Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2025 Volume 31 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2025 Volume 31 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xing Huang
    • Yong Cai
    • Kai Chen
    • Qiang Ren
    • Bo Huang
    • Gang Wan
    • Yuchen Wang
    • Jincheng Lin
    • Jun Zhao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedics, Xishui County People's Hospital, Zunyi, Guizhou 564613, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 33
    |
    Published online on: November 18, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13398
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Adjacent segment disease (ASD) is a significant clinical complication following cervical and lumbar spinal fusion surgery, characterized by the degeneration of spinal segments adjacent to the fused area. The present literature review aimed to elucidate the risk factors contributing to ASD and to evaluate current and emerging treatment strategies. Epidemiological data indicate that patient‑related factors such as age, pre‑existing spinal degeneration and comorbidities, along with surgical factors including the type of fusion, instrumentation and alignment correction, play pivotal roles in ASD development. Biomechanical alterations post‑fusion further exacerbate the risk. The underlying mechanisms of ASD involve changes in spinal kinematics and disc degeneration, driven by inflammatory and degenerative processes. Diagnostic modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans, are essential for early detection and accurate diagnosis. Preventive strategies emphasize meticulous preoperative planning, advanced surgical techniques and postoperative rehabilitation. Treatment approaches range from conservative methods such as physical therapy and pharmacological interventions to surgical solutions, including revision surgeries and the use of motion‑preserving technologies. Emerging therapies, particularly in regenerative medicine, show promise in mitigating ASD. The present review underscored the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to optimize patient outcomes and highlighted the need for ongoing research to address gaps in the current understanding of ASD in both cervical and lumbar regions.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Wang K, Wang X, Li Z, Xie T, Wang L, Luo C, Huang S and Zeng J: The influence of screw positioning on cage subsidence in patients with oblique lumbar interbody fusion combined with anterolateral fixation. Orthop Surg. 15:3263–3271. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Nakajima H, Watanabe S, Honjoh K, Kubota A and Matsumine A: Risk factors for early-onset adjacent segment degeneration after one-segment posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Sci Rep. 14:91452024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Hilibrand AS and Robbins M: Adjacent segment degeneration and adjacent segment disease: The consequences of spinal fusion? Spine J. 4 (Suppl 6):190S–194S. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Shahzad H, Alvarez PM, Pallumeera M, Bhatti N, Yu E, Phillips FM, Khan SN and Singh VK: Exploring the incidence and risk factors of reoperation for symptomatic adjacent segment disease following cervical decompression and fusion. N Am Spine Soc J. 17:1003052023.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Sears WR, Sergides IG, Kazemi N, Smith M, White GJ and Osburg B: Incidence and prevalence of surgery at segments adjacent to a previous posterior lumbar arthrodesis. Spine J. 11:11–20. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Helgeson MD, Bevevino AJ and Hilibrand AS: Update on the evidence for adjacent segment degeneration and disease. Spine J. 13:342–351. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Pinto EM, Teixeria A, Frada R, Oliveira F, Atilano P, Veigas T and Miranda A: Patient-related risk factors for the development of lumbar spine adjacent segment pathology. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 13:249152021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Berman D, Oren JH, Bendo J and Spivak J: The effect of smoking on spinal fusion. Int J Spine Surg. 11:292017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Daniels CJ, Wakefield PJ, Bub GA and Toombs JD: A narrative review of lumbar fusion surgery with relevance to chiropractic practice. J Chiropr Med. 15:259–271. