Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 30 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 30 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Meropi Toumba
    • Alexandros Kythreotis
    • Konstantina Panayiotou
    • Nicos Skordis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia 2024, Cyprus, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom, School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus
  • Article Number: 144
    |
    Published online on: June 19, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13268
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Estrogens are involved in a number of physiological functions, including in the development of the brain, growth, reproduction and metabolism. The biological actions of estrogens are achieved by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) in numerous types of tissues. ERα and ERβ belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and the G‑protein coupled ER1 (GPER1) is a membrane receptor. The primary biologically active estrogen, 17β‑estradiol demonstrates a high affinity for ERs. Mechanistically, estrogens bind to the ERs in the nucleus, and the complex then dimerize and bind to estrogen response elements (EREs) located in the promoter regions of the target genes. This is referred to as the genomic mechanism of ERs' function. Furthermore, ERs can also act through kinases and other molecular interactions leading to specific gene expression and functions, referred to as the non‑genomic mechanism. While ERα and ERβ exert their functions via both genomic and non‑genomic pathways, GPER1 exerts its function primarily via the non‑genomic pathways. Any aberrations in ER signaling can lead to one of a number of diseases such as disorders of growth and puberty, fertility and reproduction abnormalities, cancer, metabolic diseases or osteoporosis. In the present review, a focus is placed on three target tissues of estrogens, namely the bones, the breasts and the brain, as paradigms of the multiple facets of the ERs. The increasing prevalence of breast cancer, particularly hormone receptor‑positive breast cancer, is a challenge for the development of novel antihormonal therapies other than tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, to minimize toxicity from the long treatment regimens in patients with breast cancer. A complete understanding of the mechanism of action of ERs in bones may highlight options for novel targeted treatments for osteoporosis. Likewise, the aging of the brain and related diseases, such as dementia and depression, are associated with a lack of estrogen, particularly in women following menopause. Furthermore, gender dysphoria, a discordance between experienced gender and biological sex, is commonly hypothesized to emerge due to discrepancies in cerebral and genital sexual differentiation. The exact role of ERs in gender dysphoria requires further research.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P and Chambon P: Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: Sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature. 320:134–139. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Jameson L, De Groot LJ, de Kretser DM, Giudice LC, Grossman AB, Melmed S, Potts JT and Weir GC: Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. 7th edition. W.B Saunders; Philadelphia, PH: pp. 2200–2350. 2016

3 

Fuentes N and Silveyra P: Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 116:135–170. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Faltas CL, LeBron KA and Holz MK: Unconventional estrogen signaling in health and disease. Endocrinology. 161:bqaa0302020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Hazell GG, Yao ST, Roper JA, Prossnitz ER, O'Carroll AM and Lolait SJ: Localisation of GPR30, a novel G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, suggests multiple functions in rodent brain and peripheral tissues. J Endocrinol. 202:223–236. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Arterburn JB and Prossnitz ER: G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor GPER: Molecular pharmacology and therapeutic applications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 63:295–320. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Björnström L and Sjöberg M: Mechanisms of estrogen receptor signaling: Convergence of genomic and nongenomic actions on target genes. Mol Endocrinol. 19:833–842. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Williams C, Edvardsson K, Lewandowski SA, Ström A and Gustafsson JA: A genome-wide study of the repressive effects of estrogen receptor beta on estrogen receptor alpha signaling in breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 27:1019–1032. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Klinge CM, Jernigan SC, Smith SL, Tyulmenkov VV and Kulakosky PC: Estrogen response element sequence impacts the conformation and transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 174:151–166. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Clusan L, Ferrière F, Flouriot G and Pakdel F: A basic review on estrogen receptor signaling pathways in breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 24:68342023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Bord S, Horner A, Beavan S and Compston J: Estrogen receptors alpha and beta are differentially expressed in developing human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:2309–2314. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Gosden JR, Middleton PG and Rout D: Localization of the human oestrogen receptor gene to chromosome 6q24-q27 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 43:218–220. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Grandien K, Lagercrantz S, Lagercrantz J, Fried G, Nordenskjöld M and Gustafsson JA: Human estrogen receptor beta-gene structure, chromosomal localization and expression pattern. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:4258–4265. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Kumar R, Zakharov MN, Khan SH, Miki R, Jang H, Toraldo G, Singh R, Bhasin S and Jasuja R: The dynamic structure of the estrogen receptor. J Amino Acids. 2011:8125402011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Hewitt SC and Korach KS: Estrogen receptors: Structure, mechanisms and function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 3:193–200. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Barton M, Filardo EJ, Lolait SJ, Thomas P, Maggiolini M and Prossnitz ER: Twenty years of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER: Historical and personal perspectives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 176:4–15. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Saito K and Cui H: Estrogen receptor alpha splice variants, post-translational modifications and their physiological functions. Cells. 12:8952023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Flouriot G, Brand H, Denger S, Metivier R, Kos M, Reid G, Sonntag-Buck V and Gannon F: Identification of a new isoform of the human estrogen receptor-alpha (hER-alpha) that is encoded by distinct transcripts and that is able to repress hER-alpha activation function 1. EMBO J. 19:4688–4700. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wang Z, Zhang X, Shen P, Loggie BW, Chang Y and Deuel TF: Identification, cloning and expression of human estrogen receptor-alpha36, a novel variant of human estrogen receptor-alpha66. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 336:1023–1027. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Warner M, Fan X, Strom A, Wu W and Gustafsson JÅ: 25 years of ERβ: A personal journey. J Mol Endocrinol. 68:R1–R9. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Monteiro FL, Stepanauskaite L, Archer A and Williams C: Estrogen receptor beta expression and role in cancers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 242:1065262024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Jia M, Dahlman-Wright K and Gustafsson JÅ: Estrogen receptor alpha and beta in health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 29:557–568. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Arao Y and Korach KS: The physiological role of estrogen receptor functional domains. Essays Biochem. 65:867–875. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Stender JD, Kim K, Charn TH, Komm B, Chang KC, Kraus WL, Benner C, Glass CK and Katzenellenbogen BS: Genome-wide analysis of estrogen receptor alpha DNA binding and tethering mechanisms identifies Runx1 as a novel tethering factor in receptor-mediated transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 30:3943–3955. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Song RX, Zhang Z and Santen RJ: Estrogen rapid action via protein complex formation involving ERalpha and Src. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 16:347–353. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kelly MJ and Levin ER: Rapid actions of plasma membrane estrogen receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 12:152–156. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Castoria G, Migliaccio A, Bilancio A, Di Domenico M, de Falco A, Lombardi M, Fiorentino R, Varricchio L, Barone MV and Auricchio F: PI3-kinase in concert with Src promotes the S-phase entry of oestradiol-stimulated MCF-7 cells. EMBO J. 20:6050–6059. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Pedram A, Razandi M, Aitkenhead M, Hughes CC and Levin ER: Integration of the non-genomic and genomic actions of estrogen. Membrane-initiated signaling by steroid to transcription and cell biology. J Biol Chem. 277:50768–50775. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Delmas PD: Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet. 359:2018–2026. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lindberg MK, Erlandsson M, Alatalo SL, Windahl S, Andersson G, Halleen JM, Carlsten H, Gustafsson JA and Ohlsson C: Estrogen receptor alpha, but not estrogen receptor beta, is involved in the regulation of the OPG/RANKL (osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand) ratio and serum interleukin-6 in male mice. J Endocrinol. 171:425–433. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Nakamura T, Imai Y, Matsumoto T, Sato S, Takeuchi K, Igarashi K, Harada Y, Azuma Y, Krust A, Yamamoto Y, et al: Estrogen prevents bone loss via estrogen receptor alpha and induction of Fas ligand in osteoclasts. Cell. 130:811–823. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Börjesson AE, Windahl SH, Karimian E, Eriksson EE, Lagerquist MK, Engdahl C, Antal MC, Krust A, Chambon P, Sävendahl L and Ohlsson C: The role of estrogen receptor-α and its activation function-1 for growth plate closure in female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 302:E1381–E1389. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Martin-Millan M, Almeida M, Ambrogini E, Han L, Zhao H, Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, O'Brien CA and Manolagas SC: The estrogen receptor-alpha in osteoclasts mediates the protective effects of estrogens on cancellous but not cortical bone. Mol Endocrinol. 24:323–334. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Manolagas SC, O'Brien CA and Almeida M: The role of estrogen and androgen receptors in bone health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 9:699–712. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Almeida M, Han L, Martin-Millan M, O'Brien CA and Manolagas SC: Oxidative stress antagonizes Wnt signaling in osteoblast precursors by diverting beta-catenin from T cell factor- to forkhead box O-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem. 282:27298–27305. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR, Takahashi H, Cohen RM, Specker B, Williams TC, Lubahn DB and Korach KS: Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med. 331:1056–1061. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Rochira V and Carani C: Aromatase deficiency in men: A clinical perspective. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 5:559–568. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Morishima A, Grumbach MM, Simpson ER, Fisher C and Qin K: Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80:3689–3698. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Conte FA, Grumbach MM, Ito Y, Fisher CR and Simpson ER: A syndrome of female pseudohermaphrodism, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and multicystic ovaries associated with missense mutations in the gene encoding aromatase (P450arom). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 78:1287–1292. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Chen GG, Zeng Q and Tse GM: Estrogen and its receptors in cancer. Med Res Rev. 28:954–974. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Chan KKL, Siu MKY, Jiang YX, Wang JJ, Wang Y, Leung THY, Liu SS, Cheung ANY and Ngan HYS: Differential expression of estrogen receptor subtypes and variants in ovarian cancer: Effects on cell invasion, proliferation and prognosis. BMC Cancer. 17:6062017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ciucci A, Zannoni GF, Travaglia D, Petrillo M, Scambia G and Gallo D: Prognostic significance of the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) isoforms ERβ1, ERβ2 and ERβ5 in advanced serous ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 132:351–359. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Ignatov T, Modl S, Thulig M, Weißenborn C, Treeck O, Ortmann O, Zenclussen A, Costa SD, Kalinski T and Ignatov A: GPER-1 acts as a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res. 6:512013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Smith HO, Arias-Pulido H, Kuo DY, Howard T, Qualls CR, Lee SJ, Verschraegen CF, Hathaway HJ, Joste NE and Prossnitz ER: GPR30 predicts poor survival for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 114:465–471. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Ramírez-de-Arellano A, Pereira-Suárez AL, Rico-Fuentes C, López-Pulido EI, Villegas-Pineda JC and Sierra-Diaz E: Distribution and effects of estrogen receptors in prostate cancer: Associated molecular mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 12:8115782022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Bonkhoff H: Estrogen receptor signaling in prostate cancer: Implications for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Prostate. 78:2–10. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Ryu WS, Kim JH, Jang YJ, Park SS, Um JW, Park SH, Kim SJ, Mok YJ and Kim CS: Expression of estrogen receptors in gastric cancer and their clinical significance. J Surg Oncol. 106:456–461. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Deng H, Huang X, Fan J, Wang L, Xia Q, Yang X, Wang Z and Liu L: A variant of estrogen receptor-alpha, ER-alpha36 is expressed in human gastric cancer and is highly correlated with lymph node metastasis. Oncol Rep. 24:171–176. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

49 

Xu CY, Guo JL, Jiang ZN, Xie SD, Shen JG, Shen JY and Wang LB: Prognostic role of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta in gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 17:2503–2509. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Jacenik D and Krajewska WM: Significance of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 11:3902020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Baldissera VD, Alves AF, Almeida S, Porawski M and Giovenardi M: Hepatocellular carcinoma and estrogen receptors: Polymorphisms and isoforms relations and implications. Med Hypotheses. 86:67–70. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Wei T, Chen W, Wen L, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Yang J, Liu H, Chen BW, Zhou Y, Feng X, et al: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor deficiency accelerates liver tumorigenesis by enhancing inflammation and fibrosis. Cancer Lett. 382:195–202. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Gupta VK, Banerjee S and Saluja AK: Learning from gender disparity: Role of estrogen receptor activation in coping with pancreatic cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 10:862–863. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Dika E, Patrizi A, Lambertini M, Manuelpillai N, Fiorentino M, Altimari A, Ferracin M, Lauriola M, Fabbri E, Campione E, et al: Estrogen receptors and melanoma: A review. Cells. 8:14632019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

