Role of microRNA-4458 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

  • Authors:
    • Lidao Bao
    • Linlin Wang
    • Guomin Wei
    • Yuehong Wang
    • Gerile Wuyun
    • Agula Bo
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: September 22, 2016     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5176
  • Pages: 3958-3966
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Abstract

Incidence and progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a multi-factor, multi-step process. The present study investigated the association between the expression level of microRNA (miR)‑4458 in NSCLC and paracarcinoma liver tissues and survival rates, and studied the biological functions of miR‑4458 at the cellular and protein level. NSCLC and paracarcinoma tissues were sequenced using a miR expression chip. The association between miR‑4458 expression and tumor‑node‑metastasis staging, total survival rate and relapse‑free survival rate was analyzed. miR‑4458 was subjected to target gene prediction. The target protein of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was verified with western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and a luciferase reporter assay. The relative level of miR‑4458 in paracarcinoma tissues of 9 NSCLC patients decreased from 2.38 to 0.65 (P<0.001). Total five‑year survival rates of the high‑expression miR‑4458 group (29.21%) significantly exceeded that of the low‑expression group (14.37%) (P=0.025). The viability of human lung carcinoma A549 and H460 cells transfected with miR‑4458 decreased significantly compared with cells transfected with a normal control (blank control plasmid) within 72 h (P<0.001). The percentage of A549 and H460 cells transfected with a miR‑4458 mimic at the cell cycle stage G0/G1 was 69.94±8.05 and 68.15±7.75%, respectively. The percentages increased significantly compared with the control group (46.06±6.93 for A549 cells; 45.22±7.24 for H640 cells; P<0.001). CCND1 mRNA was downregulated significantly in H460 cells 72 h subsequent to the addition of miR‑4458 mimics (P<0.001). The activity of mutant‑CCND1 altered slightly, while the fluorescence intensity of the wild‑type‑CCND1 group decreased significantly following the addition of miR‑4458 mimics. In conclusion, miR‑4458 was expressed at low levels in lung cancer tissues, and it arrested cells in vitro at stage G0/G1 and inhibited cell proliferation. Therefore, miR‑4458 may participate in the onset of lung cancer as a suppressor gene by inhibiting CCND1.

Introduction

An unstable genome is an important characteristic of cancer cells, and gene expression between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues is significantly different (1). Approximately one half of microRNA (miR) genes are distributed at unstable sites of the genome, including fragile sites of chromatin and cleavage sites (2,3). There is a significant difference in the expression level of miRs in cancerous tissue and normal tissue (4). Based on their diversity and wide distribution throughout the genome, miRs may serve as an important tumor diagnostic method (5).

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate worldwide at 92%, and 80% of lung cancer cases are non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLCs) (6). Although early-stage diagnostic techniques, chemotherapy and other targeted therapies are improving, the 5-year survival rate of NSCLC remains low at 6% (7). The incidence and progression of lung cancer is a multi-factor and multi-step complex process (8). Numerous miRs have roles as oncogenes or cancer suppressor genes in lung cancer cells, and there has been a great deal of investigation concerning the role of miRs in lung cancer; miR17-29 cluster, miR-31, miR-26a, miR-107, miR-185, miR-let-7 and miR-29a are all associated with the onset of lung cancer (915). These findings indicate that miRs are critical in the incidence and progression of lung cancer.

Currently, antitumor drugs specific to the cell cycle, including colchicine and taxol, demonstrate poor specificity to tumor cells and possess side-effects, including toxicity (16). In addition, antitumor drugs are liable to the development of drug resistance, which restricts clinical treatment (17). Therefore, treatment methods that target specific cell signaling pathways require investigation, and studies have identified novel targets for targeted therapy of tumor molecules, including the regulation of miRs (18,19). Therefore, miRs provide a novel method for treating malignant tumors, and it has been observed that treating cancer by regulating the level of miRs in the cancerous cells is possible (20). The present study investigated miRs in human lung cancer and paracarcinoma tissue using the miRchip technique (21), and investigated if the expression levels of miRs were associated with lung cancer cells in vitro using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, the present study investigated the biological functions of the potential target gene of miR-4458 in combination with cellular proliferation and cell cycle assays, and therefore preliminarily explained the role of miR-4458 in the onset of lung cancer.