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Wilson C, Czernik PJ, Elgafy H, Khuder S, Serdahely K, Rowland A and Lecka-Czernik B: Diabetes increases risk of lumbar spinal fusion complications: association with altered structure of newly formed bone at the fusion site. JBMR Plus. 8:ziae0532024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Saghebdous S, Zare R, Chaurasia B, Vakilzadeh MM, Yousefi O and Boustani MR: Dynamic rod constructs as the preventive strategy against adjacent segment disease in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders: A retrospective comparative cohort study. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 11:404–413. 2023.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Wu JC, Chang HK, Huang WC and Chen YC: Risk factors of second surgery for adjacent segment disease following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A 16-year cohort study. Int J Surg. 68:48–55. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Tobert DG, Antoci V, Patel SP, Saadat E and Bono CM: Adjacent segment disease in the cervical and lumbar spine. Clin Spine Surg. 30:94–101. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wei Z, Yang S, Zhang Y, Ye J and Chu T: Prevalence and risk factors for cervical adjacent segment disease and analysis of the clinical effect of revision surgery: A minimum of 5 years' follow-up. Global Spine J. Jul 8–2023.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Mesregah MK, Yoshida B, Lashkari N, Abedi A, Meisel HJ, Diwan A, Hsieh P, Wang JC, Buser Z and Yoon ST; AO Spine Knowledge Forum Degenerative, : Demographic, clinical, and operative risk factors associated with postoperative adjacent segment disease in patients undergoing lumbar spine fusions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 22:1038–1069. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Cannizzaro D, Anania CD, Safa A, Zaed I, Morenghi M, Riva M, Tomei M, Pessina F, Servadei F, Ortolina A and Fornari M: Lumbar adjacent segment degeneration after spinal fusion surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Sci. 67:740–749. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Tomé-Bermejo F, Moreno-Mateo F, Piñera-Parrilla Á, Cervera-Irimia J, Mengis-Palleck CL, Gallego-Bustos J, Garzón-Márquez F, Rodríguez-Arguisjuela MG, Sanz-Aguilera S, de la Rosa-Zabala KL, et al: Instrumented lumbar fusion in patients over 75 years of age: is it worthwhile?-A comparative study of the improvement in quality of life between elderly and young patients. J Spine Surg. 9:247–258. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Zhong ZM, Deviren V, Tay B, Burch S and Berven SH: Adjacent segment disease after instrumented fusion for adult lumbar spondylolisthesis: Incidence and risk factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 156:29–34. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ankrah NK, Eli IM, Magge SN, Whitmore RG and Yew AY: Age, body mass index, and osteoporosis are more predictive than imaging for adjacent-segment reoperation after lumbar fusion. Surg Neurol Int. 12:4532021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Broida SE, Murakami K, Abedi A, Meisel HJ, Hsieh P, Wang J, Jain A, Buser Z and Yoon ST; AO Spine Knowledge Forum Degenerative, : Clinical risk factors associated with the development of adjacent segment disease in patients undergoing ACDF: A systematic review. Spine J. 23:146–156. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wang F, Hou HT, Wang P, Zhang JT and Shen Y: Symptomatic adjacent segment disease after single-lever anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: Incidence and risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore). 96:e86632017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Yuan C, Zhou J, Wang L and Deng Z: Adjacent segment disease after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar diseases: Incidence and risk factors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 23:9822022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Demir Ö, Öksüz E, Deniz FE and Demir O: Assessing the effects of lumbar posterior stabilization and fusion to vertebral bone density in stabilized and adjacent segments by using Hounsfield unit. J Spine Surg. 3:548–553. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zhang C, Chang M, Zhang R and Tang S: Biomechanical effects of osteoporosis on adjacent segments after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: A finite element study. Pak J Med Sci. 37:403–408. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Dash AS, Billings E, Vlastaris K, Kim HJ, Cunningham ME, Raphael J, Lovecchio F, Carrino JA, Lebl D, McMahon D and Stein EM: Pre-operative bone quality deficits and risk of complications following spine fusion surgery among postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 35:551–560. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Wang SK, Wang P, Li XY, Kong C, Niu JY and Lu SB: Incidence and risk factors for early and late reoperation following lumbar fusion surgery. J Orthop Surg Res. 17:3852022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Gong DC, Baumann AN, Muralidharan A, Piche JD, Anderson PA and Aleem I: The association of preoperative bone mineral density and outcomes after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A systematic review. Clin Spine Surg. Jul 23–2024.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Lechtholz-Zey EA, Ayad M, Gettleman BS, Mills ES, Shelby H, Ton AT, Shah I, Wang JC, Hah RJ and Alluri RK: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of osteoporosis on reoperation rates and complications after surgical management of lumbar degenerative disease. J Bone Metab. 31:114–131. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Zhou Z, Tian FM, Wang P, Gou Y, Zhang H, Song HP, Wang WY and Zhang L: Alendronate prevents intervertebral disc degeneration adjacent to a lumbar fusion in ovariectomized rats. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 40:E1073–E1083. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Bagheri SR, Alimohammadi E, Zamani Froushani A and Abdi A: Adjacent segment disease after posterior lumbar instrumentation surgery for degenerative disease: Incidence and risk factors. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 27:23094990198423782019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Thever Y, Han Lincoln LM, Gatot C and Chee Cheong RS: Do diabetic patients have poorer clinical and radiological outcomes following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion? Int J Spine Surg. 17:708–714. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Russo A, Park DK, Lansford T, Nunley P, Peppers TA, Wind JJ, Hassanzadeh H, Sembrano J, Yoo J and Sales J: Impact of surgical risk factors for non-union on lumbar spinal fusion outcomes using cellular bone allograft at 24-months follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 25:3512024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Lee CS, Hwang CJ, Lee SW, Ahn YJ, Kim YT, Lee DH and Lee MY: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 18:1637–1643. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Pang L, Gao Z, Ma L, Li Y, Lu Z, Zhang L, Li P and Wu L: Comparison of short-segment and long-segment fixation in treatment of degenerative scoliosis and analysis of factors associated with adjacent spondylolisthesis. Open Med (Wars). 19:202409832024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Kim JY, Ryu DS, Paik HK, Ahn SS, Kang MS, Kim KH, Park JY, Chin DK, Kim KS, Cho YE and Kuh SU: Paraspinal muscle, facet joint, and disc problems: Risk factors for adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar fusion. Spine J. 16:867–875. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Tan L, Du X, Tang R, Rong L and Zhang L: Preoperative adjacent facet joint osteoarthritis is associated with the incidence of adjacent segment degeneration and low back pain after lumbar interbody fusion. Asian Spine J. 18:21–31. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Weishaupt D, Zanetti M, Boos N and Hodler J: MR imaging and CT in osteoarthritis of the lumbar facet joints. Skeletal Radiol. 28:215–219. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Mu YZ, Chen X and Zhao B: Effect of adjacent segmental facet joint degeneration on adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion and fixation. Zhongguo Gu Shang. 36:428–431. 2023.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ekman P, Möller H, Shalabi A, Yu YX and Hedlund R: A prospective randomised study on the long-term effect of lumbar fusion on adjacent disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 18:1175–1186. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zhu Q, Li N, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Jiang W, Jiang T, Qiao Q, Qian Y and Cheng H: Incidence of adjacent segment degeneration and its associated risk factors following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 183:e153–e172. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Todd KH, Funk KG, Funk JP and Bonacci R: Clinical significance of reported changes in pain severity. Ann Emerg Med. 27:485–489. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB and O'Brien JP: The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 66:271–273. 1980.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Sun Z, Li W, Guo Y, Zhou S, Xu F, Chen Z, Qi Q, Guo Z, Zeng Y and Sun C: Effect of pre-existing adjacent segment degeneration on short-term effectiveness after lumbar fusion surgery. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 33:837–844. 2019.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