He M, Yu W, Chang C, Miyamoto H, Liu X, Jiang K and Yeh S: Estrogen receptor α promotes lung cancer cell invasion via increase of and cross-talk with infiltrated macrophages through the CCL2/CCR2/MMP9 and CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathways. Mol Oncol. 14:1779–1799. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Liu S, Hu C, Li M, An J, Zhou W, Guo J and Xiao Y: Estrogen receptor beta promotes lung cancer invasion via increasing CXCR4 expression. Cell Death Dis. 13:702022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Liu C, Liao Y, Fan S, Tang H, Jiang Z, Zhou B, Xiong J, Zhou S, Zou M and Wang J: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates NSCLC progression induced by 17β-estradiol (E2) and selective agonist G1. Med Oncol. 32:1042015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Heer E, Harper A, Escandor N, Sung H, McCormack V and Fidler-Benaoudia MM: Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: A population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. 8:e1027–e1037. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Cserni G: Histological type and typing of breast carcinomas and the WHO classification changes over time. Pathologica. 112:25–41. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Chen P, Li B and Ou-Yang L: Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 13:8390052022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Huang B, Omoto Y, Iwase H, Yamashita H, Toyama T, Coombes RC, Filipovic A, Warner M and Gustafsson JÅ: Differential expression of estrogen receptor α, β1 and β2 in lobular and ductal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111:1933–1938. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Beral V; Million Women Study Collaborators, : Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 362:419–427. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Salagame U, Canfell K and Banks E: An epidemiological overview of the relationship between hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 6:397–409. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Meng YG, Han WD, Zhao YL, Huang K, Si YL, Wu ZQ and Mu YM: Induction of the LRP16 gene by estrogen promotes the invasive growth of Ishikawa human endometrial cancer cells through the downregulation of E-cadherin. Cell Res. 17:869–880. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Xu X, Zhang M, Xu F and Jiang S: Wnt signaling in breast cancer: Biological mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Mol Cancer. 19:1652020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Anbalagan M and Rowan BG: Estrogen receptor alpha phosphorylation and its functional impact in human breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 418:Pt 3:264–272. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Tsai EM, Wang SC, Lee JN and Hung MC: Akt activation by estrogen in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 61:8390–8392. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

68 

Dustin D, Gu G and Fuqua SAW: ESR1 mutations in breast cancer. Cancer. 125:3714–3728. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Toy W, Weir H, Razavi P, Lawson M, Goeppert AU, Mazzola AM, Smith A, Wilson J, Morrow C, Wong WL, et al: Activating ESR1 mutations differentially affect the efficacy of ER antagonists. Cancer Discov. 7:277–287. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Klinge CM, Riggs KA, Wickramasinghe NS, Emberts CG, McConda DB, Barry PN and Magnusen JE: Estrogen receptor alpha 46 is reduced in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells and re-expression inhibits cell proliferation and estrogen receptor alpha 66-regulated target gene transcription. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 323:268–276. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Wang ZY and Yin L: Estrogen receptor alpha-36 (ER-α36): A new player in human breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 418:Pt 3:193–206. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Giacinti L, Claudio PP, Lopez M and Giordano A: Epigenetic information and estrogen receptor alpha expression in breast cancer. Oncologist. 11:1–8. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Zhao C, Matthews J, Tujague M, Wan J, Ström A, Toresson G, Lam EW, Cheng G, Gustafsson JA and Dahlman-Wright K: Estrogen receptor beta2 negatively regulates the transactivation of estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 67:3955–3962. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Hopp TA, Weiss HL, Parra IS, Cui Y, Osborne CK and Fuqua SA: Low levels of estrogen receptor b protein predict resistance to tamoxifen therapy in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 10:7490–7499. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Markey GC, Cullen R, Diggin P, Hill AD, Mc Dermott EW, O'Higgins NJ and Duffy MJ: Estrogen receptor-beta mRNA is associated with adverse outcome in patients with breast cancer. Tumour Biol. 30:171–175. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Esslimani-Sahla M, Simony-Lafontaine J, Kramar A, Lavaill R, Mollevi C, Warner M, Gustafsson JA and Rochefort H: Estrogen receptor beta (ER beta) level but not its ER beta cx variant helps to predict tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 10:5769–5776. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Shaaban AM, Green AR, Karthik S, Alizadeh Y, Hughes TA, Harkins L, Ellis IO, Robertson JF, Paish EC, Saunders PT, et al: Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of ERbeta1, ERbeta2 and ERbeta5 identifies distinct prognostic outcome for breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 14:5228–5235. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Lee MT, Ho SM, Tarapore P, Chung I and Leung YK: Estrogen receptor β isoform 5 confers sensitivity of breast cancer cell lines to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis through interaction with Bcl2L12. Neoplasia. 15:1262–1271. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Ignatov T, Weißenborn C, Poehlmann A, Lemke A, Semczuk A, Roessner A, Costa SD, Kalinski T and Ignatov A: GPER-1 expression decreases during breast cancer tumorigenesis. Cancer Invest. 31:309–315. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Fan X, Xu H, Warner M and Gustafsson JA: ERbeta in CNS: New roles in development and function. Prog Brain Res. 181:233–250. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Zuloaga DG, Puts DA, Jordan CL and Breedlove SM: The role of androgen receptors in the masculinization of brain and behavior: What we've learned from the testicular feminization mutation. Horm Behav. 53:613–626. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Biegon A: In vivo visualization of aromatase in animals and humans. Front Neuroendocrinol. 40:42–51. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Kudwa AE, Bodo C, Gustafsson JA and Rissman EF: A previously uncharacterized role for estrogen receptor beta: Defeminization of male brain and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102:4608–4612. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Skordis N, Kyriakou A, Dror S, Mushailov A and Nicolaides NC: Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: An overview. Hormones (Athens). 19:267–276. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Henningsson S, Westberg L, Nilsson S, Lundström B, Ekselius L, Bodlund O, Lindström E, Hellstrand M, Rosmond R, Eriksson E and Landén M: Sex steroid-related genes and male-to-female transsexualism. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30:657–664. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Hare L, Bernard P, Sánchez FJ, Baird PN, Vilain E, Kennedy T and Harley VR: Androgen receptor repeat length polymorphism associated with male-to-female transsexualism. Biol Psychiatry. 65:93–96. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Ujike H, Otani K, Nakatsuka M, Ishii K, Sasaki A, Oishi T, Sato T, Okahisa Y, Matsumoto Y, Namba Y, et al: Association study of gender identity disorder and sex hormone-related genes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 33:1241–1244. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Fernández R, Esteva I, Gómez-Gil E, Rumbo T, Almaraz MC, Roda E, Haro-Mora JJ, Guillamón A and Pásaro E: Association study of ERβ, AR and CYP19A1 genes and MtF transsexualism. J Sex Med. 11:2986–2994. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Cortés-Cortés J, Fernández R, Teijeiro N, Gómez-Gil E, Esteva I, Almaraz MC, Guillamón A and Pásaro E: Genotypes and Haplotypes of the Estrogen Receptor α Gene (ESR1) Are Associated With Female-to-Male Gender Dysphoria. J Sex Med. 14:464–472. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Fernández R, Guillamon A, Cortés-Cortés J, Gómez-Gil E, Jácome A, Esteva I, Almaraz M, Mora M, Aranda G and Pásaro E: Molecular basis of Gender Dysphoria: Androgen and estrogen receptor interaction. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 98:161–167. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Foreman M, Hare L, York K, Balakrishnan K, Sánchez FJ, Harte F, Erasmus J, Vilain E and Harley VR: Genetic link between gender dysphoria and sex hormone signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 104:390–396. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Ramírez KDV, Fernández R, Delgado-Zayas E, Gómez-Gil E, Esteva I, Guillamon A and Pásaro E: Implications of the Estrogen Receptor Coactivators SRC1 and SRC2 in the Biological Basis of Gender Incongruence. Sex Med. 9:1003682021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Nilsson S, Mäkelä S, Treuter E, Tujague M, Thomsen J, Andersson G, Enmark E, Pettersson K, Warner M and Gustafsson JA: Mechanisms of estrogen action. Physiol Rev. 81:1535–1565. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