Materials and methods

General data and patient tissue specimens

The present study selected 94 NSCLC patients with complete clinical and follow-up visit data, who underwent excision of NSCLC tissue at the Inner Mongolia Medical University (Hohhot, China) between January 2007 and June 2014. FOr each patient, specimens were taken of normal lung tissue from the lung cancer and normal paracarcinoma lung tissue (excised 5 cm from the edge of the tumor). No patient underwent radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery. The tissue was cryopreserved immediately following surgery, when all patients were pathologically diagnosed with NSCLC. All histological diagnoses were demonstrated by hematoxylin and eosin staining (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China). The information and specimen collection for all patients and the experiment specification were in accordance with standard operating procedures of the Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Medical University (Hohhot, China). The experimental content involving design of the medical ethics was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Inner Mongolia Medical University (22,23). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

General characteristics of the patients

There were 94 patients that underwent NSCLC surgery, aged 49–86 years (median age, 54 years). There were 69 male patients (73.4%) and 25 female patients (26.6%). Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages (24) for the patients was as follows: T1N0M0, 32 patients; T2N2M0, 25 patients; T2N0M0, 14 patients; T2N1M0, 11 patients; other stage, 12 patients. Histological stage: Ia, 17 patients; Ib, 13 patients; IIa, 20 patients; IIb, 9 patients; IIIa, 31 patients; and IV, 4 patients (25). The final follow-up appointment for all patients was on June 30, 2014.

Cell lines and culture

Human lung carcinoma A549 and H460 cell lines were purchased from Sinovac Biotech Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and human lung fibroblast HFL1 and human embryonic epithelial HEK293T cell lines were obtained from the Molecular Biology Experimental Center of Inner Mongolia Medical University (Hohhot, China). These two cells lines were cultured with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C. Cells in the logarithmic phase (rapidly growing for 24 h) were used for the following experiments.

miR hybrid chip

The present study selected 15 patients from the original 94 patients at random. Total RNA was extracted from the lung cancer tissues using TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen™; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The hybrid chip used in the present study was miRCURY™ LNA™ microRNA Array kit (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark). The chip used the Sanger microRNAs sequence database version 20.0 (www.mirbase.org/). An RNA fluorescent marker and chip hybridization was performed using the miRCURY™LNA™ microRNA Array Hi-Power Labeling kit (Exiqon). The marker enzyme Hy3TM fluorophore (Shanghai Biotechnology Corp., Shanghai, China) was used to mark the RNA for the chip hybridization fluorescence probe, according to the manufacturer's protocol. Each probe experiment was repeated 3 times. The green fluorescence signal was scanned with the Gene Pix 4000B Microarray Scanner (Molecular Devices LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The green fluorescence intensity was analyzed using Gene Pix Pro version 6.0 (Axon Instruments; Molecular Devices, LLC). The median value correction method was used to obtain the corrected value (26). The expression was regarded as upregulated if the ratio of the miR fluorescence corrected values of the NSCLC and paracarcinoma specimens was ≥1.5. The expression was regarded as downregulated if the ratio of the miR fluorescence corrected values of the two specimens was ≤0.67. The database miRGen version 3.0 (carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/index.php?r=mirgenv3) was used for bioinformatic analysis, which integrated various target prediction tools, including PicTar, miRanda, DIANA-micro T and Target Scan S. DAVID software version 2.4 (david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/) was used for functional classification analysis of the target genes (27).

Detecting cellular proliferation using CellTiter

A549, H460 and HFLl cells in the logarithmic phase were selected, seeded in a 96-well microplate (4×103 cells/well; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) with DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum and placed in an incubator (5% CO2; 37°C) for culture overnight. The culture medium was discarded following 1 h of incubation. The cells were agitated for 10 min at room temperature following the addition of 35 µl fresh culture medium and 35 µl CellTiter 96 detection reagent (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). The cells (50 µl) were transferred to an opaque white plate (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at 24, 48 and 72 h. The fluorescence value was tested using a fluorescence luminometer (F97Pro; Shanghai Lengguang Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China). Relative proliferative activity = appreciation rate of fluorescence value of treatment group / appreciation rate of fluorescence value of control group (28).