44 

Matsumoto T, Okuda S, Nagamoto Y, Takahashi Y, Furuya M and Iwasaki M: Spinopelvic sagittal realignment and incidence of adjacent segment disease after single-segment posterior lumbar inter-body fusion using 12° lordotic cages-a 2-year prospective cohort study. J Spine Surg. 9:269–277. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Tartara F, Garbossa D, Armocida D, Di Perna G, Ajello M, Marengo N, Bozzaro M, Petrone S, Giorgi PD, Schirò GR, et al: Relationship between lumbar lordosis, pelvic parameters, PI-LL mismatch and outcome after short fusion surgery for lumbar degenerative disease. Literature review, rational and presentation of public study protocol: RELApSE study (registry for evaluation of lumbar artrodesis sagittal alignEment). World Neurosurg X. 18:1001622023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Park JS, Shim KD, Song YS and Park YS: Risk factor analysis of adjacent segment disease requiring surgery after short lumbar fusion: The influence of rheumatoid arthritis. Spine J. 18:1578–1583. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Loder RT, Urquhart A, Steen H, Graziano G, Hensinger RN, Schlesinger A, Schork MA and Shyr Y: Variability in Cobb angle measurements in children with congenital scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 77:768–770. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Okuda S, Yamashita T, Matsumoto T, Nagamoto Y, Sugiura T, Takahashi Y, Maeno T and Iwasaki M: Adjacent segment disease after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: A case series of 1000 patients. Global Spine J. 8:722–727. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Burch MB, Wiegers NW, Patil S and Nourbakhsh A: Incidence and risk factors of reoperation in patients with adjacent segment disease: A meta-analysis. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 11:9–16. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Zhang C, Berven SH, Fortin M and Weber MH: Adjacent segment degeneration versus disease after lumbar spine fusion for degenerative pathology: A systematic review with meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Spine Surg. 29:21–29. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Alentado VJ, Lubelski D, Healy AT, Orr RD, Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC and Mroz TE: Predisposing characteristics of adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 41:1167–1172. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Wang T and Ding W: Risk factors for adjacent segment degeneration after posterior lumbar fusion surgery in treatment for degenerative lumbar disorders: A meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 15:5822020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Ke W, Chen C, Wang B, Hua W, Lu S, Song Y, Luo R, Liao Z, Li G, Ma L, et al: Biomechanical evaluation of different surgical approaches for the treatment of adjacent segment diseases after primary anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 9:7189962021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Epstein NE and Agulnick MA: Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA)/total disc replacement (TDR) vs. anterior cervical diskectomy/fusion (ACDF): A review. Surg Neurol Int. 13:5652022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Bydon M, Xu R, De la Garza-Ramos R, Macki M, Sciubba DM, Wolinsky JP, Witham TF, Gokaslan ZL and Bydon A: Adjacent segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: Incidence and clinical outcomes of patients requiring anterior versus posterior repeat cervical fusion. Surg Neurol Int. 5 (Suppl 3):S74–S78. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Liu WJ, Hu L, Chou PH, Wang JW and Kan WS: Comparison of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus posterior cervical foraminotomy in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: A systematic review. Orthop Surg. 8:425–431. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Jeong TS, Son S, Lee SG, Ahn Y, Jung JM and Yoo BR: Comparison of adjacent segment disease after minimally invasive versus open lumbar fusion: A minimum 10-year follow-up. J Neurosurg Spine. 36:525–533. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Xu F, Zhou S, Sun Z, Jiang S, Han G and Li W: Relationship between the postoperative variations of paraspinal muscles and adjacent-segment degeneration in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis after posterior instrumented lumbar fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 40:551–561. 2024.PubMed/NCBI

59 

Liu DS, Wang YX and Rexiti P: Progress in minimally invasive surgery for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 61:722–727. 2023.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

