Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
September-2015 Volume 10 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2015 Volume 10 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Munazzah Rahman
    • Sulma Mohammed
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
  • Pages: 1233-1239
    |
    Published online on: July 13, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3486
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, despite a significant decline in death rates due to early detection. The majority of cancer mortalities are due to the metastasis of tumor cells to other organs. Metastasis or tumor cell dissemination occurs via the hematogenous and lymphatic systems. For many carcinomas, the dissemination of tumor cells via lymphatic drainage of the tumor is the most common metastatic route. Such lymphatic drainage collects at the regional lymph nodes and the dissection and pathological examination of these nodes for lodged cancer cells is the gold standard procedure to detect metastasis. The present report provides an overview of the lymphatic system and its clinical significance as a prognostic factor, in addition to the interactions between the primary tumor and its microenvironment, and the influence of genomic subtypes on the resulting organ‑specific pattern of tumor cell dissemination. It also examines the seemingly protracted asymptomatic period, during which the disseminated cells remain dormant, leading to the manifestation of metastasis decades after the successful treatment of the primary tumor.
View Figures
View References

1 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics. 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Siegel R, Naishadham D and Jemal A: Cancer statistics. 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 63:11–30. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Liotta LA and Kohn EC: The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface. Nature. 411:375–379. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Tanner GA: Kidney functionMedical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine. Rhoades RA and Bell DR: 3rd. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia: pp. 4202009

5 

Alitalo K, Tammela T and Petrova TV: Lymphangiogenesis in development and human disease. Nature. 438:946–953. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Rossi A, Weber E, Sacchi G, Maestrini D, Di Cintio F and Gerli R: Mechanotransduction in lymphatic endothelial cells. Lymphology. 40:102–113. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Scavelli C, Weber E, Aglianò M, Cirulli T, Nico B, Vacca A and Ribatti D: Lymphatics at the crossroads of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. J Anat. 204:433–449. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW and Deakin PJ: Immune systemsWheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas. 5th. Churchill Livingstone; New York, NY: pp. 219–220. 2006