qPCR assay

Small RNAs (<100 nt) were extracted from the lung cancer cells and tissues using the Universal MicroRNA kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). In total, 5 g tissue = 1 ml water extract. Complementary (c)DNA was reverse transcribed using TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) on ice. The cDNA synthesis reaction mixture was 15 µl, which consisted of the following: 0.15 µl dNTPs (100 mM), 1.00 µl MultiScribe™ Reverse Transcriptase, 1.50 µl 10X Reverse Transcription Buffer, 0.19 µl RNase Inhibitor, 4.16 µl nuclease-free water, 3 µl hsa-miR-4458 or U6 5X RT Primer and 5 µl RNA sample (10 ng total RNA). Primers were synthesized by Shanghai Yanjing Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Primer Design software version 5 (PREMIER Biosoft, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and DNAMAN gene analysis software demo version 5.2.9 (Lynnon Biosoft, San Ramon, CA, USA) were used in order to detect the primer location and to screen the appropriate primers. The primer sequences were as follows: miR-4458, 5′-ACCTACAATGTGTGCTGGCTTTC-3′; miR-4458 inhibitor, 5′-GATCCCAGCAGCCAAGGCTATGTTTCTACCGAAC-3′; and internal reference U6, 5′-CACCACGTTTATACGCCGGTG-3′. The reaction conditions were 16°C for 30 min, 42°C for 30 min, and 85°C for 5 min. The cDNA synthesized by reverse transcription was stored at −20°C for later use. A relative qPCR analysis was conducted with U6 as the internal reference. The PCR reaction occurred in a qPCR amplifier (Quantstudio™ DX Real-Time PCR Instrument; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The reaction mixture was 20 µl and consisted of the following: 1.33 µl cDNA, 1 µl hsa-miR-4458, or U6 20X Real Time primer, 10 µl TaqMan 2X Universal PCR Master Mix and 7.67 µl nuclease-free water, taken from the Platinum® Quantitative PCR SuperMix (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The reaction conditions were 95°C for 10 min, 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min for a total of 40 cycles (29). qPCR data analysis was performed using Sequence Detection System version 2.3 software (ABI PRISM® 7900 HT; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The expression level of miRs was expressed using the ΔCq value (Cq miR relative to Cq U6) (30). Each experiment was repeated 3 times.

Plasmid cell transfection

miR-4458 mimic and inhibitor and miR-Scramble were synthesized by miR-Ribo (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China). The sequences were as follows: miR-4458 mimic, 5′-AGAGGUAGGUGUGGAAGAA-3′; miR-4458 inhibitor, 5′-UCGCACUGCUAGCUACGCUAGC-3′; miR-Scramble, 5′-CGAGUAGACUCCAACUGUGAUC-3′. The miRs were transfected into plasmids, and these plasmids were transfected into A549 and H460 cells. The A549 and H460 cells were cultured for 24 h in a 24-well microplate (5×104 cells/well) prior to transfection. The cell transfection process was in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol for Oligofectamine™ Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). miRs were transfected into riboFECT™ CP plasmids (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.). DMEM was added to each well at 4 h following transfection. The cells were cultured for 48 and 72 h at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. The experiment included a negative control (miR-Scramble), blank control (no miR mimic) and lipidosome (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) groups with 3 duplicated wells for each group.

Luciferase reporter gene experiment

The 3′-UTRs of CCND1 were amplified by PCR using the following primers: 5′-GTACTGGAGAATGTGCCCTGCGGCA-3′ and 5′-AGCTCGAGTAAGGCTCTGCACCCGC-3′ (Primer Premier version 6.0; PrimerDesign Ltd., Chandler's Ford, UK). MUT-CCND1–3′UTR was designed to completely inhibit the 9 consistent base sequences of miR-4458 and WT-CCND1–3′UTR. DNAMAN gene analysis software demo version 5.2.9 was used to identify the consistent base sequences. The luciferase reporter vector pGL3M-CCND1–3′UTR (50 ng) (Promega Corporation) and the control plasmid pcDNA3.1 (10 ng) (GeneCopoeia, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) were co-transfected into 293T cells using Lipofectamine® 2000 Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and the lipidosome mediation transfection method (31). The cells were named the experimental group pGL3M-WT-CCND1–3′UTR, positive control group pGL3M-MUT-CCND1–3′UTR and negative control group pGL3 M. The PCR products were then inserted into pGL3-basic vector. Target site mutations were generated using the PCR products with the appropriate primers containing point substitutions (MUT-CCND1 5′-GUUGCUGCAACACAACUAUAUAU-3′). The sequences were verified by DNA sequencing. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 0.1 mg reporter plasmid with 0.65 pmol miRNA mimic or control miRNA in 96-well plates. Luciferase activity was detected 48 h later using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system and normalized to Renilla activity.