60 

Varol E, Etli MU, Avci F, Yaltirik CK, Ramazanoglu AF, Onen MR and Naderi S: Comparison of clinical and radiological results of dynamic and rigid instrumentation in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 13:350–356. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Kim CH, Chung CK and Jahng TA: Comparisons of outcomes after single or multilevel dynamic stabilization: Effects on adjacent segment. J Spinal Disord Tech. 24:60–67. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Hsiao CK, Tsai YJ, Yen CY, Li YC, Hsiao HY and Tu YK: Biomechanical effect of hybrid dynamic stabilization implant on the segmental motion and intradiscal pressure in human lumbar spine. Bioengineering (Basel). 10:312022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Guan J, Liu T, Yu X, Li W, Feng N, Jiang G, Zhao H and Yang Y: Biomechanical and clinical research of Isobar semi-rigid stabilization devices for lumbar degenerative diseases: A systematic review. Biomed Eng Online. 22:952023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Liu L, He J, Liu C, Yang M, Fu J, Yi J, Ai X, Liu M, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, et al: Cartilage intermediate layer protein affects the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating the extracellular microenvironment (review). Int J Mol Med. 47:475–484. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Chan D, Song Y, Sham P and Cheung KMC: Genetics of disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 15 (Suppl 3):S317–S325. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Johnson ZI, Schoepflin ZR, Choi H, Shapiro IM and Risbud MV: Disc in flames: Roles of TNF-α and IL-1β in intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Cell Mater. 30:104–117. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Chen S, Suo S, Xie Z, He J, Li J, Duan D, Qiao G and Zhang W: Establishment of an animal model of adjacent segment degeneration after interbody fusion and related experimental studies. J Orthop Surg Res. 18:6662023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Gaudiani MA, Winkelman RD, Ravishankar P, Rabah NM, Mroz TE and Coughlin DJ: The association of preoperative TNF-alpha inhibitor use and reoperation rates in spinal fusion surgery. Spine J. 21:972–979. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Lu QL, Wang XZ, Xie W, Chen XW, Zhu YL and Li XG: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor may contribute to hypertrophy of lumbar ligamentum flavum in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin Med J (Engl). 133:623–625. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Xiong C, Huang Y, Kang H, Zhang T, Xu F and Cai X: Macrophage inhibition factor-mediated CD74 signal modulate inflammation and matrix metabolism in the degenerated cartilage endplate chondrocytes by activating extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 42:E61–E70. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Ying Y, Cai K, Cai X, Zhang K, Qiu R, Jiang G and Luo K: Recent advances in the repair of degenerative intervertebral disc for preclinical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 11:12597312023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Wong J, Sampson SL, Bell-Briones H, Ouyang A, Lazar AA, Lotz JC and Fields AJ: Nutrient supply and nucleus pulposus cell function: Effects of the transport properties of the cartilage endplate and potential implications for intradiscal biologic therapy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 27:956–964. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Xiang P, Luo ZP and Che YJ: Insights into the mechanical microenvironment within the cartilaginous endplate: An emerging role in maintaining disc homeostasis and normal function. Heliyon. 10:e311622024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Gilbert HTJ, Hodson N, Baird P, Richardson SM and Hoyland JA: Acidic pH promotes intervertebral disc degeneration: Acid-sensing ion channel-3 as a potential therapeutic target. Sci Rep. 6:373602016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Thys T, Bogaert L, Dankaerts W, Depreitere B, Van Wambeke P, Brumangne S, Bultheel M, Vanden Abeele V, Moke L, Spriet A, et al: Qualitative study exploring the views of patients and healthcare providers on current rehabilitation practices after lumbar fusion surgery. BMJ Open. 14:e0777862024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Adogwa O, Verla T, Thompson P, Penumaka A, Kudyba K, Johnson K, Fulchiero E, Miller T Jr, Hoang KB, Cheng J and Bagley CA: Affective disorders influence clinical outcomes after revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic adjacent-segment disease, recurrent stenosis, or pseudarthrosis: Clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 21:153–159. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Archer KR, Seebach CL, Mathis SL, Riley LH and Wegener ST: Early postoperative fear of movement predicts pain, disability, and physical health six months after spinal surgery for degenerative conditions. Spine J. 14:759–767. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Jakobsson M, Hagströmer M, Lotzke H, von Rosen P and Lundberg M: Fear of movement was associated with sedentary behaviour 12 months after lumbar fusion surgery in patients with low back pain and degenerative disc disorder. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 24:8742023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Glassman SD, Anagnost SC, Parker A, Burke D, Johnson JR and Dimar JR: The effect of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 25:2608–2615. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Maurel DB, Boisseau N, Benhamou CL and Jaffre C: Alcohol and bone: Review of dose effects and mechanisms. Osteoporos Int. 23:1–16. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Chou PH, Lin HH, An HS, Liu KY, Su WR and Lin CL: Could the topping-off technique be the preventive strategy against adjacent segment disease after pedicle screw-based fusion in lumbar degenerative diseases? A systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2017:43856202017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Zhou C, Zhou N, Zheng Y, Si H, Wang Y and Yin J: The efficacy of 3D gait analysis to evaluate surgical (and rehabilitation) outcome after degenerative lumbar surgery. BMC Surg. 24:1972024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Barbosa TP, Raposo AR, Cunha PD, Cruz Oliveira N, Lobarinhas A, Varanda P and Direito-Santos B: Rehabilitation after cervical and lumbar spine surgery. EFORT Open Rev. 8:626–638. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Pennington Z, Cottrill E, Ahmed AK, Passias P, Protopsaltis T, Neuman B, Kebaish KM, Ehresman J, Westbroek EM, Goodwin ML and Sciubba DM: Paraspinal muscle size as an independent risk factor for proximal junctional kyphosis in patients undergoing thoracolumbar fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 31:380–388. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Kwok WCH, Wong CYY, Law JHW, Tsang VWT, Tong LWL, Samartzis D, An HS and Wong AYL: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with plate fixation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 104:1915–1945. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Beyerman KL, Palmerino MB, Zohn LE, Kane GM and Foster KA: Efficacy of treating low back pain and dysfunction secondary to osteoarthritis: Chiropractic care compared with moist heat alone. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29:107–114. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Gliedt JA, Daniels CJ and Wuollet A: Narrative review of perioperative acupuncture for clinicians. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 8:264–269. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Zhao B, Wang K, Zhao JX, Wang C, Huang X, Shu-qiang M and Qiang H: Clinical effects of acupuncture after surgical operation in patients with prolapse of the lumbar intervertebral disc. J Tradit Chin Med. 28:250–254. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Chou D, Dekutoski M, Hermsmeyer J and Norvell DC: The treatment of lumbar adjacent segment pathology after a previous lumbar surgery: A systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37 (22 Suppl):S180–S188. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