9 

von Andrian UH and Mempel TR: Homing and cellular traffic in lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol. 3:867–878. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Fischer M, Franzeck UK, Herrig I, Costanzo U, Wen S, Schiesser M, Hoffmann U and Bollinger A: Flow velocity of single lymphatic capillaries in human skin. Am J Physiol. 270:H358–H363. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Mohammed RA, Martin SG, Gill MS, Green AR, Paish EC and Ellis IO: Improved methods of detection of lymphovascular invasion demonstrate that it is the predominant method of vascular invasion in breast cancer and has important clinical consequences. Am J Surg Pathol. 31:1825–1833. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Chambers AF, Groom AC and MacDonald IC: Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat Rev Cancer. 2:563–572. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Coleman RE and Rubens RD: The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 55:61–66. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Selzner M, Morse MA, Vredenburgh JJ, Meyers WC and Clavien PA: Liver metastases from breast cancer: Long-term survival after curative resection. Surgery. 127:383–389. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Minn AJ, Gupta GP, Siegel PM, Bos PD, Shu W, Giri DD, Viale A, Olshen AB, Gerald WL and Massagué J: Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature. 436:518–524. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lin NU, Bellon JR and Winer EP: CNS metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 22:3608–3617. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hartveit E: Attenuated cells in breast stroma: The missing lymphatic system of the breast. Histopathology. 16:533–543. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Fernandis AZ, Prasad A, Band H, Klösel R and Ganju RK: Regulation of CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis and chemoinvasion of breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 23:157–167. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Psaila B and Lyden D: The metastatic niche: Adapting the foreign soil. Nat Rev Cancer. 9:285–293. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Klein CA: The systemic progression of human cancer: A focus on the individual disseminated cancer cell - the unit of selection. Adv Cancer Res. 89:35–67. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Paget S: The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet. 133:571–573. 1889. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Demicheli R: Tumour dormancy: Findings and hypotheses from clinical research on breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 11:297–306. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Liu S, Dontu G, Mantle ID, Patel S, Ahn NS, Jackson KW, Suri P and Wicha MS: Hedgehog signaling and Bmi-1 regulate self-renewal of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells. Cancer Res. 66:6063–6071. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Ranganathan AC, Adam AP, Zhang L and Aguirre-Ghiso JA: Tumor cell dormancy induced by p38SAPK and ER-stress signaling: An adaptive advantage for metastatic cells? Cancer Biol Ther. 5:729–735. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Noh H, Hong S and Huang S: Role of urokinase receptor in tumor progression and development. Theranostics. 3:487–495. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Jones T, Neboori H, Wu H, Yang Q, Haffty BG, Evans S, Higgins S and Moran MS: Are breast cancer subtypes prognostic for nodal involvement and associated with clinicopathologic features at presentation in early-stage breast cancer? Ann Surg Oncol. 20:2866–2872. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Watnick RS, Cheng YN, Rangarajan A, Ince TA and Weinberg RA: Ras modulates Myc activity to repress thrombospondin-1 expression and increase tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell. 3:219–231. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Perou CM, Sørlie T, Eisen MB, et al: Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 406:747–752. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Rakha EA, El-Rehim DA, Paish C, Green AR, Lee AH, Robertson JF, Blamey RW, Macmillan D and Ellis IO: Basal phenotype identifies a poor prognostic subgroup of breast cancer of clinical importance. Eur J Cancer. 42:3149–3156. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Kennecke H, Yerushalmi R, Woods R, Cheang MC, Voduc D, Speers CH, Nielsen TO and Gelmon K: Metastatic behavior of breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 28:3271–3277. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Howland NK, Driver TD, Sedrak MP, Wen X, Dong W, Hatch S, Eltorky MA and Chao C: Lymph node involvement in immunohistochemistry-based molecular classifications of breast cancer. J Surg Res. 185:697–703. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Smid M, Wang Y, Klijn JG, Sieuwerts AM, Zhang Y, Atkins D, Martens JW and Foekens JA: Genes associated with breast cancer metastatic to bone. J Clin Oncol. 24:2261–2267. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Carmeliet P and Jain RK: Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature. 407:249–257. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Colleoni M, Rotmensz N, Maisonneuve P, et al: Prognostic role of the extent of peritumoral vascular invasion in operable breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 18:1632–1640. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hirakawa S, Brown LF, Kodama S, Paavonen K, Alitalo K and Detmar M: VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis in sentinel lymph nodes promotes tumor metastasis to distant sites. Blood. 109:1010–1017. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Mattila MM, Ruohola JK, Karpanen T, Jackson DG, Alitalo K and Härkönen PL: VEGF-C induced lymphangiogenesis is associated with lymph node metastasis in orthotopic MCF-7 tumors. Int J Cancer. 98:946–951. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Caine GJ, Stonelake PS, Lip GY and Blann AD: Changes in plasma vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietins, and their receptors following surgery for breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 248:131–136. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Oliver G and Detmar M: The rediscovery of the lymphatic system: Old and new insights into the development and biological function of the lymphatic vasculature. Genes Dev. 16:773–783. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Nakamura Y, Yasuoka H, Tsujimoto M, Yang Q, Imabun S, Nakahara M, Nakao K, Nakamura M, Mori I and Kakudo K: Flt-4-positive vessel density correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor-d expression, nodal status, and prognosis in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 9:5313–5317. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Nakamura Y, Yasuoka H, Tsujimoto M, Imabun S, Nakahara M, Nakao K, Nakamura M, Mori I and Kakudo K: Lymph vessel density correlates with nodal status, VEGF-C expression, and prognosis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 91:125–132. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Nakamura Y, Yasuoka H, Tsujimoto M, Yang Q, Imabun S, Nakahara M, Nakao K, Nakamura M, Mori I and Kakudo K: Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor D in breast carcinoma with long-term follow-up. Clin Cancer Res. 9:716–721. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Mandriota SJ, Jussila L, Jeltsch M, et al: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C-mediated lymphangiogenesis promotes tumour metastasis. EMBO J. 20:672–682. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Van Trappen PO and Pepper MS: Lymphangiogenesis and lymph node microdissemination. Gynecol Oncol. 82:1–3. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Witte MH, Way DL, Witte CL and Bernas M: Lymphangiogenesis: Mechanisms, significance and clinical implications. EXS. 79:65–112. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Wigle JT, Harvey N, Detmar M, et al: An essential role for Prox1 in the induction of the lymphatic endothelial cell phenotype. EMBO J. 21:1505–1513. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Watanabe O, Kinoshita J, Shimizu T, Imamura H, Hirano A, Okabe T, Aiba M and Ogawa K: Expression of a CD44 variant and VEGF-C and the implications for lymphatic metastasis and long-term prognosis of human breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 24:75–82. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

47 

Currie MJ, Hanrahan V, Gunningham SP, Morrin HR, Frampton C, Han C, Robinson BA and Fox SB: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor D is associated with hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1alpha) and the HIF-1alpha target gene DEC1, but not lymph node metastasis in primary human breast carcinomas. J Clin Pathol. 57:829–834. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Carter CL, Allen C and Henson DE: Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer. 63:181–187. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Ioachim HL and Medeiros LJ: Metastatic breast carcinomaIoachim's Lymph Node Pathology. 4th. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia: pp. 6062009

