Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
October-2017 Volume 14 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2017 Volume 14 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

  • Authors:
    • Zhi Liu
    • Jing Huang
    • Qi Zhong
    • Yanling She
    • Ruimin Ou
    • Cheng Li
    • Rui Chen
    • Mengdong Yao
    • Qing Zhang
    • Shuang Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China, Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 4167-4175
    |
    Published online on: August 4, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6723
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The present study aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). This was a secondary study on microarray dataset GSE80608, downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which included 10 control samples, 10 MGUS samples and 10 MM samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between control and MGUS samples, and between control and MM samples. A protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network was built for studying the interactions between the DEGs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis was performed for the genes in a gene co‑expression network. A microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑gene network was built to the evaluate possible the miRNAs and genes involved in the diseases. The present study identified 136 common upregulated DEGs and 165 common downregulated DEGs between MM and MGUS. Pathway enrichment analysis of the genes in the gene co‑expression network revealed that the complement and coagulation cascades pathway was significantly enriched for certain complement and coagulation‑associated genes. Endothelin‑1 (EDN1) was significantly enriched in the hypoxia inducible factor‑1 (HIF‑1) and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways. EDN1 was an important node in the PPI network, and a target gene of let‑7e, let‑7b and miR‑19a in the miRNA‑gene network. The results of the present study indicate that complement and coagulation‑associated genes, the complement and coagulation cascades pathway, EDN1, let‑7e, let‑7b‑5p, miR‑19a, and the tumor necrosis factor and HIF‑1 signaling pathways may all be implicated in MM and MGUS.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators: Global, regional, and national levels of age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 385:117–171. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Landgren O, Kyle RA, Pfeiffer RM, Katzmann JA, Caporaso NE, Hayes RB, Dispenzieri A, Kumar S, Clark RJ, Baris D, et al: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: A prospective study. Blood. 113:5412–5417. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Berenson JR, Matous J, Swift RA, Mapes R, Morrison B and Yeh HS: A phase I/II study of arsenic trioxide/bortezomib/ascorbic acid combination therapy for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 13:1762–1768. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Agarwal A and Ghobrial IM: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma: A review of the current understanding of epidemiology, biology, risk stratification, and management of myeloma precursor disease. Clin Cancer Res. 19:985–994. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Landgren O: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma: Biological insights and early treatment strategies. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013:478–487. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Kubiczkova L, Kryukov F, Slaby O, Dementyeva E, Jarkovsky J, Nekvindova J, Radova L, Greslikova H, Kuglik P, Vetesnikova E, et al: Circulating serum microRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Haematologica. 99:511–518. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Shvartsur A, Chatterjee D, Chen H, Berenson J, Garban H and Bonavida B: A bioinformatics approach revealed a differential expression of RKIP-related genes in pre-multiple myeloma and multiple myeloma: Clinical implications. Blood. 126:53092015.

8 

Amend S, Liang C, Serie D, Vachon CM, Lu L, Vij R, Colditz GA, Weilbaecher KN and Tomasson MH: Deletion of samsn1 underlies genetic susceptibility to Monoclonal Gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in mice. Blood. 122:3972013.

9 

Kuehl WM and Bergsagel PL: Molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma and its premalignant precursor. J Clin Invest. 122:3456–3463. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM, Zhan F, Sawyer J, Barlogie B and Jr SJ: Cyclin D dysregulation: An early and unifying pathogenic event in multiple myeloma. Blood. 106:296–303. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Annunziata CM, Davis RE, Demchenko Y, Bellamy W, Gabrea A, Zhan F, Lenz G, Hanamura I, Wright G, Xiao W, et al: Frequent engagement of the classical and alternative NF-kappaB pathways by diverse genetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell. 12:115–130. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

McNee G, Eales KL, Wei W, Williams DS, Barkhuizen A, Bartlett DB, Essex S, Anandram S, Filer A, Moss PA, et al: Citrullination of histone H3 drives IL-6 production by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in MGUS and multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 31:373–381. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Clough E and Barrett T: The gene expression omnibus database. Methods Mol Biol. 1418:93–110. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

MacDonald JW: Huex10sttranscriptcluster. db: Affymetrix huex10 annotation data (chip huex10sttranscriptcluster). R package. version 8.2.0. 2017.

15 

Gentleman R: Annotate: Annotation for microarrays. R package. version 1.54.0. 2017.

16 

R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computingR Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: 2017

