Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
October-2017 Volume 14 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2017 Volume 14 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells

  • Authors:
    • Tianjiao Wang
    • Zhumei Zhuang
    • Peng Zhang
    • Yueyue Wang
    • Lin Mu
    • Haifeng Jin
    • Lei Zhou
    • Xiaochi Ma
    • Rui Liang
    • Yuhui Yuan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
  • Pages: 4971-4976
    |
    Published online on: August 23, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6798
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Pancreatic carcinoma (PC) is a deadly form of cancer with poor overall survival. Currently, chemotherapy such as gemcitabine and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑FU) are the most popular medications that can improve survival, but rapid drug‑resistance makes the search for more effective drugs urgent. Upon looking for natural components to treat PC, it was found that arenobufagin, a cardiac glycosides‑like compound, showed significant effects on the gemcitabine‑resistant pancreatic carcinoma cell line Panc‑1 and the gemcitabine‑sensitive cell line ASPC‑1 at nanomolar concentrations. The present study used MTT and clonogenic survival assays to examine survival and proliferation, and western blotting to assess changes in the associated mitogen activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3‑kinase pathways and expression of apoptosis‑related proteins. The current study also detected the cell cycle by flow cytometry. Arenobufagin inhibited cell survival and proliferation, decreased the phosphorylation of key downstream proteins of K‑Ras, including protein kinase B and extracellular signal related kinase, induced cell cycle G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis, and downregulated the level of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor. Notably, the present data also showed that arenobufagin can enhance the sensitivity of PC cells to gemcitabine and 5‑FU. In conclusion, arenobufagin could enhance the effect of gemcitabine and 5‑FU on PC cells by targeting multiple key proteins. Therefore, arenobufagin has potential as anadjuvant therapy for the treatment of PC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:5–29. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Hidalgo M: Pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 362:1605–1617. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH and Goggins M: Pancreatic cancer. Lancet. 378:607–620. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Burris HA III, Moore MJ, Andersen J, Green MR, Rothenberg ML, Modiano MR, Cripps MC, Portenoy RK, Storniolo AM, Tarassoff P, et al: Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: A randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 15:2403–2413. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Berlin J and Benson AB III: Chemotherapy: Gemcitabine remains the standard of care for pancreatic cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 7:135–137. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ducreux M, Boige V and Malka D: Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol. 34 (2 Suppl 1):S25–S30. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ying JE, Zhu LM and Liu BX: Developments in metastatic pancreatic cancer: Is gemcitabine still the standard? World J Gastroenterol. 18:736–745. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Davidson JD, Ma L, Flagella M, Geeganage S, Gelbert LM and Slapak CA: An increase in the expression of ribonucleotide reductase large subunit 1 is associated with gemcitabine resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 64:3761–3766. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Itoi T, Sofuni A, Fukushima N, Itokawa F, Tsuchiya T, Kurihara T, Moriyasu F, Tsuchida A and Kasuya K: Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 mRNA expression in pretreatment biopsies obtained from unresectable pancreatic carcinomas. J Gastroenterol. 42:389–394. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Nakano Y, Tanno S, Koizumi K, Nishikawa T, Nakamura K, Minoguchi M, Izawa T, Mizukami Y, Okumura T and Kohgo Y: Gemcitabine chemoresistance and molecular markers associated with gemcitabine transport and metabolism in human pancreatic cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 96:457–463. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Hagmann W, Jesnowski R and Löhr JM: Interdependence of gemcitabine treatment, transporter expression, and resistance in human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Neoplasia. 12:740–747. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Ng SS, Tsao MS, Nicklee T and Hedley DW: Wortmannin inhibits pkb/akt phosphorylation and promotes gemcitabine antitumor activity in orthotopic human pancreatic cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice. Clin Cancer Res. 7:3269–3275. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Moore MJ, Goldstein D, Hamm J, Figer A, Hecht JR, Gallinger S, Au HJ, Murawa P, Walde D, Wolff RA, et al: Erlotinib plus gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: A phase III trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 25:1960–1966. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Fountzilas G, Bobos M, Kalogera-Fountzila A, Xiros N, Murray S, Linardou H, Karayannopoulou G, Koutras AK, Bafaloukos D, Samantas E, et al: Gemcitabine combined with gefitinib in patients with inoperable or metastatic pancreatic cancer: A phase II Study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group with biomarker evaluation. Cancer Invest. 26:784–793. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Venkatasubbarao K, Peterson L, Zhao S, Hill P, Cao L, Zhou Q, Nawrocki ST and Freeman JW: Inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 increases response to gemcitabine and delays progression of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer. 12:1042013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Liang Y, Liu AH, Qin S, Sun JH, Yang M, Li P and Guo DA: Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of five bufadienolides in rat plasma after oral administration of Chansu extract by SPE-HPLC method. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 46:442–448. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wang Y, Lonard DM, Yu Y, Chow DC, Palzkill TG, Wang J, Qi R, Matzuk AJ, Song X, Madoux F, et al: Bufalin is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of the steroid receptor coactivators SRC-3 and SRC-1. Cancer Res. 74:1506–1517. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Cruz Jdos S and Matsuda H: Arenobufagin, a compound in toad venom, blocks Na(+)-K+ pump current in cardiac myocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. 239:223–226. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Cruz Jdos S and Matsuda H: Depressive effects of arenobufagin on the delayed rectifier K+ current of guinea-pig cardiac myocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. 266:317–325. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Cao HH, Zhang DM, Liu JS, Hou CY, Kurihara H and Ye WC: Inhibitory effect of arenobufagin on the adhesion, invasion and migration of human hepatoma carcinoma cells. Chinese Pharmacol Bull. 27:19–23. 2011.

21 

Zhang DM, Liu JS, Deng LJ, Chen MF, Yiu A, Cao HH, Tian HY, Fung KP, Kurihara H, Pan JX and Ye WC: Arenobufagin, a natural bufadienolide from toad venom, induces apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Carcinogenesis. 34:1331–1342. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Li M, Wu S, Liu Z, Zhang W, Xu J, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Tian H, Li Y and Ye W: Arenobufagin, a bufadienolide compound from toad venom, inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis through suppression of VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 83:1251–1260. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Li J, Ma X, Li F, Wang J, Chen H, Wang G, Lv X, Sun C and Jia J: Preparative separation and purification of bufadienolides from Chinese traditional medicine of ChanSu using high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci. 33:1325–1330. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Yuan Y, Qin L, Liu D, Wu RC, Mussi P, Zhou S, Songyang Z and Xu J: Genetic Screening Reveals an Essential Role of p27kip1 in Restriction of Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res. 67:8032–8042. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Thomas RK, Baker AC, Debiasi RM, Winckler W, Laframboise T, Lin WM, Wang M, Feng W, Zander T, MacConaill L, et al: High-throughput oncogene mutation profiling in human cancer. Nat Genet. 39:347–351. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Aguirre AJ, Bardeesy N, Sinha M, Lopez L, Tuveson DA, Horner J, Redston MS and DePinho RA: Activated Kras and Ink4a/Arf deficiency cooperate to produce metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genes Dev. 17:3112–3126. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Hingorani SR, Petricoin EF, Maitra A, Rajapakse V, King C, Jacobetz MA, Ross S, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Hitt BA, et al: Preinvasive and invasive ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse. Cancer Cell. 4:437–450. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Hingorani SR, Wang L, Multani AS, Combs C, Deramaudt TB, Hruban RH, Rustgi AK, Chang S and Tuveson DA: Trp53R172H and KrasG12D cooperate to promote chromosomal instability and widely metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice. Cancer Cell. 7:469–483. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Collins MA, Bednar F, Zhang Y, Brisset JC, Galbán S, Galbán CJ, Rakshit S, Flannagan KS, Adsay NV and di Magliano Pasca M: Oncogenic Kras is required for both the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer in mice. J Clin Invest. 122:639–653. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Shaw RJ and Cantley LC: Ras, PI(3)K and mTOR signalling controls tumour cell growth. Nature. 441:424–430. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Sweet RW, Yokoyama S, Kamata T, Feramisco JR, Rosenberg M and Gross M: The product of ras is a GTPase and the T24 oncogenic mutant is deficient in this activity. Nature. 311:273–275. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Hofmann I, Weiss A, Elain G, Schwaederle M, Sterker D, Romanet V, Schmelzle T, Lai A, Brachmann SM, Bentires-Alj M, et al: K-RAS mutant pancreatic tumors show higher sensitivity to MEK than to PI3K inhibition in vivo. PLoS One. 7:e441462012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Navas C, Hernandez-Porras I, Schuhmacher AJ, Sibilia M, Guerra C and Barbacid M: EGF receptor signaling is essential for k-ras oncogene-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell. 22:318–330. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Pryczynicz A, Guzińska-Ustymowicz K, Czyzewska J and Kemona A: Expression of epidermal growth factors and apoptosis markers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 47:667–671. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Weiss GA, Rossi MR, Khushalani NI, Lo K, Gibbs JF, Bharthuar A, Cowell JK and Iyer R: Evaluation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase catalytic subunit (PIK3CA) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations in pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol. 4:20–29. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Barr S, Thomson S, Buck E, Russo S, Petti F, Sujka-Kwok I, Eyzaguirre A, Rosenfeld-Franklin M, Gibson NW, Miglarese M, et al: Bypassing cellular EGF receptor dependence through epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transitions. Clin Exp Metastasis. 25:685–693. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Miyabayashi K, Ijichi H, Mohri D, Tada M, Yamamoto K, Asaoka Y, Ikenoue T, Tateishi K, Nakai Y, Isayama H, et al: Erlotinib prolongs survival in pancreatic cancer by blocking gemcitabine-induced MAPK signals. Cancer Res. 73:2221–2234. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Walters DM, Lindberg JM, Adair SJ, Newhook TE, Cowan CR, Stokes JB, Borgman CA, Stelow EB, Lowrey BT, Chopivsky ME, et al: Inhibition of the growth of patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts with the MEK inhibitor trametinib is augmented by combined treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor/HER2 inhibitor lapatinib. Neoplasia. 15:143–155. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Zhang L, Nakaya K, Yoshida T and Kuroiwa Y: Induction by bufalin of differentiation of human leukemia cells HL60, U937, and ML1 toward macrophage/monocyte-like cells and its potent synergistic effect on the differentiation of human leukemia cells in combination with other inducers. Cancer Res. 52:4634–4641. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Masuda Y, Kawazoe N, Nakajo S, Yoshida T, Kuroiwa Y and Nakaya K: Bufalin induces apoptosis and influences the expression of apoptosis-related genes in human leukemia cells. Leuk Res. 19:549–556. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Yu CH, Kan SF, Pu HF, Chien Jea E and Wang PS: Apoptotic signaling in bufalin- and cinobufagin-treated androgen-dependent and -independent human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Sci. 99:2467–2476. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Zalatnai A and Molnár J: Review. Molecular background of chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. In Vivo. 21:339–347. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Mimeault M, Hauke R and Batra SK: Recent advances on the molecular mechanisms involved in the drug resistance of cancer cells and novel targeting therapies. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 83:673–691. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang T, Zhuang Z, Zhang P, Wang Y, Mu L, Jin H, Zhou L, Ma X, Liang R, Yuan Y, Yuan Y, et al: Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 14: 4971-4976, 2017.
APA
Wang, T., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Mu, L., Jin, H. ... Yuan, Y. (2017). Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Oncology Letters, 14, 4971-4976. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6798
MLA
Wang, T., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Mu, L., Jin, H., Zhou, L., Ma, X., Liang, R., Yuan, Y."Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells". Oncology Letters 14.4 (2017): 4971-4976.
Chicago
Wang, T., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Mu, L., Jin, H., Zhou, L., Ma, X., Liang, R., Yuan, Y."Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells". Oncology Letters 14, no. 4 (2017): 4971-4976. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6798
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang T, Zhuang Z, Zhang P, Wang Y, Mu L, Jin H, Zhou L, Ma X, Liang R, Yuan Y, Yuan Y, et al: Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 14: 4971-4976, 2017.
APA
Wang, T., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Mu, L., Jin, H. ... Yuan, Y. (2017). Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Oncology Letters, 14, 4971-4976. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6798
MLA
Wang, T., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Mu, L., Jin, H., Zhou, L., Ma, X., Liang, R., Yuan, Y."Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells". Oncology Letters 14.4 (2017): 4971-4976.
Chicago
Wang, T., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Mu, L., Jin, H., Zhou, L., Ma, X., Liang, R., Yuan, Y."Effect of arenobufagin on human pancreatic carcinoma cells". Oncology Letters 14, no. 4 (2017): 4971-4976. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6798
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team