Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
October-2015 Volume 10 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2015 Volume 10 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines

  • Authors:
    • Nannan Lv
    • Yun Gao
    • Haixia Guan
    • Dan Wu
    • Shuangning Ding
    • Weiping Teng
    • Zhongyan Shan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China, Research Center of Stem Cell, He Eye Hospital, He University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110163, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2591-2597
    |
    Published online on: July 21, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3518
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, promote adverse outcomes in numerous types of cancer; however, their role in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of TNF‑α and IFN‑γ on the migration, invasion and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the three PTC cell lines, TPC‑1, BCPAP and K1. The effect of TNF‑α and IFN‑γ on cell migration and invasion was assessed by wound‑healing and Transwell assays. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of the EMT makers, E‑cadherin, N‑cadherin and vimentin, were analyzed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and immunoblot analysis. The wound‑healing and Transwell experiments revealed that TNF‑α and IFN‑γ increased the migratory and invasive behavior of PTC cells (P<0.05). RT‑qPCR revealed that TNF‑α and IFN‑γ downregulated E‑cadherin mRNA, while they upregulated N‑cadherin and vimentin mRNA expression levels. These results were further confirmed by the immunoblot analysis. The results of the present study suggest that TNF‑α and IFN‑γ induce EMT and malignant progression in human PTC cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Davies L and Welch HG: Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973–2002. JAMA. 295:2164–2167. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Guan HX, Shan ZY, Mi XY, Wang E and Teng W: Incidence of thyroid carcinoma before and after universal salt iodization: An 11-year retrospective analysis of pathological reports. J Chin Med Univ. 35:284–285. 2006.

4 

Liu YQ, Zhang SQ, Chen WQ, Chen LL, Zhang SW, Zhang XD and Zheng RS: Trend of incidence and mortality on thyroid cancer in China during 2003–2007. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zh. 33:1044–1048. 2012.(In Chinese).

5 

Wu ST, Sun GH, Hsu CY, Huang CS, Wu YH, Wang HH and Sun KH: Tumor necrosis factor-α induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma cells via a nuclear factor kappa B-independent mechanism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 236:1022–1029. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Liotti F, Visciano C and Melillo RM: Inflammation in thyroid oncogenesis. Am J Cancer Res. 2:286–297. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Menicali E, Moretti S, Voce P, Romagnoli S, Avenia N and Puxeddu E: Intracellular signal transduction and modification of the tumor microenvironment induced by RET/PTCs in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 3:672012.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Aust G, Heuer M, Laue S, Lehmann I, Hofmann A, Heldin NE and Scherbaum WA: Expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA and protein in pathological thyroid tissue and carcinoma cell lines. Clin Exp Immunol. 105:148–154. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Bossowski A, Harasymczuk J, Moniuszko A, Bossowska A, Hilczer M and Ratomski K: Cytometric evaluation of intracellular IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in thyroid follicular cells from patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thyroid Res. 4:132011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Jing Y, Han Z, Liu Y, Sun K, Zhang S, Jiang G, Li R, Gao L, Zhao X, Wu D, et al: Mesenchymal stem cells in inflammation microenvironment accelerates hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PloS One. 7:e432722012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wang H, Wang HS, Zhou BH, Li CL, Zhang F, Zhang G, Bu XZ, Cai SH and Du J: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TNF-a requires AKT/GSK-3b-mediated stabilization of snail in colorectal cancer. PLoS One. 8:e566642013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Knauf JA, Sartor MA, Medvedovic M, et al: Progression of BRAF-induced thyroid cancer is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition requiring concomitant MAP kinase and TGFβ signaling. Oncogene. 30:3153–3162. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sancisi V, Gandolfi G, Ragazzi M, Nicoli D, Tamagnini I, Piana S and Ciarrocchi A: Cadherin 6 is a new RUNX2 target in TGF-β signalling pathway. PloS One. 8:e754892013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Valastyan S and Weinberg RA: Tumor metastasis: Molecular insights and evolving paradigms. Cell. 147:275–292. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Howard EW, Camm KD, Wong YC and Wang XH: E-cadherin upregulation as a therapeutic goal in cancer treatment. Mini Rev Med Chem. 8:496–518. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Bai Y, Kakudo K, Nakamura M, Ozaki T, Li Y, Liu Z, Mori I, Miyauchi A and Zhou G: Loss of cellular polarity/cohesiveness in the invasive front of papillary thyroid carcinoma and periostin expression. Cancer Lett. 281:188–195. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Vasko V, Espinosa AV, Scouten W, He H, Auer H, Liyanarachchi S, Larin A, Savchenko V, Francis GL, de la Chapelle A, et al: Gene expression and functional evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:2803–2808. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Liu Z, Kakudo K, Bai Y, Li Y, Ozaki T, Miyauchi A, Taniguchi E and Mori I: Loss of cellular polarity/cohesiveness in the invasive front of papillary thyroid carcinoma, a novel predictor for lymph node metastasis; possible morphological indicator of epithelial mesenchymal transition. J Clin Pathol. 64:325–329. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Puppin C, Fabbro D, Dima M, Di Loreto C, Puxeddu E, Filetti S, Russo D and Damante G: High periostin expression correlates with aggressiveness in papillary thyroid carcinomas. J Endocrinol. 197:401–408. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Braun J, Hoang V, Dralle H and Hüttelmaier S: Downregulation of microRNAs directs the EMT and invasive potential of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene. 29:4237–4244. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Grände M, Franzen Å, Karlsson JO, Ericson LE, Heldin NE and Nilsson M: Transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor synergistically stimulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through a MEK-dependent mechanism in primary cultured pig thyrocytes. J Cell Sci. 115:4227–4236. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ren J, Wang Y, Gao Y, Mehta SB and Lee CG: FAT10 mediates the effect of TNF-α in inducing chromosomal instability. J Cell Sci. 124:3665–3675. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Shiozaki A, Bai X, Shen T, Moodley S, Takeshita H, Fung SY, Wang Y, Keshavjee S and Liu M: Claudin 1 mediates TNFα-induced gene expression and cell migration in human lung carcinoma cells. PLoS One. 7:e380492012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Borthwick LA, Gardner A, De Soyza A, Mann DA and Fisher AJ: Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) driven epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is accentuated by tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) via crosstalk between the SMAD and NF-κB pathways. Cancer Microenviron. 5:45–57. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