Investigating the cell cycle using flow cytometry

A549 and H460 cells were digested with pancreatic enzymes (Beytime Institute of Biotechnology) to obtain a cell suspension (following culturing for 48 h at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2), washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and resuspended in 700 µl ethanol and 300 µl 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were mixed with 1 ml of −20°C absolute ethyl alcohol (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and fixed at 4°C overnight using P0020 fixing reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The cells were centrifuged at 560 × g for 5 min, washed once or twice with PBS following discarding of the ethanol and resuspended in PBS. Following addition of the PBS staining solution containing propidium iodide (PI; final concentration, 50 µg/ml; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and RNase A (final concentration 100 µg/ml; Shanghai Biotechnology Corp.), the cells were stained for 1 h in the dark. Subsequently, the cells were detected using the MoFlo® Astrios™ EQ Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Bream, CA, USA) (29). The experiment was repeated 3 times.

Investigating CCND1 protein expression using western blot analysis

A549 and H460 cells were transferred to a centrifugal tube. The cells were subjected to protein extraction (ProteoPrep® Total Extraction Sample kit; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and quantification in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol. Subsequently, 30 µg protein underwent 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gel was electrotransferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane and blocked in 5% skim milk powder for 2 h at room temperature. The blocked PVDF membrane was placed in the primary antibody (rabbit anti-CCND1 polyclonal antibody; dilution, 1:200; catalog no., BA0873; Boster Wuhan Biological Engineering, Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) solution diluted with Tris-HCl-buffered saline and Tween (TBST) and slowly agitated at 4°C overnight. The membrane was washed at room temperature with western wash buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The PVDF membrane was incubated with secondary antibodies (fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit; dilution, 1:200; catalog no., 711-475-152; and cyanine 3-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit; dilution, 1:200; catalog no., 711-475-205; Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA, USA) diluted with TBST (1:10,000) for 2 h at room temperature. Enhanced chemiluminescence X-ray imaging (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was used to detect the signals. The signal intensity was subject to a relative quantitative analysis using imaging analysis software (Image-Pro Plus version 6; Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA). The gel analysis was expressed with integrated optical density value. All reagents for the western blot were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Immunohistochemistry

The patient tissue specimens were fixed in 4% formaldehyde (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at 4°C, embedded in paraffin (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), sectioned (5 µm thickness) with a paraffin slicing machine (YD-202A; Zhengzhou Nanbei Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China), dried in an incubator at 37°C, subjected to antigen retrieval following dewaxing with xylene (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), blocked in 5% bovine serum albumin (diluted with PBS; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), incubated with primary antibody (rabbit polyclonal CCND1 antibody; dilution, 1:200; Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) at 4°C overnight followed by washing with PBS 3 times for 3 min each. The sections were subsequently incubated with goat IgG secondary antibody (dilution, 1:200; Leica Microsystems GmbH) for 30 min at room temperature, washed with PBS 3 times for 3 min each and stained with the color reagent 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, followed by rinsing in water and counterstaining with hematoxylin (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). A CX31-LV320 light microscope (Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan; magnification, ×400) was used to observe the samples.

Statistical analysis

The miR chip expression profile used the SAM and TIGR Multiple Array Viewer version 4.0 software (www.tm4.org/index.html) for analysis. The data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Inter-group differences were subject to Student's t-test. Inter-group enumeration data were compared with the χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability method. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. P<0.01 was considered to indicate a distinctively statistically significant difference. SPSS version 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Expression of miR-4458 in NSCLC and paracarcinoma tissues

Based on the chip data, it was observed that there was a significant difference in the expression of 58 miRs in 15 pairs of NSCLC and paracarcinoma tissues (upregulated/downregulated, >1.5 times; Fig. 1A). There were differences in 26 miRs in the NSCLC tissue compared with the paracarcinoma tissue with variation >2 times, and 20 downregulated and 6 upregulated miRs (Fig. 1B). miR-4458 had the most significant alteration in its expression level between NSCLC and paracarcinoma tissue (0.27 times in the paracarcinoma tissue). qPCR was conducted to investigate the miR-4458 expression level in 94 patients with NSCLC. It was demonstrated that the median expression level of miR-4458 in the paracarcinoma tissue of the 94 patients decreased from 2.38 to 0.65 (P<0.001; Fig. 1C). The median downregulation of miR-4458 expression in the 94 patients between non-cancerous and cancerous tissue was 0.65, and the patients were divided into two groups based on this cut-off value: miR-4458 low-expression group (52 patients) and miR-4458 high-expression group (42 patients). The 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-year total survival rates were 72.6, 48.2, 28.9, 16.1 and 14.4%, respectively, in the miR-4458 low-expression group, compared with 69.7, 51.5, 44.9, 32.2 and 29.1%, respectively, in the miR-4458 high-expression group (P=0.025; Fig. 1D). The 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-year relapse-free survival rates were 58.8, 33.9, 13.4, 7.8 and 7.8%, respectively, in the miR-4458 low-expression group, compared with 70.6, 38.2, 34.4, 21.3 and 17.6% in the miR-4458 high-expression group (P=0.019; Fig. 1E).

