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Article

Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels

  • Authors:
    • Mine Erguven
    • Gulperi Oktem
    • Ali Nail Kara
    • Ayhan Bilir
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Aydın University, Küçükçekmece 34295, İstanbul, Turkey, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova 35040, İzmir, Turkey, Department of Histology and Embryology, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Capa 34390, İstanbul, Turkey, Department of Histology and Embryology, Emine‑Bahaeddin Nakıboğlu Faculty of Medicine, Zirve University, Gaziantep 27260, Turkey
  • Pages: 2948-2955
    |
    Published online on: August 3, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4946
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Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent type of cancer in men worldwide and the levels of differentiation growth factor midkine (MK) are increased in PCa. Cancer and/or the treatment process itself may lead to psychiatric disorders. Lithium chloride (LiCl) has anti‑manic properties and has been used in cancer therapy; however, it has a queried safety profile. In addition, cancer stem cells are responsible for the heterogeneous phenotype of tumor cells; they are involved in progression, metastasis, recurrence and therapy resistance in various cancer types. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of different concentrations of LiCl on PCa stem cells (whether a shift from tumorigenic to non‑tumorigenic cells occurs) and to determine if these results can be explained through changes in MK levels. Monolayer and spheroid cultures of human prostate stem cells and non‑stem cells were incubated with low (1, 10 µM) and high (100, 500 µM) concentrations of LiCl for 72 h. Cell proliferation, apoptotic indices, MK levels and ultrastructure were evaluated. Cells stimulated with low concentrations showed high proliferation, low apoptotic indices, high MK levels and more healthy ultrastructure. Opposite results were obtained at high concentrations. Furthermore, stem cells were more sensitive to stimulation and more resistant to inhibition than non‑stem cells. LiCl exhibited concentration‑dependent effects on stem cell and non‑stem cell groups. MK levels were not involved in the biphasic effect of LiCl; however, they were proportionally affected. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to show the effect of LiCl on PCa stem cells through MK.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Erguven M, Oktem G, Kara AN and Bilir A: Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels. Oncol Lett 12: 2948-2955, 2016.
APA
Erguven, M., Oktem, G., Kara, A.N., & Bilir, A. (2016). Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels. Oncology Letters, 12, 2948-2955. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4946
MLA
Erguven, M., Oktem, G., Kara, A. N., Bilir, A."Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels". Oncology Letters 12.4 (2016): 2948-2955.
Chicago
Erguven, M., Oktem, G., Kara, A. N., Bilir, A."Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels". Oncology Letters 12, no. 4 (2016): 2948-2955. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4946
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Erguven M, Oktem G, Kara AN and Bilir A: Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels. Oncol Lett 12: 2948-2955, 2016.
APA
Erguven, M., Oktem, G., Kara, A.N., & Bilir, A. (2016). Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels. Oncology Letters, 12, 2948-2955. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4946
MLA
Erguven, M., Oktem, G., Kara, A. N., Bilir, A."Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels". Oncology Letters 12.4 (2016): 2948-2955.
Chicago
Erguven, M., Oktem, G., Kara, A. N., Bilir, A."Lithium chloride has a biphasic effect on prostate cancer stem cells and a proportional effect on midkine levels". Oncology Letters 12, no. 4 (2016): 2948-2955. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4946
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