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Molecular Medicine Reports
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Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
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June-2026 Volume 33 Issue 6

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Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers

  • Authors:
    • Chia-Yih Wang
    • Ping-Jui Su
    • Kuan-Chih Wang
    • Ruei-Ci Lin
    • Min-Yun Ke
    • Yen-Ni Teng

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C., Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C., Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, An‑Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan, R.O.C.
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 181
    |
    Published online on: April 28, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13891
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Abstract

Indium chloride (InCl3), widely used in the electronics and semiconductor industries, has recently been shown to impair testicular development and cause sperm malformations, contributing to male infertility. While testicular Leydig cells are key in testis development and testosterone biosynthesis, the effects of InCl3 on Leydig cell proliferation remain unclear. The present study demonstrated that InCl3 suppresses the proliferation of testicular Leydig cells by disrupting centrosome number regulation. As the centrosome is pivotal in organizing microtubules and forming the mitotic spindle during cell division, InCl3‑induced centrosome amplification leads to abnormal spindle formation and genomic instability. Mechanistically, InCl3 increases reactive oxygen species production, resulting in DNA damage and subsequent activation of DNA‑dependent protein kinase (DNA‑PK), which localizes to the centrosome. Inhibition or knockdown of DNA‑PK attenuated InCl3‑induced centrosome amplification. Additionally, induction of autophagy was observed upon InCl3 exposure and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using chloroquine suppressed centrosome amplification. Overall, the present findings reveal that InCl3 inhibits Leydig cell proliferation by promoting centrosome amplification and highlights the involvement of DNA‑PK activation and autophagy in this process.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang C, Su P, Wang K, Lin R, Ke M and Teng Y: Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers. Mol Med Rep 33: 181, 2026.
APA
Wang, C., Su, P., Wang, K., Lin, R., Ke, M., & Teng, Y. (2026). Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 181. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13891
MLA
Wang, C., Su, P., Wang, K., Lin, R., Ke, M., Teng, Y."Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.6 (2026): 181.
Chicago
Wang, C., Su, P., Wang, K., Lin, R., Ke, M., Teng, Y."Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 6 (2026): 181. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13891
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang C, Su P, Wang K, Lin R, Ke M and Teng Y: Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers. Mol Med Rep 33: 181, 2026.
APA
Wang, C., Su, P., Wang, K., Lin, R., Ke, M., & Teng, Y. (2026). Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 181. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13891
MLA
Wang, C., Su, P., Wang, K., Lin, R., Ke, M., Teng, Y."Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.6 (2026): 181.
Chicago
Wang, C., Su, P., Wang, K., Lin, R., Ke, M., Teng, Y."Indium (III) chloride inhibits testicular Leydig cell proliferation by disrupting centrosome copy numbers". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 6 (2026): 181. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13891
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