McDonald CL, Alsoof D, Glueck J, Osorio C, Stone B, McCluskey L, Diebo BG, Daniels AH and Basques BA: Adjacent segment disease after spinal fusion. JBJS Rev. 11:2023. View Article : Google Scholar

91 

Kamali A, Ziadlou R, Lang G, Pfannkuche J, Cui S, Li Z, Richards RG, Alini M and Grad S: Small molecule-based treatment approaches for intervertebral disc degeneration: Current options and future directions. Theranostics. 11:27–47. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Song JH, Lee WY, Cho KR, Nam SH, Park KD and Park Y: Fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal versus caudal epidural steroid injection for chronic pain after spinal surgery: A retrospective mid-term comparative study. J Pain Res. 14:2129–2138. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Kvasnitskyi M: Epidural injections in the treatment of radicular syndrome and chronic lower back pain in degenerative-dystrophic spine damage. Georgian Med News. 109–115. 2022.PubMed/NCBI

94 

Park KD, Lee WY, Nam SH, Kim M and Park Y: Ultrasound-guided selective nerve root block versus fluoroscopy-guided interlaminar epidural block for the treatment of radicular pain in the lower cervical spine: A retrospective comparative study. J Ultrasound. 22:167–177. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Yoo YM and Kim KH: Facet joint disorders: From diagnosis to treatment. Korean J Pain. 37:3–12. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Soin A, Albers SL, Beall D, Latchaw R, Sanapati MR, Shah S, Atluri S, Abd-Elsayed A, et al: Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for facet joint interventions in the management of chronic spinal pain: American society of interventional pain physicians (ASIPP) guidelines facet joint interventions 2020 guidelines. Pain Physician. 23 (Suppl 3):S1–S127. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Wong MJ and Rajarathinam M: Ultrasound-guided axial facet joint interventions for chronic spinal pain: A narrative review. Can J Pain. 7:21936172023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Suputtitada A, Nopsopon T, Rittiphairoj T and Pongpirul K: Intra-articular facet joint injection of normal saline for chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina (Kaunas). 59:10382023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Láinez Ramos-Bossini AJ, Jiménez Gutiérrez PM and Ruiz Santiago F: Efficacy of radiofrequency in lumbar facet joint pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials. Radiol Med. 129:794–806. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Rajakumar DV, Hari A, Krishna M, Konar S and Sharma A: Adjacent-level arthroplasty following cervical fusion. Neurosurg Focus. 42:E52017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Lu VM, Mobbs RJ and Phan K: Clinical outcomes of treating cervical adjacent segment disease by anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus total disc replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Spine J. 9:559–567. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Parish JM, Asher AM and Coric D: Adjacent-segment disease following spinal arthroplasty. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 32:505–510. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Drysch A, Ajiboye RM, Sharma A, Li J, Reza T, Harley D, Park DY and Pourtaheri S: Effectiveness of reoperations for adjacent segment disease following lumbar spinal fusion. Orthopedics. 41:e161–e167. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Chen WJ, Lai PL, Niu CC, Chen LH, Fu TS and Wong CB: Surgical treatment of adjacent instability after lumbar spine fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26:E519–E524. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Louie PK, Haws BE, Khan JM, Markowitz J, Movassaghi K, Ferguson J, Lopez GD, An HS and Phillips FM: Comparison of stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion versus open laminectomy and posterolateral instrumented fusion in the treatment of adjacent segment disease following previous lumbar fusion surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 44:E1461–E1469. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Turel MK, Kerolus MG, David BT and Fessler RG: Minimally invasive options for surgical management of adjacent segment disease of the lumbar spine. Neurol India. 66:755–762. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Yang S, Yang D, Ma L, Wang H and Ding W: Clinical efficacy of laminectomy with instrumented fixation in treatment of adjacent segmental disease following ACCF surgery: A retrospective observational study of 48 patients. Sci Rep. 9:65512019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

