|
1
|
Filippini G: Epidemiology of primary
central nervous system tumors. Handb Clin Neurol. 104:3–22. 2012.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
2
|
Howlader N, Noone A, Krapcho M, Miller D,
Bishop K, Altekruse S, Kosary C, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, et al:
Seer cancer statistics review, 1975-2013. National Cancer
Institute; Bethesda, MD: http://seer.Cancer.Gov/csr/1975_2013/Accessed.
April 15–2016
|
|
3
|
Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee
WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW and Kleihues P: The 2007
WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta
Neuropathol. 114:97–109. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
4
|
Furnari FB, Fenton T, Bachoo RM, Mukasa A,
Stommel JM, Stegh A, Hahn WC, Ligon KL, Louis DN, Brennan C, et al:
Malignant astrocytic glioma: Genetics, biology, and paths to
treatment. Genes Dev. 21:2683–2710. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
5
|
Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Rouse C,
Chen Y, Dowling J, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C and Barnholtz-Sloan J:
CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and central nervous system
tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. Neuro-oncol.
16(Suppl 4): iv1–iv63. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
6
|
Hou LC, Veeravagu A, Hsu AR and Tse VC:
Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: A review of natural history and
management options. Neurosurg Focus. 20:E52006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
7
|
Rong Y, Durden DL, Van Meir EG and Brat
DJ: ‘Pseudopalisading’ necrosis in glioblastoma: A familiar
morphologic feature that links vascular pathology, hypoxia, and
angiogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 65:529–539. 2006.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
8
|
Hsieh CH, Shyu WC, Chiang CY, Kuo JW, Shen
WC and Liu RS: NADPH oxidase subunit 4-mediated reactive oxygen
species contribute to cycling hypoxia-promoted tumor progression in
glioblastoma multiforme. PLoS One. 6:e239452011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
9
|
Singh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID, Squire JA,
Bayani J, Hide T, Henkelman RM, Cusimano MD and Dirks PB:
Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature.
432:396–401. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
10
|
Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, Hao Y, Shi Q,
Hjelmeland AB, Dewhirst MW, Bigner DD and Rich JN: Glioma stem
cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA
damage response. Nature. 444:756–760. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
11
|
Brat DJ, CastellanoSanchez AA, Hunter SB,
Pecot M, Cohen C, Hammond EH, Devi SN, Kaur B and Van Meir EG:
Pseudopalisades in glioblastoma are hypoxic, express extracellular
matrix proteases, and are formed by an actively migrating cell
population. Cancer Res. 64:920–927. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
12
|
Jain RK, di Tomaso E, Duda DG, Loeffler
JS, Sorensen AG and Batchelor TT: Angiogenesis in brain tumours.
Nat Rev Neurosci. 8:610–622. 2007. View
Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
13
|
Jain RK: Normalizing tumor
microenvironment to treat cancer: Bench to bedside to biomarkers. J
Clin Oncol. 31:2205–2218. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
14
|
Spence AM, Muzi M, Swanson KR, O'Sullivan
F, Rockhill JK, Rajendran JG, Adamsen TC, Link JM, Swanson PE,
Yagle KJ, et al: Regional hypoxia in glioblastoma multiforme
quantified with [18F]fluoromisonidazole positron emission
tomography before radiotherapy: Correlation with time to
progression and survival. Clin Cancer Res. 14:2623–2630. 2008.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
15
|
Sathornsumetee S, Cao Y, Marcello JE,
Herndon JE II, McLendon RE, Desjardins A, Friedman HS, Dewhirst MW,
Vredenburgh JJ and Rich JN: Tumor angiogenic and hypoxic profiles
predict radiographic response and survival in malignant astrocytoma
patients treated with bevacizumab and irinotecan. J Clin Oncol.
26:271–278. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
16
|
Mannino M and Chalmers AJ: Radioresistance
of glioma stem cells: Intrinsic characteristic or property of the
‘microenvironment-stem cell unit’? Mol Oncol. 5:374–386. 2011.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
17
|
Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA and Risau W:
Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour
angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature. 359:845–848.
1992. View
Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
18
|
Olsson AK, Dimberg A, Kreuger J and
Claesson-Welsh L: VEGF receptor signalling - in control of vascular
function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 7:359–371. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
19
|
Dimberg A: The glioblastoma vasculature as
a target for cancer therapy. Biochem Soc Trans. 42:1647–1652. 2014.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
20
|
KarpelMassler G, Schmidt U, Unterberg A
and Halatsch ME: Therapeutic inhibition of the epidermal growth
factor receptor in high-grade gliomas: Where do we stand? Mol
Cancer Res. 7:1000–1012. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
21
|
Squatrito M and Holland EC: DNA damage
response and growth factor signaling pathways in gliomagenesis and
therapeutic resistance. Cancer Res. 71:5945–5949. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
22
|
Riddick G and Fine HA: Integration and
analysis of genome-scale data from gliomas. Nat Rev Neurol.