17 

Smyth GK; Gentleman R, Carey V, Dudoit S, Irizarry R and Huber W: Limma: Linear models for microarray dataBioinformatics and Computational Biology Solutions Using R and Bioconductor. Springer; New York: pp. 397–420. 2005, View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Chen H and Boutros PC: VennDiagram: A package for the generation of highly-customizable Venn and Euler diagrams in R. Bmc Bioinformatics. 12:352011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kanehisa M, Goto S, Sato Y, Furumichi M and Tanabe M: KEGG for Integration and Interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets. Nucleic Acids Res. 40:(Database issue). D109–D114. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Dennis G, Sherman BT, Hosack DA, Yang J, Gao W, Lane HC and Lempicki RA: DAVID: Database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery. Genome Biol. 4:P32003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Jensen LJ, Kuhn M, Stark M, Chaffron S, Creevey C, Muller J, Doerks T, Julien P, Roth A, Simonovic M, et al: STRING 8-a global view on proteins and their functional interactions in 630 organisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 37:(Database issue). D412–D416. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tang Y, Li M, Wang J, Pan Y and Wu FX: CytoNCA: A cytoscape plugin for centrality analysis and evaluation of protein interaction networks. Biosystems. 127:67–72. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Goh KI, Oh E, Kahng B and Kim D: Betweenness centrality correlation in social networks. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 67:0171012003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Du Y, Gao C, Chen X, Hu Y, Sadiq R and Deng Y: A new closeness centrality measure via effective distance in complex networks. Chaos. 25:0331122015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Estrada E and Rodríguezvelázquez JA: Subgraph centrality in complex networks. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 71:0561032005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Liang M, Zhang F, Jin G and Zhu J: FastGCN: A GPU accelerated tool for fast gene co-expression networks. PloS One. 10:e01167762015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Jiang Q, Wang Y, Hao Y, Juan L, Teng M, Zhang X, Li M, Wang G and Liu Y: miR2Disease: A manually curated database for microRNA deregulation in human disease. Nucleic Acids Res. 37:(Suppl 1). D98–D104. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Dweep H and Gretz N: miRWalk2.0: A comprehensive atlas of microRNA-target interactions. Nat Methods. 12:6972015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Weiss BM, Abadie J, Verma P, Howard RS and Kuehl WM: A monoclonal gammopathy precedes multiple myeloma in most patients. Blood. 113:5418–5422. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Spendlove I, Ramage JM, Bradley R, Harris C and Durrant LG: Complement decay accelerating factor (DAF)/CD55 in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 55:987–995. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Matsushita M, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Terai I and Fujita T: Proteolytic activities of two types of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease. J Immunol. 165:2637–2642. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Markiewski MM, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Mollnes TE and Lambris JD: Complement and coagulation: Strangers or partners in crime? Trends Immunol. 28:184–192. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Crowely MP, Quinn S, Coleman E, Eustace JA, Gilligan OM and O'Shea SI: Differing coagulation profiles of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 39:245–249. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

De Stefano V, Za T and Rossi E: Venous thromboembolism in multiple myeloma. Semin Thromb Hemost. 40:338–347. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Kaelin WG Jr and Ratcliffe PJ: Oxygen sensing by metazoans: The central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway. Mol Cell. 30:393–402. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Martin SK, Diamond P, Gronthos S, Peet DJ and Zannettino AC: The emerging role of hypoxia, HIF-1 and HIF-2 in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 25:1533–1542. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Asosingh K, De Raeve H, de Ridder M, Storme GA, Willems A, Van Riet I, Van Camp B and Vanderkerken K: Role of the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment in 5T2 MM murine myeloma tumor progression. Haematologica. 90:810–817. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Azab AK, Hu J, Quang P, Azab F, Pitsillides C, Awwad R, Thompson B, Maiso P, Sun JD, Hart CP, et al: Hypoxia promotes dissemination of multiple myeloma through acquisition of epithelial to mesenchymal transition-like features. Blood. 119:5782–5794. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Hu Y, Kirito K, Yoshida K, Mitsumori T, Nakajima K, Nozaki Y, Hamanaka S, Nagashima T, Kunitama M, Sakoe K and Komatsu N: Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 function enhances the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to melphalan. Mol Cancer Ther. 8:2329–2338. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Lee C, Oh JI, Park J, Choi JH, Bae EK, Lee HJ, Jung WJ, Lee DS, Ahn KS and Yoon SS: TNF α mediated IL-6 secretion is regulated by JAK/STAT pathway but Not by MEK phosphorylation and AKT phosphorylation in U266 multiple myeloma cells. Biomed Res Int. 2013:5801352013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Mitsiades CS, Mitsiades N, Poulaki V, Schlossman R, Akiyama M, Chauhan D, Hideshima T, Treon SP, Munshi NC, Richardson PG and Anderson KC: Activation of NF-kappaB and upregulation of intracellular anti-apoptotic proteins via the IGF-1/Akt signaling in human multiple myeloma cells: Therapeutic implications. Oncogene. 21:5673–5683. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Elton TS, Oparil S, Taylor GR, Hicks PH, Yang RH, Jin H and Chen YF: Normobaric hypoxia stimulates endothelin-1 gene expression in the rat. Am J Physiol. 263:R1260–1264. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Z, Huang J, Zhong Q, She Y, Ou R, Li C, Chen R, Yao M, Zhang Q, Liu S, Liu S, et al: Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Oncol Lett 14: 4167-4175, 2017.
APA
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhong, Q., She, Y., Ou, R., Li, C. ... Liu, S. (2017). Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Oncology Letters, 14, 4167-4175. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6723
MLA
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhong, Q., She, Y., Ou, R., Li, C., Chen, R., Yao, M., Zhang, Q., Liu, S."Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Oncology Letters 14.4 (2017): 4167-4175.
Chicago
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhong, Q., She, Y., Ou, R., Li, C., Chen, R., Yao, M., Zhang, Q., Liu, S."Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Oncology Letters 14, no. 4 (2017): 4167-4175. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6723
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Z, Huang J, Zhong Q, She Y, Ou R, Li C, Chen R, Yao M, Zhang Q, Liu S, Liu S, et al: Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Oncol Lett 14: 4167-4175, 2017.
APA
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhong, Q., She, Y., Ou, R., Li, C. ... Liu, S. (2017). Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Oncology Letters, 14, 4167-4175. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6723
MLA
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhong, Q., She, Y., Ou, R., Li, C., Chen, R., Yao, M., Zhang, Q., Liu, S."Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Oncology Letters 14.4 (2017): 4167-4175.
Chicago
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhong, Q., She, Y., Ou, R., Li, C., Chen, R., Yao, M., Zhang, Q., Liu, S."Network-based analysis of the molecular mechanisms of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Oncology Letters 14, no. 4 (2017): 4167-4175. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6723
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team