He W, He D, Wang QL, Tian W, Liu B, Liu YJ, Sun YQ, Xing YG, Yuan N, Yuan Q, et al: Longitudinal spinous-splitting laminoplasty with coral bone for the treatment of cervical adjacent segment degenerative disease: A 5-year follow-up study. Orthop Surg. 14:435–442. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Früh A, Leißa P, Tkatschenko D, Truckenmüller P, Wessels L, Vajkoczy P and Bayerl S: Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative adjacent segment stenosis after lumbar fusions. Neurosurg Rev. 45:3739–3748. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Han J, Tang W, Li G, Ji X, Wu X, Zhu K, Zhang G, Zhou C, Ma X and Guo J: Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal and interlaminar approaches in treating adjacent segment disease following lumbar decompression surgery: A clinical retrospective study. Pain Physician. 26:E833–E842. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Feng P, Kong Q, Zhang B, Liu J, Ma J and Hu Y: Percutaneous full endoscopic lumbar discectomy for symptomatic adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion in elderly patients. Orthop Surg. 15:1749–1755. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Sakhrekar R, Ha JS, Han HD, Kim DH, Kim CW and Kulkarni S: Unilateral biportal endoscopic approach for symptomatic adjacent segment disease: Case report and technical note. J Orthop Case Rep. 13:172–177. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Jacobson RE, Granville M and Berti A: Minimally invasive anterior cervical discectomy without fusion to treat cervical disc herniations in patients with previous cervical fusions. Cureus. 9:e11312017.PubMed/NCBI

114 

Han J, Guo J, Ma X, Zhang G, Han S, Zhang H, Liu H, Chen M and Wang Y: The cortical bone trajectory screw technique assisted by the mazor renaissance robotic system as a salvage strategy for failed lumbar spine surgery: Technical note and case series. J Pain Res. 16:2971–2980. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Zhang B, Hu Y, Kong Q, Feng P, Liu J and Ma J: Comparison of oblique lumbar interbody fusion combined with posterior decompression (OLIF-PD) and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in the treatment of adjacent segmental disease (ASD). J Pers Med. 13:3682023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Miscusi M, Trungu S, Ricciardi L, Forcato S, Piazza A, Ramieri A and Raco A: Stand-alone oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) for the treatment of adjacent segment disease (ASD) after previous posterior lumbar fusion: Clinical and radiological outcomes and comparison with posterior revision surgery. J Clin Med. 12:29852023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Rajan PV, Megerian M, Desai A, Halkiadakis PN, Rabah N, Shost MD, Butt B, Showery JE, Grabel Z, Pelle DW and Savage JW: Transforaminal versus lateral interbody fusions for treatment of adjacent segment disease in the lumbar spine. Clin Spine Surg. Sep 12–2024.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Shen Y, Du W, Wang LF, Dong Z and Wang F: Comparison of zero-profile device versus plate-and-cage implant in the treatment of symptomatic adjacent segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A minimum 2-year follow-up study. World Neurosurg. 115:e226–e232. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Wang F, Wang P, Miao DC, Du W and Shen Y: Different surgical approaches for the treatment of adjacent segment diseases after anterior cervical fusion: A retrospective study of 49 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 96:e70422017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Tu Q, Sun H, Chen H and Zhu C: The surgical treatment strategy for adjacent segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion of multi-segments. Chin J Clin Anat. 41:218–223. 2023.

