Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2024 Volume 29 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2024 Volume 29 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells

  • Authors:
    • Shu-Chi Cho
    • Shyh-Yu Shaw
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C.
    Copyright: © Cho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 26
    |
    Published online on: December 14, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2023.13149
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Tea (Camellia sinensis) seed cake is a potential resource that contains a wealth of bioactive compounds. However, the high toxicity of tea saponins in tea seed cake restricts its applications. The present study aimed to i) develop a method of extracting bioactive compounds and reducing tea saponins during the process of tea seed cake extraction and ii) investigate the anti‑insulin resistance effect of tea seed saponin‑reduced extract (TSSRE) in a palmitic acid (PA)‑induced insulin resistance HepG2‑cell model. The concentration of tea saponins in TSSRE was ~10‑fold lower than that in tea seed crude extract (TSCE) after the saponin‑reduction process. In addition, TSSRE cytotoxicity was significantly lower than that of TSCE in HepG2 cells. TSSRE treatment improved glucose consumption as well as glucose transporter (GLUT) 2 and GLUT4 expression levels in PA‑stimulated HepG2 cells. Moreover, TSSRE enhanced the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate 1/protein kinase B/forkhead box protein O1/glycogen synthase kinase 3β and inhibited the elevated expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in PA‑exposed HepG2 cells. The effect of TSSRE on the mediation of the insulin signaling pathway was attributed to the inhibition of PA‑induced mitogen‑activated protein kinase activation. The findings of the present study indicated that TSSRE ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by ameliorating insulin signaling and inhibiting inflammation-related pathways.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Barquilla García A: Brief update on diabetes for general practitioners. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 19:57–65. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ashcroft FM and Rorsman P: Diabetes mellitus and the β cell: The last ten years. Cell. 148:1160–1171. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Chatterjee S, Khunti K and Davies MJ: Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 389:2239–2251. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Xin Y and Wang Y, Chi J, Zhu X, Zhao H, Zhao S and Wang Y: Elevated free fatty acid level is associated with insulin-resistant state in nondiabetic Chinese people. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 12:139–147. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Honka MJ, Latva-Rasku A, Bucci M, Virtanen KA, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK and Nuutila P: Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver: A positron emission tomography study. Eur J Endocrinol. 178:523–531. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Aldhoon-Hainerová I, Zamrazilová H, Dušátková L, Sedláčková B, Hlavatý P, Hill M, Hampl R, Kunešová M and Hainer V: Glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance: Prevalence, gender differences and predictors in adolescents. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 6:1002014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Boden G: 45Obesity, insulin resistance and free fatty acids. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 18:139–143. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Šrámek J, Němcová-Fürstová V and Kovář J: Kinase signaling in apoptosis induced by saturated fatty acids in pancreatic β-cells. Int J Mol Sci. 17:14002016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Lawan A and Bennett AM: Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation in hepatic metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 28:868–878. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Shin J, Fukuhara A, Onodera T, Kita S, Yokoyama C, Otsuki M and Shimomura I: SDF-1 is an autocrine insulin-desensitizing factor in adipocytes. Diabetes. 67:1068–1078. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Bengal E, Aviram S and Hayek T: p38 MAPK in glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle: Beneficial or harmful? Int J Mol Sci. 21:64802020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Feng J, Lu S, Ou B, Liu Q, Dai J, Ji C, Zhou H, Huang H and Ma Y: The role of JNk signaling pathway in obesity-driven insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 13:1399–1406. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Cross DA, Alessi DR, Cohen P, Andjelkovich M and Hemmings BA: Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature. 378:785–789. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Taniguchi CM, Emanuelli B and Kahn CR: Critical nodes in signalling pathways: Insights into insulin action. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 7:85–96. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Guo S: Molecular basis of insulin resistance: The role of IRS and Foxo1 in the control of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 10:e27–e33. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Yūko K: The spread of tea from Taiwan and the Chinese distribution network in colonial java. Mem Res Dep Toyo Bunko. 77:39–64. 2019.