Association of expression of miR-4458 in lung carcinoma cell lines and cell proliferation

To study the biological functions of miR-4458, the present study initially investigated the expression of miR-4458 in human lung carcinoma A549 and H460 cell lines and the human lung fibroblast HFL1 cell line. The results demonstrated that the expression level of miR-4458 in A549 and H460 cell lines was downregulated significantly compared with normal HFL1 cells (P=0.017; Fig. 2A). The expression level of miR-4458 in the A549 and H460 cell lines increased significantly compared with HFL1 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 2B). Therefore, transfection of cells with miR-4458 mimics was able to successfully increase the expression of endogenous miR-4458.

The normal lung HFL1 cells were first transfected with the miR-4458 inhibitor. A CellTiter kit was used to detect the cell proliferation at 24, 48 and 72 h. There was no difference in cell proliferation within the initial 48 h (data not shown). The proliferation of the cells transfected with the miR-4458 inhibitor was increased compared with the cells transfected with the negative control miRNA (NC) at 72 h (P=0.025; Fig. 2C). To additionally verify the effect of miR-4458 on cellular proliferation, A549 and H460 cells were transfected with miR-4458 and NC. Fig. 2D and E demonstrates that the A549 and H460 cells transfected with miR-4458 proliferated slowly compared with NC. There was no difference in cellular proliferation within the initial 24 h. The cells transfected with NC proliferated significantly more at 48 h compared with the cells transfected with miR-4458 (P=0.011). The viability of the cells transfected with miR-4458 decreased significantly compared with that of the cells transfected with NC (P<0.001). Therefore, miR-4458 was able to inhibit cellular proliferation in A549 and H460 cells.

miR-4458 arrests lung carcinoma at cell cycle stage G0/G1

Inhibition of cellular proliferation indicated the possibility of miR-4458 inhibiting the cell cycle. Therefore, the present study investigated the distribution of various phases of the cells using flow cytometery. The cell cycle was analyzed using PI-stained DNA. A549 cells transfected with miR-4458 mimics at stage G0/G1 accounted for 69.94±8.05%. H460 cells at stage G0/G1 accounted for 68.15±7.75% (Fig. 3A and B). These percentages were increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.001). The percentage of A549 cells at stage S was significantly decreased compared with the control cells (P=0.028), and the growth rate of H460 cells was also observed to have slowed down. A549 and H460 cells at stage G2/M were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.001). There were more A549 and H460 miR-4458-transfected cells at stage G0/G1.

miR-4458 is capable of inhibiting CCND1 protein expression in human NSCLC cells

Western blot analysis indicated that there was no significant alteration in the levels of CCDN1 24 h subsequent to the addition of A549 and H460 cells to miR-4458 mimics. CCND1 protein expression was downregulated at 48 h. CCND1 protein expression was significantly downregulated at 72 h (P<0.001; Fig. 4A and B). The present study observed the expression of CCND1 protein in lung cancer tissue and paracarcinoma tissue of lung cancer patients using immunohistochemistry. The expression level of CCND1 in lung cancer tissues was increased compared with the paracarcinoma tissue (Fig. 4C). Therefore, miR-4458 was capable of inhibiting the expression of CCND1 in lung cancer tissue.

miR-4458 had 9 sequences completely consistent with WT-CCND1–3′UTR (Fig. 5A). After MUT-CCND1 was used to generate target site mutations at the seed sequence, the reporter result of the luciferase assay conducted in 293T cells indicated that there were no significant changes in pGL3M-MUT-CCND1–3′UTR and pGL3M-WT-CCND1–3′UTR in the negative control group compared with pGL3M in the vacant plasmid group. There were no significant changes in viability of the cells in the MUT group while the fluorescence intensity in the WT group decreased significantly following the addition of miR-4458 mimics (Fig. 5B; P<0.001). These results indicate that miR-4458 was capable of binding with the specific sequence in the promoter of WT-CCND1–3′UTR. miR-4458 did not function following an alteration in the specific sequence of the promoter.