López-Novoa JM and Nieto MA: Inflammation and EMT: An alliance towards organ fibrosis and cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med. 1:303–314. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lo HW, Hsu SC, Xia W, Cao X, Shih JY, Wei Y, Abbruzzese JL, Hortobagyi GN and Hung MC: Epidermal growth factor receptor cooperates with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells via up-regulation of TWIST gene expression. Cancer Res. 67:9066–9076. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Xue H, Wang W, Li Y, Shan Z, Li Y, Teng X, Gao Y, Fan C and Teng W: Selenium upregulates CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis model of NOD H-2h4 mice. Endocr J. 57:595–601. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY and Weinberg RA: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell. 133:704–715. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Liu J and Brown R: Immunohistochemical detection of epithelial mesenchymal transition associated with stemness phenotype in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 3:755–762. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Fagman H, Grande M, Edsbagge J, Semb H and Nilsson M: Expression of classical cadherins in thyroid development: Maintena-nce of an epithelial phenotype throughout organogenesis. Endocrinology. 144:3618–3624. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Jensen K, Patel A, Hoperia V, Larin A, Bauer A and Vasko V: Dynamic changes in E-cadherin gene promoter methylation during metastatic progression in papillary thyroid cancer. Exp Ther Med. 1:457–462. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Rocha A, Soares P, Seruca R, Máximo V, MatiasGuiu X, CameselleTeijeiro J and Sobrinho-Simões M: Abnormalities of the E-adherin/catenin adhesion complex in classical papillary thyroid carcinoma and in its diffuse sclerosing variant. J Pathol. 194:358–366. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Ulianich L, Garbi C, Treglia A, Punzi D, Miele C, Raciti GA, Beguinot F, Consiglio E and Di Jeso B: ER stress is associated with dedifferentiation and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like phenotype in PC Cl3 thyroid cells. J Cell Sci. 121:477–486. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Huber MA, Kraut N and Beug H: Molecular requirements for epithelial-mesenchymal transition during tumor progression. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 17:548–558. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Vuoriluoto K, Haugen H, Kiviluoto S, Mpindi J, Nevo J, Gjerdrum C, Tiron C, Lorens JB and Ivaska J: Vimentin regulates EMT induction by Slug and oncogenic H-Ras and migration by governing Axl expression in breast cancer. Oncogene. 30:1436–1448. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Mendez MG, Kojima S and Goldman RD: Vimentin induces changes in cell shape, motility and adhesion during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. FASEB J. 24:1838–1851. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kokkinos MI, Wafai R, Wong MK, Newgreen DF, Thompson EW and Waltham M: Vimentin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer-observations in vitro and in vivo. Cells Tissues Organs. 185:191–203. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lv N, Gao Y, Guan H, Wu D, Ding S, Teng W and Shan Z: Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines. Oncol Lett 10: 2591-2597, 2015.
APA
Lv, N., Gao, Y., Guan, H., Wu, D., Ding, S., Teng, W., & Shan, Z. (2015). Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines. Oncology Letters, 10, 2591-2597. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3518
MLA
Lv, N., Gao, Y., Guan, H., Wu, D., Ding, S., Teng, W., Shan, Z."Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines". Oncology Letters 10.4 (2015): 2591-2597.
Chicago
Lv, N., Gao, Y., Guan, H., Wu, D., Ding, S., Teng, W., Shan, Z."Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines". Oncology Letters 10, no. 4 (2015): 2591-2597. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3518
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lv N, Gao Y, Guan H, Wu D, Ding S, Teng W and Shan Z: Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines. Oncol Lett 10: 2591-2597, 2015.
APA
Lv, N., Gao, Y., Guan, H., Wu, D., Ding, S., Teng, W., & Shan, Z. (2015). Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines. Oncology Letters, 10, 2591-2597. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3518
MLA
Lv, N., Gao, Y., Guan, H., Wu, D., Ding, S., Teng, W., Shan, Z."Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines". Oncology Letters 10.4 (2015): 2591-2597.
Chicago
Lv, N., Gao, Y., Guan, H., Wu, D., Ding, S., Teng, W., Shan, Z."Inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce EMT in human PTC cell lines". Oncology Letters 10, no. 4 (2015): 2591-2597. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3518
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team