McKenna NJ, Lanz RB and O'Malley BW: Nuclear receptor coregulators: Cellular and molecular biology. Endocr Rev. 20:321–344. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Yi P, Wang Z, Feng Q, Pintilie GD, Foulds CE, Lanz RB, Ludtke SJ, Schmid MF, Chiu W and O'Malley BW: Structure of a biologically active estrogen receptor-coactivator complex on DNA. Mol Cell. 57:1047–1058. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Maioli S, Leander K, Nilsson P and Nalvarte I: Estrogen receptors and the aging brain. Essays Biochem. 65:913–925. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Osterlund MK and Hurd YL: Estrogen receptors in the human forebrain and the relation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol. 64:251–267. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Mehra RD, Sharma K, Nyakas C and Vij U: Estrogen receptor alpha and beta immunoreactive neurons in normal adult and aged female rat hippocampus: A qualitative and quantitative study. Brain Res. 1056:22–35. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

González M, Cabrera-Socorro A, Pérez-García CG, Fraser JD, López FJ, Alonso R and Meyer G: Distribution patterns of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in the human cortex and hippocampus during development and adulthood. J Comp Neurol. 503:790–802. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Toffoletto S, Lanzenberger R, Gingnell M, Sundström-Poromaa I and Comasco E: Emotional and cognitive functional imaging of estrogen and progesterone effects in the female human brain: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 50:28–52. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Waters EM, Yildirim M, Janssen WG, Lou WY, McEwen BS, Morrison JH and Milner TA: Estrogen and aging affect the synaptic distribution of estrogen receptor β-immunoreactivity in the CA1 region of female rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 1379:86–97. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Morrison JH, Brinton RD, Schmidt PJ and Gore AC: Estrogen, menopause and the aging brain: How basic neuroscience can inform hormone therapy in women. J Neurosci. 26:10332–10348. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Dwyer JB, Aftab A, Radhakrishnan R, Widge A, Rodriguez CI, Carpenter LL, Nemeroff CB, McDonald WM and Kalin NH; APA Council of Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments, : Hormonal treatments for major depressive disorder: State of the Art. Am J Psychiatry. 177:686–705. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Goveas JS, Espeland MA, Woods NF, Wassertheil-Smoller S and Kotchen JM: Depressive symptoms and incidence of mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in elderly women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 59:57–66. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Kilpi F, Soares ALG, Fraser A, Nelson SM, Sattar N, Fallon SJ, Tilling K and Lawlor DA: Changes in six domains of cognitive function with reproductive and chronological ageing and sex hormones: A longitudinal study in 2411 UK mid-life women. BMC Womens Health. 20:1772020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Wood Alexander M, Wu CY, Coughlan GT, Puri T, Buckley RF, Palta P, Swardfager W, Masellis M, Galea LAM, Einstein G, et al: Associations between age at menopause, vascular risk and 3-year cognitive change in the canadian longitudinal study on aging. Neurology. 102:e2092982024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Georgakis MK, Kalogirou EI, Diamantaras AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Munro CA, Lyketsos CG, Skalkidou A and Petridou ET: Age at menopause and duration of reproductive period in association with dementia and cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 73:224–243. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Song YJ, Li SR, Li XW, Chen X, Wei ZX, Liu QS and Cheng Y: The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on Alzheimer's disease and parkinson's disease in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis. Front Neurosci. 14:1572020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Toumba M, Kythreotis A, Panayiotou K and Skordis N: Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review). Mol Med Rep 30: 144, 2024.
APA
Toumba, M., Kythreotis, A., Panayiotou, K., & Skordis, N. (2024). Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 30, 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13268
MLA
Toumba, M., Kythreotis, A., Panayiotou, K., Skordis, N."Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 30.2 (2024): 144.
Chicago
Toumba, M., Kythreotis, A., Panayiotou, K., Skordis, N."Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 30, no. 2 (2024): 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13268
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Toumba M, Kythreotis A, Panayiotou K and Skordis N: Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review). Mol Med Rep 30: 144, 2024.
APA
Toumba, M., Kythreotis, A., Panayiotou, K., & Skordis, N. (2024). Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 30, 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13268
MLA
Toumba, M., Kythreotis, A., Panayiotou, K., Skordis, N."Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 30.2 (2024): 144.
Chicago
Toumba, M., Kythreotis, A., Panayiotou, K., Skordis, N."Estrogen receptor signaling and targets: Bones, breasts and brain (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 30, no. 2 (2024): 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13268
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team