17 

Aboulwafa MM, Youssef FS, Gad HA, Altyar AE, Al-Azizi MM and Ashour ML: A comprehensive insight on the health benefits and phytoconstituents of Camellia sinensis and recent approaches for its quality control. Antioxidants (Basel). 8:4552019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Zeng W and Endo Y: Lipid characteristics of camellia seed oil. J Oleo Sci. 68:649–658. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Shen J, Zhang Z, Tian B and Hua Y: Lipophilic phenols partially explain differences in the antioxidant activity of subfractions from methanol extract of camellia oil. Eur Food Res Technol. 235:1071–1082. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Park JS, Yeom MH, Park WS, Joo KM, Rho HS, Kim DH and Chang IS: Enzymatic hydrolysis of green tea seed extract and its activity on 5alpha-reductase inhibition. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 70:387–394. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Yeh TM, Chang CD, Liu SS, Chang CI and Shih WL: Tea seed kaempferol triglycoside attenuates LPS-induced systemic inflammation and ameliorates cognitive impairments in a mouse model. Molecules. 27:20552022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Chen FC, Shen KP, Ke LY, Lin HL, Wu CC and Shaw SY: Flavonoids from Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze seed ameliorates TNF-α induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Saudi Pharm J. 27:507–516. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Fu G, Chen K, Wang J, Wang M, Li R, Wu X, Wu C, Zhang P, Liu C and Wan Y: Screening of tea saponin-degrading strain to degrade the residual tea saponin in tea seed cake. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 50:697–707. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Chaicharoenpong C: Tea (Camellia oleifera) seeds: Use of tea seeds in human health. Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. Elsevier; pp. 299–313. 2020, View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Ohta T, Nakamura S, Matsumoto T, Nakashima S, Ogawa K, Matsumoto T, Fukaya M, Yoshikawa M and Matsuda H: Chemical structure of an acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycoside and anti-inflammatory constituents from the flower buds of Camellia sinensis. Nat Prod Commun. 12:1193–1196. 2017.

26 

Fan L, He Y, Xu Y, Li P, Zhang J and Zhao J: Triterpenoid saponins in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants: Biosynthetic gene expression, content variations, chemical identification and cytotoxicity. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 72:308–323. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Diwan F, Abdel Hassan I and Mohammed S: Effect of saponin on mortality and histopathological changes in mice. East Mediterr Health J. 6:345–351. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Yu Z, Hong H, Xing N, Xi H and Jiang H: Comparison of bio-fermentation and chemical method in the improvement of the quality of oil-tea Camellia seed meal. China Oils Fats. 35:40–43. 2010.

29 

Lai LR, Hsieh SC, Huang HY and Chou CC: Effect of lactic fermentation on the total phenolic, saponin and phytic acid contents as well as anti-colon cancer cell proliferation activity of soymilk. J Biosci Bioeng. 115:552–556. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Nagy M and Grancai D: Colorimetric determination of flavanones in propolis. Pharmazie. 51:100–101. 1996.

31 

Woisky RG and Salatino A: Analysis of propolis: Some parameters and procedures for chemical quality control. J Apic Res. 37:99–105. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Zhang Y, Yan LS, Ding Y, Cheng BCY, Luo G, Kong J, Liu TH and Zhang SF: Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn. water extract ameliorates palmitate induced insulin resistance by regulating IRS1/GSK3β/FoxO1 signaling pathway in human HepG2 hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol. 10:16662020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Alnahdi A, John A and Raza H: Augmentation of glucotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells by palmitic acid. Nutrients. 11:19792019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Cholkar K, Ray A, Agrahari V, Pal D and Mitra AK: Transporters and receptors in the anterior segment of the eye. Ocular Transporters and Receptors. Elsevier; pp. 115–168. 2013, View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Croniger CM, Olswang Y, Reshef L, Kalhan SC, Tilghman SM and Hanson RW: Mini-series: Modern metabolic concepts phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase revisited. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 30:14–20. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Chen Y, Gao Y, Han Z and Yin J: Analysis of the saponin contents and composition in tea seeds of different germplasms. J Tea Sci. 42:705–716. 2022.