121 

Lambrechts MJ, Toci GR, Siegel N, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Hilibrand AS, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR and Kepler CK: Revision lumbar fusions have higher rates of reoperation and result in worse clinical outcomes compared to primary lumbar fusions. Spine J. 23:105–115. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Yu L, Wu H, Zeng S, Hu X, Wu Y, Zhou J, Yuan L, Zhang Q, Xiang C and Feng Z: Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with collagen I gel as a regenerative therapeutic strategy for degenerated disc after discectomy in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther. 15:752024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Jia H, Lin X, Wang D, Wang J, Shang Q, He X, Wu K, Zhao B, Peng P, Wang H, et al: Injectable hydrogel with nucleus pulposus-matched viscoelastic property prevents intervertebral disc degeneration. J Orthop Translat. 33:162–173. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Krut Z, Pelled G, Gazit D and Gazit Z: Stem cells and exosomes: New therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration. Cells. 10:22412021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Meng Q, Xie E, Sun H, Wang H, Li J, Liu Z, Li K, Hu J, Chen Q, Liu C, et al: High-strength smart microneedles with ‘offensive and defensive’ effects for intervertebral disc repair. Adv Mater. 36:e23054682024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Dou X, Liu X, Liu Y, Wang L, Jia F, Shen F, Ma Y, Liang C, Jin G, Wang M, et al: Biomimetic porous Ti6Al4V implants: A novel interbody fusion cage via gel-casting technique to promote spine fusion. Adv Healthc Mater. 13:e24005502024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Wang Z, Zhang D, Zhang Z and Miao J: The postoperative clinical effects of utilizing 3D printed (Ti6Al4V) interbody fusion cages in posterior lumbar fusion: A retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 103:e384312024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Song KJ, Choi BW, Jeon TS, Lee KB and Chang H: Adjacent segment degenerative disease: is it due to disease progression or a fusion-associated phenomenon? Comparison between segments adjacent to the fused and non-fused segments. Eur Spine J. 20:1940–1945. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Huang X, Cai Y, Chen K, Ren Q, Huang B, Wan G, Wang Y, Lin J and Zhao J: Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review). Mol Med Rep 31: 33, 2025.
APA
Huang, X., Cai, Y., Chen, K., Ren, Q., Huang, B., Wan, G. ... Zhao, J. (2025). Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 31, 33. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13398
MLA
Huang, X., Cai, Y., Chen, K., Ren, Q., Huang, B., Wan, G., Wang, Y., Lin, J., Zhao, J."Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 31.2 (2025): 33.
Chicago
Huang, X., Cai, Y., Chen, K., Ren, Q., Huang, B., Wan, G., Wang, Y., Lin, J., Zhao, J."Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 31, no. 2 (2025): 33. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13398
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Huang X, Cai Y, Chen K, Ren Q, Huang B, Wan G, Wang Y, Lin J and Zhao J: Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review). Mol Med Rep 31: 33, 2025.
APA
Huang, X., Cai, Y., Chen, K., Ren, Q., Huang, B., Wan, G. ... Zhao, J. (2025). Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 31, 33. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13398
MLA
Huang, X., Cai, Y., Chen, K., Ren, Q., Huang, B., Wan, G., Wang, Y., Lin, J., Zhao, J."Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 31.2 (2025): 33.
Chicago
Huang, X., Cai, Y., Chen, K., Ren, Q., Huang, B., Wan, G., Wang, Y., Lin, J., Zhao, J."Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 31, no. 2 (2025): 33. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13398
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team