Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2026 Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2026 Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ching-Hua Hsieh
    • Yueh-Wei Liu
    • Pei-Chin Chuang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C.
    Copyright: © Hsieh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 6
    |
    Published online on: October 15, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13716
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

R‑loops, three‑stranded nucleic acid structures composed of an RNA:DNA hybrid and displaced single‑stranded DNA, have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and genome maintenance. Although physiological R‑loops participate in normal cellular processes, their dysregulation can threaten genomic integrity by inducing DNA damage and replication stress. The present review explores the role of R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a malignancy characterized by marked genomic instability. In the present review, the formation mechanisms of R‑loops, their dual functions in transcriptional regulation and DNA damage, and their specific implications for HCC pathophysiology were discussed. HCC cells exhibit altered R‑loop homeostasis with aberrant accumulation linked to hepatitis B virus infection, inflammatory signaling and oncogene activation. The present review highlighted how HCC cells exploit or manage R‑loops to promote tumor progression, particularly through the epigenetic silencing of differentiation genes and modulation of replication stress responses. Furthermore, emerging therapeutic strategies targeting R‑loop biology were examined, including small molecules that induce synthetic lethality, gene‑based interventions and combination approaches that exploit R‑loop vulnerabilities. Challenges in targeting R‑loops and future directions, including multi‑omics profiling and biomarker development, were also addressed. Understanding the complex interplay between R‑loops and HCC offers promising avenues for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this malignancy.
View Figures

Figure 1

R-loops functions in HCC. The diagram
depicts the R-loop structure (center) with its seven key roles in
HCC pathophysiology: A genomic destabilizer inducing DNA damage; a
gene expression regulator affecting transcription; a HBV
coactivator in virus-related cases; a cell stemness enhancer
silencing differentiation genes; an immune pathway activator
triggering cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and stimulator of interferon
genes signaling; a therapeutic vulnerability for synthetic
lethality approaches; and upregulated survival mechanisms in
aggressive tumors. These functions highlight R-loops as important
mediators at the intersection of genomic instability and cancer
progression. HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma;
BDH1, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1.
View References

1 

Chen L, Yang H, Wei X, Liu J, Han X, Zhang C, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Li Y, et al: Integrated single-cell and bulk transcriptome analysis of R-loop score-based signature with regard to immune microenvironment, lipid metabolism and prognosis in HCC. Front Immunol. 15:14873722025. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Li F, Zafar A, Luo L, Denning AM, Gu J, Bennett A, Yuan F and Zhang Y: R-Loops in genome instability and cancer. Cancers (Basel). 15:49862023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Rinaldi C, Pizzul P, Longhese MP and Bonetti D: Sensing R-Loop-Associated DNA damage to safeguard genome stability. Front Cell Dev Biol. 8:6181572021. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Li D, Shao F, Li X, Yu Q, Wu R, Wang J, Wang Z, Wusiman D, Ye L, Guo Y, et al: Advancements and challenges of R-loops in cancers: Biological insights and future directions. Cancer Lett. 610:2173592025. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Qiu Y, Man C, Zhu L, Zhang S, Wang X, Gong D and Fan Y: R-loops' m6A modification and its roles in cancers. Mol Cancer. 23:2322024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Baek H, Park SU and Kim J: Emerging role for R-loop formation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Genomics. 45:543–551. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Peng TW, Ma QF, Li J, Wang X, Zhang CH, Ma J, Li JY, Wang W, Zhu CL and Liu XH: HBV promotes its replication by up-regulating RAD51C gene expression. Sci Rep. 14:26072024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Cai S, Bai Y, Wang H, Zhao Z, Ding X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Jia Y, Li Y, et al: Knockdown of THOC1 reduces the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma and increases the sensitivity to cisplatin. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 39:1352020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Zhang H, Chang Z, Qin LN, Liang B, Han JX, Qiao KL, Yang C, Liu YR, Zhou HG and Sun T: MTA2 triggered R-loop trans-regulates BDH1-mediated β-hydroxybutyrylation and potentiates propagation of hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 6:1352021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Sun J, Li Y, Tian H, Chen H, Li J and Li Z: Comprehensive analysis identifies long non-coding RNA RNASEH1-AS1 as a potential prognostic biomarker and oncogenic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res. 14:996–1014. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wang C, Wang G, Feng X, Shepherd P, Zhang J, Tang M, Chen Z, Srivastava M, McLaughlin ME, Navone NM, et al: Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal synthetic lethality of RNASEH2 deficiency and ATR inhibition. Oncogene. 38:2451–2463. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Saha S and Pommier Y: R-loops, type I topoisomerases and cancer. NAR Cancer. 5:zcad0132023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Crossley MP, Song C, Bocek MJ, Choi JH, Kousouros JN, Sathirachinda A, Lin C, Brickner JR, Bai G, Lans H, et al: R-loop-derived cytoplasmic RNA-DNA hybrids activate an immune response. Nature. 613:187–194. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Flach J, Jann JC, Knaflic A, Riabov V, Streuer A, Altrock E, Xu Q, Schmitt N, Obländer J, Nowak V, et al: Replication stress signaling is a therapeutic target in myelodysplastic syndromes with splicing factor mutations. Haematologica. 106:2906–2917. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Yang S, Winstone L, Mondal S and Wu Y: Helicases in R-loop formation and resolution. J Biol Chem. 299:1053072023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kellner V and Luke B: Molecular and physiological consequences of faulty eukaryotic ribonucleotide excision repair. EMBO J. 39:e1023092020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hasanova Z, Klapstova V, Porrua O, Stefl R and Sebesta M: Human senataxin is a bona fide R-loop resolving enzyme and transcription termination factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 51:2818–2837. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Song C, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Voit R and Grummt I: SIRT7 and the DEAD-box helicase DDX21 cooperate to resolve genomic R loops and safeguard genome stability. Genes Dev. 31:1370–1381. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Hodroj D, Serhal K and Maiorano D: Ddx19 links mRNA nuclear export with progression of transcription and replication and suppresses genomic instability upon DNA damage in proliferating cells. Nucleus. 8:489–495. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Mérida-Cerro JA, Maraver-Cárdenas P, Rondón AG and Aguilera A: Rat1 promotes premature transcription termination at R-loops. Nucleic Acids Res. 52:3623–3635. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Xu C, Li C, Chen J, Xiong Y, Qiao Z, Fan P, Li C, Ma S, Liu J, Song A, et al: R-loop-dependent promoter-proximal termination ensures genome stability. Nature. 621:610–619. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Yang Y, Qiu R, Zhao S, Shen L, Tang B, Weng Q, Xu Z, Zheng L, Chen W, Shu G, et al: SMYD3 associates with the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex to regulate transcription and promote proliferation and invasiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC Biol. 20:2942022. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Zhou T, Cheng X, He Y, Xie Y, Xu F, Xu Y and Huang W: Function and mechanism of histone β-hydroxybutyrylation in health and disease. Front Immunol. 13:9812852022. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Liu J, Li F, Cao Y, Lv Y, Lei K, Tu Z, Gong C, Wang H, Liu F and Huang K: Mechanisms underlining R-loop biology and implications for human disease. Front Cell Dev Biol. 13:15377312025. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Matos DA, Zhang JM, Ouyang J, Nguyen HD, Genois MM and Zou L: ATR protects the genome against R Loops through a MUS81-triggered feedback loop. Mol Cell. 77:514–527.e4. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