7:439–450. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
23
|
Reifenberger J, Reifenberger G, Ichimura
K, Schmidt EE, Wechsler W and Collins VP: Epidermal growth factor
receptor expression in oligodendroglial tumors. Am J Pathol.
149:29–35. 1996.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
24
|
Massagué J: TGFbeta in Cancer. Cell.
134:215–230. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
25
|
Bruna A, Darken RS, Rojo F, Ocaña A,
Peñuelas S, Arias A, Paris R, Tortosa A, Mora J, Baselga J, et al:
High TGFbeta-Smad activity confers poor prognosis in glioma
patients and promotes cell proliferation depending on the
methylation of the PDGF-B gene. Cancer Cell. 11:147–160. 2007.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
26
|
Dieterich LC, Mellberg S, Langenkamp E,
Zhang L, Zieba A, Salomäki H, Teichert M, Huang H, Edqvist PH,
Kraus T, et al: Transcriptional profiling of human glioblastoma
vessels indicates a key role of VEGF-A and TGFβ2 in vascular
abnormalization. J Pathol. 228:378–390. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
27
|
Shih AH and Holland EC: Platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF) and glial tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett.
232:139–147. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
28
|
Guo P, Hu B, Gu W, Xu L, Wang D, Huang HJ,
Cavenee WK and Cheng SY: Platelet-derived growth factor-B enhances
glioma angiogenesis by stimulating vascular endothelial growth
factor expression in tumor endothelia and by promoting pericyte
recruitment. Am J Pathol. 162:1083–1093. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
29
|
Lindblom P, Gerhardt H, Liebner S,
Abramsson A, Enge M, Hellstrom M, Backstrom G, Fredriksson S,
Landegren U, Nystrom HC, et al: Endothelial PDGF-B retention is
required for proper investment of pericytes in the microvessel
wall. Genes Dev. 17:1835–1840. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
30
|
Kanu OO, Mehta A, Di C, Lin N, Bortoff K,
Bigner DD, Yan H and Adamson DC: Glioblastoma multiforme: A review
of therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 13:701–718. 2009.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
31
|
RicciVitiani L, Pallini R, Biffoni M,
Todaro M, Invernici G, Cenci T, Maira G, Parati EA, Stassi G,
Larocca LM, et al: Tumour vascularization via endothelial
differentiation of glioblastoma stem-like cells. Nature.
468:824–828. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
32
|
Soda Y, Marumoto T, FriedmannMorvinski D,
Soda M, Liu F, Michiue H, Pastorino S, Yang M, Hoffman RM, Kesari
S, et al: Transdifferentiation of glioblastoma cells into vascular
endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:4274–4280. 2011.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
33
|
Wolburg H, Noell S, FallierBecker P, Mack
AF and Wolburg-Buchholz K: The disturbed blood-brain barrier in
human glioblastoma. Mol Aspects Med. 33:579–589. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
34
|
Gmeiner M, Sonnberger M, Wurm G and Weis
S: Glioblastoma with the appearance of arteriovenous malformation:
Pitfalls in diagnosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 115:501–506. 2013.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
35
|
Würth R, Bajetto A, Harrison JK, Barbieri
F and Florio T: CXCL12 modulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 activity in
human glioblastoma stem-like cells and regulation of the tumor
microenvironment. Front Cell Neurosci. 8:1442014.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
36
|
Blazek ER, Foutch JL and Maki G: Daoy
medulloblastoma cells that express CD133 are radioresistant
relative to CD133- cells, and the CD133+ sector is enlarged by
hypoxia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 67:1–5. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
37
|
Todaro M, Alea MP, Di Stefano AB,
Cammareri P, Vermeulen L, Iovino F, Tripodo C, Russo A, Gulotta G,
Medema JP, et al: Colon cancer stem cells dictate tumor growth and
resist cell death by production of interleukin-4. Cell Stem Cell.
1:389–402. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
38
|
Calabrese C, Poppleton H, Kocak M, Hogg
TL, Fuller C, Hamner B, Oh EY, Gaber MW, Finklestein D, Allen M, et
al: A perivascular niche for brain tumor stem cells. Cancer Cell.
11:69–82. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
39
|
Platet N, Liu SY, Atifi ME, Oliver L,
Vallette FM, Berger F and Wion D: Influence of oxygen tension on
CD133 phenotype in human glioma cell cultures. Cancer Lett.