Discussion

There have been numerous studies concerning the gene expression difference between cancerous and non-cancerous cells, and they have demonstrated that metabolic signaling pathways alter as a result of the difference in cancerous cells and normal physiological processes (32). miRs are diverse and are widely distributed in the genome; therefore, alterations in the genomes of cancerous cells may be observed by studying alterations in the expression of miRs (33). Consequently, miRs are molecules that may serve as diagnostic markers for cancers.

The present study demonstrated that there is a low expression of miR-4458 in lung cancer tissue based on the difference in the expression of miRs between lung cancer and paracarcinoma tissue in combination with qPCR verification. These results indicate that miR-4458 may have a specific role in the proliferation and progression of lung cancer. The present study additionally revealed that miR-4458 inhibits the proliferation of lung cancer cells to a greater extent in the lung carcinoma A549 and H460 cell lines. The present study demonstrated, using cell cycle assays, that miR-4458 is capable of causing arrest of the cell cycle at stage G0/G1, and therefore, inhibiting the proliferation of cells (34). The present study used TargetScan software to predict the target gene of miR-4458; the software provided several hundred results. Considering that miRs function by inhibiting target genes, the present study focused on genes relevant to cell cycle and apoptosis. Based on western blot analysis, the present results demonstrated that miR-4458 is capable of inhibiting the expression of CCND1 at the protein level, which confirms that CCND1 is a target gene of miR-4458 (35). In the present study, double reporter experiments have also demonstrated this result. Overall, miR-4458 may participate in inhibiting the onset of lung cancer, as a cancer suppressor gene.

CCND1 protein is encoded by the human CCND1 gene (36). CCND1 is important in controlling the cell growth cycle, and numerous types of cancer abnormally express CCND1 proteins at a high level to stimulate cell growth (37). Previous studies have indicated that these proteins may be a fatal characteristic of cancerous cells, since CCND1 inhibitors halt tumor growth and cause cancer cell death (38,39). In addition, studies have revealed that the inhibition of cyclin D1 induces aging of breast cancer cells in mice and inhibition of CCND3 induces apoptosis of cancerous cells of leukemic mice (40). Scientists have identified that CCND inhibitor drugs also have similar effects on human blood tumor cells (41). This protein controls the cell cycle and regulates cell growth and division. In numerous types of cancer, excessive cell cycle proteins allow for fast growth of tumor cells (42,43). It has been demonstrated that abnormal CCND1 is present in breast, lung, endometrial, pancreatic and testicular cancer, multiple myeloma and other types of blood cancer (4448). Mutation, amplification and over-expression of CCND1 may alter the cell cycle process. These phenomena frequently occur in numerous types of cancer and may cause the development of tumors (49). The present study hypothesizes that miR-4458 may be developed and utilized in the future as a miR drug for the treatment of cancer.

In conclusion, the present study indicates that miR-4458 effectively inhibits migration, proliferation and the cell cycle of lung tumor cells, as well as inhibiting CCND1 expression. The present results provide a novel clue for a deeper understanding of the association between miRs and the incidence of lung cancer, and provide a novel hypothesis and basis for seeking potential molecular targets. The cell cycle specificity of miR-4458 provides a novel direction for developing drugs for blocking cell cycle stage G0/G1 of tumor cells.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by the Project of Incentive Funds for Guidance of Scientific and Technical Innovation in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (grant no. 2014CZTCXYD), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81260571), the Public Health Project of The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (grant no. GJZYYGLJ 11 AGL NZD) and the Public Health Project of The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (grant no. GJZYYGLJ 11 AGL).

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November-2016
Volume 12 Issue 5

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Bao L, Wang L, Wei G, Wang Y, Wuyun G and Bo A: Role of microRNA-4458 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 12: 3958-3966, 2016.
APA
Bao, L., Wang, L., Wei, G., Wang, Y., Wuyun, G., & Bo, A. (2016). Role of microRNA-4458 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 12, 3958-3966. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5176
MLA
Bao, L., Wang, L., Wei, G., Wang, Y., Wuyun, G., Bo, A."Role of microRNA-4458 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer". Oncology Letters 12.5 (2016): 3958-3966.
Chicago
Bao, L., Wang, L., Wei, G., Wang, Y., Wuyun, G., Bo, A."Role of microRNA-4458 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer". Oncology Letters 12, no. 5 (2016): 3958-3966. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5176