37 

Soltani M, Parivar K, Baharara J, Kerachian MA and Asili J: Hemolytic and cytotoxic properties of saponin purified from Holothuria leucospilota sea cucumber. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 3:43–50. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Dong Z, Sun T, Liang L and Wang L: Effect of tea saponin on ephyrae and polyps of the moon jellyfish Aurelia sp.1. PLoS One. 12:e01827872017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ahmed H, Mariod A and Hammoda T: The chronic toxicity studies of camellia seed oil containing tea saponins on mice blood and organs. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol. 4:178–191. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Waheed Janabi AH, Kamboh AA, Saeed M, Xiaoyu L, BiBi J, Majeed F, Naveed M, Mughal MJ, Korejo NA, Kamboh R, et al: Flavonoid-rich foods (FRF): A promising nutraceutical approach against lifespan-shortening diseases. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 23:140–153. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

41 

Termkwancharoen C, Malakul W, Phetrungnapha A and Tunsophon S: Naringin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy and improves insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in obese rats. Nutrients. 14:41202022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Wen L, Wu D, Tan X, Zhong M, Xing J, Li W, Li D and Cao F: The role of catechins in regulating diabetes: An update review. Nutrients. 14:46812022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Russo B, Picconi F, Malandrucco I and Frontoni S: Flavonoids and insulin-resistance: From molecular evidences to clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci. 20:20612019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Al-Ishaq RK, Abotaleb M, Kubatka P, Kajo K and Büsselberg D: Flavonoids and their anti-diabetic effects: Cellular mechanisms and effects to improve blood sugar levels. Biomolecules. 9:4302019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Gołąbek KD and Regulska-Ilow B: Dietary support in insulin resistance: An overview of current scientific reports. Adv Clin Exp Med. 28:1577–1585. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Carta G, Murru E, Banni S and Manca C: Palmitic acid: Physiological role, metabolism and nutritional implications. Front Physiol. 8:9022017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Sánchez-Alegría K, Bastián-Eugenio CE, Vaca L and Arias C: Palmitic acid induces insulin resistance by a mechanism associated with energy metabolism and calcium entry in neuronal cells. FASEB J. 35:e217122021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Brown G: Glucose transporters: Structure, function and consequences of deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 23:237–246. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

D'Alessandris C, Lauro R, Presta I and Sesti G: C-reactive protein induces phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser 612 in L6 myocytes, thereby impairing the insulin signalling pathway that promotes glucose transport. Diabetologia. 50:840–849. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

White MF: Insulin signaling in health and disease. Science. 302:1710–1711. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Koren-Gluzer M, Aviram M and Hayek T: Paraoxonase1 (PON1) reduces insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet, and promotes GLUT4 overexpression in myocytes, via the IRS-1/Akt pathway. Atherosclerosis. 229:71–78. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Petersen MC, Vatner DF and Shulman GI: Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 13:572–587. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Ren Z, Xie Z, Cao D, Gong M, Yang L, Zhou Z and Ou Y: C-Phycocyanin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via activating Akt and AMPK in insulin resistance hepatocytes. Food Funct. 9:2829–2839. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Hatting M, Tavares CDJ, Sharabi K, Rines AK and Puigserver P: Insulin regulation of gluconeogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1411:21–35. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Murray B and Rosenbloom C: Fundamentals of glycogen metabolism for coaches and athletes. Nutr Rev. 76:243–259. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Sullivan MA and Forbes JM: Glucose and glycogen in the diabetic kidney: Heroes or villains? EBioMedicine. 47:590–597. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Kamiyama M, Naguro I and Ichijo H: In vivo gene manipulation reveals the impact of stress-responsive MAPK pathways on tumor progression. Cancer Sci. 106:785–796. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Yudhani RD, Sari Y, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Sholikhah EN, Rochmanti M, Purba AKR, Khotimah H, Nugrahenny D and Mustofa M: In vitro insulin resistance model: A recent update. J Obes. 2023:19647322023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cho S and Shaw S: Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 29: 26, 2024.
APA
Cho, S., & Shaw, S. (2024). Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 29, 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2023.13149
MLA
Cho, S., Shaw, S."Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 29.2 (2024): 26.
Chicago
Cho, S., Shaw, S."Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 29, no. 2 (2024): 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2023.13149
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cho S and Shaw S: Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 29: 26, 2024.
APA
Cho, S., & Shaw, S. (2024). Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 29, 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2023.13149
MLA
Cho, S., Shaw, S."Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 29.2 (2024): 26.
Chicago
Cho, S., Shaw, S."Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 29, no. 2 (2024): 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2023.13149
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team