258:286–290. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
40
|
Li Z, Bao S, Wu Q, Wang H, Eyler C,
Sathornsumetee S, Shi Q, Cao Y, Lathia J, McLendon RE, et al:
Hypoxia-inducible factors regulate tumorigenic capacity of glioma
stem cells. Cancer Cell. 15:501–513. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
41
|
Heddleston JM, Wu Q, Rivera M, Minhas S,
Lathia JD, Sloan AE, Iliopoulos O, Hjelmeland AB and Rich JN:
Hypoxia-induced mixed-lineage leukemia 1 regulates glioma stem cell
tumorigenic potential. Cell Death Differ. 19:428–439. 2012.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
42
|
Wei J, Wu A, Kong LY, Wang Y, Fuller G,
Fokt I, Melillo G, Priebe W and Heimberger AB: Hypoxia potentiates
glioma- mediated immunosuppression. PLoS One. 6:e161952011.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
43
|
Kanamori M, Kawaguchi T, Nigro JM,
Feuerstein BG, Berger MS, Miele L and Pieper RO: Contribution of
Notch signaling activation to human glioblastoma multiforme. J
Neurosurg. 106:417–427. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
44
|
Lino MM, Merlo A and Boulay JL: Notch
signaling in glioblastoma: A developmental drug target? BMC Med.
8:722010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
45
|
Wang J, Wakeman TP, Lathia JD, Hjelmeland
AB, Wang XF, White RR, Rich JN and Sullenger BA: Notch promotes
radioresistance of glioma stem cells. Stem Cells. 28:17–28.
2010.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
46
|
Fan X, Khaki L, Zhu TS, Soules ME, Talsma
CE, Gul N, Koh C, Zhang J, Li YM, Maciaczyk J, et al: NOTCH pathway
blockade depletes CD133-positive glioblastoma cells and inhibits
growth of tumor neurospheres and xenografts. Stem Cells. 28:5–16.
2010.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
47
|
Wei Y, Jiang Y, Zou F, Liu Y, Wang S, Xu
N, Xu W, Cui C, Xing Y, Liu Y, Cao B, Liu C, Wu G, Ao H, Zhang X
and Jiang: Activation of PI3K/Akt pathway by CD133-p85 interaction
promotes tumorigenic capacity of glioma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA. 110:6829–6834. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
48
|
Morgenroth A, Vogg AT, Ermert K,
Zlatopolskiy B and Mottaghy FM: Hedgehog signaling sensitizes
glioma stem cells to endogenous nano-irradiation. Oncotarget.
5:5483–5493. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
49
|
Liu M, Inoue K, Leng T, Guo S and Xiong
ZG: TRPM7 channels regulate glioma stem cell through STAT3 and
Notch signaling pathways. Cell Signal. 26:2773–2781. 2014.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
50
|
Keunen O, Johansson M, Oudin A, Sanzey M,
Rahim SA, Fack F, Thorsen F, Taxt T, Bartos M, Jirik R, et al:
Anti-VEGF treatment reduces blood supply and increases tumor cell
invasion in glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:3749–3754.
2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
51
|
Sorensen AG, Emblem KE, Polaskova P,
Jennings D, Kim H, Ancukiewicz M, Wang M, Wen PY, Ivy P, Batchelor
TT, et al: Increased survival of glioblastoma patients who respond
to antiangiogenic therapy with elevated blood perfusion. Cancer
Res. 72:402–407. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
52
|
Meng F, Evans JW, Bhupathi D, Banica M,
Lan L, Lorente G, Duan JX, Cai X, Mowday AM, Guise CP, et al:
Molecular and cellular pharmacology of the hypoxia-activated
prodrug TH-302. Mol Cancer Ther. 11:740–751. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
53
|
Cavazos DA and Brenner AJ: Hypoxia in
astrocytic tumors and implications for therapy. Neurobiol Dis.
85:227–233. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
54
|
Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller
M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, Belanger K, Brandes AA, Marosi C, Bogdahn
U, et al: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of
Cancer Brain Tumor and Radiotherapy Groups; National Cancer
Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group: Radiotherapy plus
concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J
Med. 352:987–996. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
55
|
Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF,
de Tribolet N, Weller M, Kros JM, Hainfellner JA, Mason W, Mariani
L, et al: MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in
glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 352:997–1003. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
56
|
Yeo EJ, Ryu JH, Cho YS, Chun YS, Huang LE,
Kim MS and Park JW: Amphotericin B blunts erythropoietin response
to hypoxia by reinforcing FIH-mediated repression of HIF-1. Blood.
107:916–923. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
57
|
Kirkpatrick J, Desjardins A, Quinn J, Rich
J, Vredenburgh J, Sathornsumetee S, Gururangan S, Sidor C, Friedman
H and Reardon D: Phase ii open-label, safety, pharmacokinetic and
efficacy study of 2-methoxyestradiol nanocrystal colloidal
dispersion administered orally to patients with recurrent
glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol (ASCO Annual Meeting abs.).
25:20652007.
|