50 

Woodward WA, Strom EA, Tucker SL, et al: Changes in the 2003 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging for breast cancer dramatically affect stage-specific survival. J Clin Oncol. 21:3244–3248. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Fisher B, Jeong JH, Anderson S, Bryant J, Fisher ER and Wolmark N: Twenty-five-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing radical mastectomy, total mastectomy, and total mastectomy followed by irradiation. N Engl J Med. 347:567–575. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Veronesi U, Viale G, Paganelli G, et al: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: Ten-year results of a randomized controlled study. Ann Surg. 251:595–600. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Warmuth MA, Bowen G, Prosnitz LR, Chu L, Broadwater G, Peterson B, Leight G and Winer EP: Complications of axillary lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the breast: A report based on a patient survey. Cancer. 83:1362–1368. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Petrek JA and Heelan MC: Incidence of breast carcinoma-related lymphedema. Cancer. 83:2776–2781. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Goldhirsch A, Glick JH, Gelber RD and Senn HJ: Meeting highlights: International Consensus Panel on the Treatment of Primary Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90:1601–1608. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Robinson DS, Senofsky GM and Ketcham AS: Role and extent of lymphadenectomy for early breast cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 8:78–82. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Fleissig A, Fallowfield LJ, Langridge CI, et al: Post-operative arm morbidity and quality of life. Results of the ALMANAC randomised trial comparing sentinel node biopsy with standard axillary treatment in the management of patients with early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 95:279–293. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, et al: Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: Overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 11:927–933. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Somerfield MR, et al: American Society of Clinical Oncology: American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 23:7703–7720. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Strauss LG and Conti PS: The applications of PET in clinical oncology. J Nucl Med. 32:623–648. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

61 

Eubank WB, Mankoff DA, Schmiedl UP, Winter TC III, Fisher ER, Olshen AB, Graham MM and Eary JF: Imaging of oncologic patients: Benefit of combined CT and FDG PET in the diagnosis of malignancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171:1103–1110. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Cooper KL, Meng Y, Harnan S, Ward SE, Fitzgerald P, Papaioannou D, Wyld L, Ingram C, Wilkinson ID and Lorenz E: Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of axillary lymph node metastases in early breast cancer: Systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 15(iii-iv): 1–134. 2011.

63 

McElroy M, Hayashi K, Garmy-Susini B, Kaushal S, Varner JA, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM and Bouvet M: Fluorescent LYVE-1 antibody to image dynamically lymphatic trafficking of cancer cells in vivo. J Surg Res. 151:68–73. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Hama Y, Koyama Y, Urano Y, Choyke PL and Kobayashi H: Simultaneous two-color spectral fluorescence lymphangiography with near infrared quantum dots to map two lymphatic flows from the breast and the upper extremity. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 103:23–28. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Stacker SA, Achen MG, Jussila L, Baldwin ME and Alitalo K: Lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2:573–583. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Nibbs RJ, Kriehuber E, Ponath PD, et al: The beta-chemokine receptor D6 is expressed by lymphatic endothelium and a subset of vascular tumors. Am J Pathol. 158:867–877. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Irjala H, Johansson EL, Grenman R, Alanen K, Salmi M and Jalkanen S: Mannose receptor is a novel ligand for L-selectin and mediates lymphocyte binding to lymphatic endothelium. J Exp Med. 194:1033–1042. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Schacht V, Ramirez MI, Hong YK, et al: T1alpha/podoplanin deficiency disrupts normal lymphatic vasculature formation and causes lymphedema. EMBO J. 22:3546–3556. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Jackson DG: Biology of the lymphatic marker LYVE-1 and applications in research into lymphatic trafficking and lymphangiogenesis. APMIS. 112:526–538. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Hong YK, Harvey N, Noh YH, Schacht V, Hirakawa S, Detmar M and Oliver G: Prox1 is a master control gene in the program specifying lymphatic endothelial cell fate. Dev Dyn. 225:351–357. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Marchionni L, Wilson RF, Marinopoulos SS, Wolff AC, Parmigiani G, Bass EB and Goodman SN: Impact of gene expression profiling tests on breast cancer outcomes. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 160:1–105. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

72 

Paik S, Shak S, Tang G, et al: A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 351:2817–2826. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Nielsen TO, Parker JS, Leung S, et al: A comparison of PAM50 intrinsic subtyping with immunohistochemistry and clinical prognostic factors in tamoxifen-treated estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 16:5222–5232. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Cuadros M and Llanos A: Validation and clinical application of MammaPrint® in patients with breast cancer. Med Clin (Barc). 136:627–632. 2011.(In Spanish). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Bartlett JM, Thomas J, Ross DT, et al: Mammostrat as a tool to stratify breast cancer patients at risk of recurrence during endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res. 12:R472010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Rahman M and Mohammed S: Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review). Oncol Lett 10: 1233-1239, 2015.
APA
Rahman, M., & Mohammed, S. (2015). Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review). Oncology Letters, 10, 1233-1239. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3486
MLA
Rahman, M., Mohammed, S."Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review)". Oncology Letters 10.3 (2015): 1233-1239.
Chicago
Rahman, M., Mohammed, S."Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review)". Oncology Letters 10, no. 3 (2015): 1233-1239. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3486
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Rahman M and Mohammed S: Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review). Oncol Lett 10: 1233-1239, 2015.
APA
Rahman, M., & Mohammed, S. (2015). Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review). Oncology Letters, 10, 1233-1239. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3486
MLA
Rahman, M., Mohammed, S."Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review)". Oncology Letters 10.3 (2015): 1233-1239.
Chicago
Rahman, M., Mohammed, S."Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system (Review)". Oncology Letters 10, no. 3 (2015): 1233-1239. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3486
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team