sun P, Mao X, Gao M, Huang MM, Chen LL, Ruan GY, Huang WY, Braicu EI and Sehouli J: Novel endocrine therapeutic strategy in endometrial carcinoma targeting estrogen-related receptor b by XCT790 and siRNA. Cancer Manag Res. 10:2521–2535. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Bendifallah S, Ballester M and Darai E: Endometrial cancer: Predictive models and clinical impact. Bull Cancer. 104:1022–1031. 2017.(in French). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin. 68:7–30. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Tran AQ and Gehrig P: Recent advances in endometrial cancer. F1000Res. 6:812017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Wright JD, Burke WM, Wilde ET, Lewin SN, Charles AS, Kim JH, Goldman N, Neugut AI, Herzog TJ and Hershman DL: Comparative effectiveness of robotic versus laparoscopic hysterectomy for endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 30:783–791. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Zhong W, Feng H, Santiago FE and Kipreos ET: CUL-4 ubiquitin ligase maintains genome stability by restraining DNA-replication licensing. Nature. 423:885–889. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Higa LA, Wu M, Ye T, Kobayashi R, Sun H and Zhang H: CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase interacts with multiple WD40-repeat proteins and regulates histone methylation. Nat Cell Biol. 8:1277–1283. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Sharma P and Nag A: CUL4A ubiquitin ligase: A promising drug target for cancer and other human diseases. Open Biol. 4:1302172014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Jin X, Ma YC, Zhu WY and Fan L: CUL4A expression is associated with tumor stage and prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore). 98:e180362019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Nag A, Bagchi S and Raychaudhuri P: Cul4A physically associates with MDM2 and participates in the proteolysis of p53. Cancer Res. 64:8152–8155. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Li B, Jia N, Kapur R and Chun KT: Cul4A targets p27 for degradation and regulates proliferation, cell cycle exit, and differentiation during erythropoiesis. Blood. 107:4291–4299. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Bian WG, Zhou XN, Song S, Chen HT, Shen Y and Chen P: Reduced miR-363-3p expression in non-small cell lung cancer is associated with gemcitabine resistance via targeting of CUL4A. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 23:649–659. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Sui XM, Zhou H, Zhu L, Wang DQ, Fan SM and Zhao W: CUL4A promotes proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by regulating H3K4 trimethylation in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. OncoTargets Ther. 10:735–743. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Han XN, Fang ZL, Wang H, Jiao RF, Zhou J and Fang N: CUL4A functions as an oncogene in ovarian cancer and is directly regulated by miR-494. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 480:675–681. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Wang YS, Liu XY, Zheng H, Wang Q, An L and Wei GW: Suppression of CUL4A attenuates TGF-β 1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 40:1114–1124. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Cai L, Wang H and Yang Q: CRKL overexpression promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in endometrial carcinoma. Oncol Lett. 13:51–56. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Lin QY, Chen H, Zhang MF, Xiong HZ and Jiang QP: Knocking down FAM83B inhibits endometrial cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by silencing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 115:1089392019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Zhang TJ, Xue D, Zhang CD, Zhang ZD, Liu QR and Wang JQ: Cullin 4A is associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition and poor prognosis in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 23:2318–2329. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hung MS, Chen YC, Lin PY, Li YC, Hsu CC, Lung JH, You L, Xu Z, Mao JH, Jablons DM and Yang CT: Cul4A modulates invasion and metastasis of lung cancer through regulation of ANXA10. Cancers (Basel). 11:6182019. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Wang YS, Liu XY, Zheng H, Wang Q, An L and Wei GW: [Corrigendum] Suppression of CUL4A attenuates TGF-β 1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 40:16112017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Yu RF, Cai LM, Chi YG, Ding XC and Wu XQ: miR-377 targets CUL4A and regulates metastatic capability in ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Med. 41:3147–3156. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Liu Z, He W, Gao J, Luo J, Huang X and Gao C: Computational prediction and experimental validation of a novel synthesized pan-PIM inhibitor PI003 and its apoptosis-inducing mechanisms in cervical cancer. Oncotarget. 6:8019–8035. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Xie PM, Wang XL, Kong M, Bai XY and Jiang T: TRAF4 promotes endometrial cancer cell growth and migration by activation of PI3K/AKT/Oct4 signaling. Exp Mol Pathol. 108:9–16. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Gong Y, Xiang XJ, Feng M, Chen J, Fang ZL and Xiong JP: CUL4A promotes cell invasion in gastric cancer by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Biologics. 11:45–53. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Xu YY, Wang YS, Ma GX, Wang Q and Wei GW: CUL4A is overexpressed in human pituitary adenomas and regulates pituitary tumor cell proliferation. J Neurooncol. 116:625–632. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Zhao ZH, Wang WW, Niu LH, Zhang JY and Jiang GZ: p53-induced long non-coding RNA PGM5-AS1 inhibits the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through regulating miR-466/PTEN axis. IUBMB Life. 71:1492–1502. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Zhao J, Chen HQ, Yang HF, Li Y, Chen DJ, Huang YJ, He LX, Zheng CF, Wang LQ, Wang J, et al: Epigenetic silencing of ALX4 regulates microcystin-LR induced hepatocellular carcinoma through the P53 pathway. Sci Total Environ. 683:317–330. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

De U, Son JY, Sachan R, Park YJ, Kang D, Yoon K, Lee BM, Kim IS, Moon HR and Kim HS: A new synthetic histone deacetylase inhibitor, MHY2256, induces apoptosis and autophagy cell death in endometrial cancer cells via p53 acetylation. Int J Mol Sci. 19:27432018. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Jhan JH, Lee YC, Li WM, Chang LL, Hsu WC, Lin HH, Liang PI, Hsu YL, Wu WJ, Lee HY, et al: The prognostic value of CSN6 expression in upper tract urothelial carcinomas. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 35:559–565. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Du WQ, Liu ZX, Zhu WT, Li TT, Zhu Z, Wei L, Song J and Pei DS: CSN6 promotes tumorigenesis of gastric cancer by ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of p16INK4a. Cancer Biol Med. 16:514–529. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hou J, Deng Q, Zhou J, Zou J, Zhang Y, Tan P, Zhang W and Cui H: CSN6 controls the proliferation and metastasis of glioblastoma by CHIP-mediated degradation of EGFR. Oncogene. 36:1134–1144. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Wang WQ, Tang M, Zhang L, Xu X, Qi X, Yang Y, Jin F and Chen B: Clinical implications of CSN6 protein expression and correlation with mutant-type P53 protein in breast cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 43:1170–1176. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

January-2021
Volume 23 Issue 1

Print ISSN: 1791-2997
Online ISSN:1791-3004

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang X and Wang X: CUL4A regulates endometrial cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6. Mol Med Rep 23: 23, 2021
APA
Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2021). CUL4A regulates endometrial cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6. Molecular Medicine Reports, 23, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11661
MLA
Wang, X., Chen, T."CUL4A regulates endometrial cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6". Molecular Medicine Reports 23.1 (2021): 23.
Chicago
Wang, X., Chen, T."CUL4A regulates endometrial cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration by interacting with CSN6". Molecular Medicine Reports 23, no. 1 (2021): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11661