González-Marín B, Calderón-Segura ME and Sekelsky J: ATM/Chk2 and ATR/Chk1 pathways respond to DNA damage induced by Movento® 240SC and Envidor® 240SC Keto-enol insecticides in the germarium of drosophila melanogaster. Toxics. 11:7542023. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Okamoto Y, Hejna J and Takata M: Regulation of R-loops and genome instability in Fanconi anemia. J Biochem. 165:465–470. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sharma AB, Ramlee MK, Kosmin J, Higgs MR, Wolstenholme A, Ronson GE, Jones D, Ebner D, Shamkhi N, Sims D, et al: C16orf72/HAPSTR1/TAPR1 functions with BRCA1/Senataxin to modulate replication-associated R-loops and confer resistance to PARP disruption. Nat Commun. 14:50032023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Wang Y, Ma B, Liu X, Gao G, Che Z, Fan M, Meng S, Zhao X, Sugimura R, Cao H, et al: ZFP281-BRCA2 prevents R-loop accumulation during DNA replication. Nat Commun. 13:34932022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Smith MA, Van Alsten SC, Walens A, Damrauer JS, Maduekwe UN, Broaddus RR, Love MI, Troester MA and Hoadley KA: DNA damage repair classifier defines distinct groups in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 14:42822022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wu X, Xu S, Wang P, Wang ZQ, Chen H, Xu X and Peng B: ASPM promotes ATR-CHK1 activation and stabilizes stalled replication forks in response to replication stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 119:e22037831192022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Li D, Hamadalnil Y and Tu T: Hepatitis B viral protein HBx: Roles in viral replication and hepatocarcinogenesis. Viruses. 16:13612024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhao YM, Jiang Y, Wang JZ, Cao S, Zhu H, Wang WK, Yu J, Liu J and Hui J: GPATCH4 functions as a regulator of nucleolar R-loops in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 53:gkaf4382025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Tan SLW, Chadha S, Liu Y, Gabasova E, Perera D, Ahmed K, Constantinou S, Renaudin X, Lee M, Aebersold R and Venkitaraman AR: A class of environmental and endogenous toxins induces BRCA2 haploinsufficiency and genome instability. Cell. 169:1105–1118.e15. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Du H, Xu T and Cui M: cGAS-STING signaling in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 133:1109722021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Promonet A, Padioleau I, Liu Y, Sanz L, Biernacka A, Schmitz AL, Skrzypczak M, Sarrazin A, Mettling C, Rowicka M, et al: Topoisomerase 1 prevents replication stress at R-loop-enriched transcription termination sites. Nat Commun. 11:39402020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Duardo RC, Marinello J, Russo M, Morelli S, Pepe S, Guerra F, Gómez-González B, Aguilera A and Capranico G: Human DNA topoisomerase I poisoning causes R loop-mediated genome instability attenuated by transcription factor IIS. Sci Adv. 10:eadm81962024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Huang TT, Chiang CY, Nair JR, Wilson KM, Cheng K and Lee JM: AKT1 interacts with DHX9 to Mitigate R Loop-Induced Replication Stress in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res. 84:887–904. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Petropoulos M, Karamichali A, Rossetti GG, Freudenmann A, Iacovino LG, Dionellis VS, Sotiriou SK and Halazonetis TD: Transcription-replication conflicts underlie sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Nature. 628:433–441. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Pavani R, Tripathi V, Vrtis KB, Zong D, Chari R, Callen E, Pankajam AV, Zhen G, Matos-Rodrigues G, Yang J, et al: Structure and repair of replication-coupled DNA breaks. Science. 385:eado38672024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Nickoloff JA, Sharma N, Taylor L, Allen SJ and Hromas R: The safe path at the fork: Ensuring replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by homologous recombination. Front Genet. 12:7480332021. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Khosraviani N, Abraham K, Chan J and Mekhail K: Locus-associated R-loop repression in cis. bioRxiv. 2021.DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.25.445644. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Li Y, Song Y, Xu W, Li Q, Wang X, Li K, Wang J, Liu Z, Velychko S, Ye R, et al: R-loops coordinate with SOX2 in regulating reprogramming to pluripotency. Sci Adv. 6:eaba07772020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Boilève J, Guimas V, David A, Bailly C and Touchefeu Y: Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with loco-regional treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma: Ready for prime time? Curr Oncol. 31:3199–3211. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Childs A, Aidoo-Micah G, Maini MK and Meyer T: Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep. 6:1011302024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Hao L, Li S, Ye F, Wang H, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Hu X and Huang X: The current status and future of targeted-immune combination for hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol. 15:14189652024. View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Maxwell MB, Hom-Tedla MS, Yi J, Li S, Rivera SA, Yu J, Burns MJ, McRae HM, Stevenson BT, Coakley KE, et al: ARID1A suppresses R-loop-mediated STING-type I interferon pathway activation of anti-tumor immunity. Cell. 187:3390–3408.e19. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Bou-Nader C, Bothra A, Garboczi DN, Leppla SH and Zhang J: Structural basis of R-loop recognition by the S9.6 monoclonal antibody. Nat Commun. 13:16412022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Jazinaki MS, Bahari H, Rashidmayvan M, Arabi SM, Rahnama I and Malekahmadi M: The effects of raspberry consumption on lipid profile and blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Sci Nutr. 12:2259–2278. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Turchick A, Zimmermann A, Chiu LY, Dahmen H, Elenbaas B, Zenke FT, Blaukat A and Vassilev LT: Selective inhibition of ATM-dependent double-strand break repair and checkpoint control synergistically enhances the efficacy of ATR inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther. 22:859–872. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Lam FC, Kong YW, Huang Q, Vu Han TL, Maffa AD, Kasper EM and Yaffe MB: BRD4 prevents the accumulation of R-loops and protects against transcription-replication collision events and DNA damage. Nat Commun. 11:40832020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Baxter JS, Zatreanu D, Pettitt SJ and Lord CJ: Resistance to DNA repair inhibitors in cancer. Mol Oncol. 16:3811–3827. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

53 

O'Leary PC, Chen H, Doruk YU, Williamson T, Polacco B, McNeal AS, Shenoy T, Kale N, Carnevale J, Stevenson E, et al: Resistance to ATR inhibitors is mediated by loss of the nonsense-mediated decay factor UPF2. Cancer Res. 82:3950–3961. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hsieh C, Liu Y and Chuang P: R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 6, 2026.
APA
Hsieh, C., Liu, Y., & Chuang, P. (2026). R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13716
MLA
Hsieh, C., Liu, Y., Chuang, P."R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 6.
Chicago
Hsieh, C., Liu, Y., Chuang, P."R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13716
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hsieh C, Liu Y and Chuang P: R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 6, 2026.
APA
Hsieh, C., Liu, Y., & Chuang, P. (2026). R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13716
MLA
Hsieh, C., Liu, Y., Chuang, P."R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 6.
Chicago
Hsieh, C., Liu, Y., Chuang, P."R‑loops in hepatocellular carcinoma: Bridging genomic instability and therapeutic opportunity (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13716
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team