Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells

  • Authors:
    • Guofu Lin
    • Wenyu Sun
    • Zhi Yang
    • Jinshuai Guo
    • Haiyang Liu
    • Jian Liang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of The First General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 6457-6462
    |
    Published online on: September 26, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7063
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Hypoxia promotes tumor malignancy in solid tumors. One key mechanism by which this occurs is via epigenetic alteration. The present study demonstrates that hypoxia upregulates the expression of the ten‑eleven‑translocation 5‑methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) enzymes, which catalyze the conversion of 5‑methylcytosine to 5‑hydroxymethylcytosine (5‑hmC), thereby leading to elevated cellular 5‑hmC levels in hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Hypoxia inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) is the main transcription factor activated by hypoxia. A chemical inducer of HIF‑1α, CoCl2, also increases the expression of TET enzymes. Knockdown of HIF‑1α attenuates the hypoxia‑induced expression of TET enzymes. These results indicate that hypoxia controls DNA methylation through HIF‑1α‑mediated TET enzyme regulation in HepG2 cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Thomas MB and Zhu AX: Hepatocellular carcinoma: The need for progress. J Clin Oncol. 23:2892–2899. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Calvisi DF, Ladu S, Gorden A, Farina M, Lee JS, Conner EA, Schroeder I, Factor VM and Thorgeirsson SS: Mechanistic and prognostic significance of aberrant methylation in the molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Invest. 117:2713–2722. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA and Reichman ME: Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol. 27:1485–1491. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Sia D, Villanueva A, Friedman SL and Llovet JM: Liver cancer cell of origin, molecular class, and effects on patient prognosis. Gastroenterology. 152:745–761. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Herzog CE, Andrassy RJ and Eftekhari F: Childhood cancers: Hepatoblastoma. Oncologist. 5:445–453. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Darbari A, Sabin KM, Shapiro CN and Schwarz KB: Epidemiology of primary hepatic malignancies in U.S. Children. Hepatology. 38:560–566. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Llovet JM, Burroughs A and Bruix J: Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 362:1907–1917. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Seeff LB: Introduction: The burden of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 127(5): S1–S4. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Bisteau X, Caldez MJ and Kaldis P: The complex relationship between liver cancer and the cell cycle: A story of multiple regulations. Cancers (Basel). 6:79–111. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Thorgeirsson SS and Grisham JW: Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet. 31:339–346. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Dan YY, Riehle KJ, Lazaro C, Teoh N, Haque J, Campbell JS and Fausto N: Isolation of multipotent progenitor cells from human fetal liver capable of differentiating into liver and mesenchymal lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:pp. 9912–9917. 2006; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bell D, Ranganathan S, Tao J and Monga SP: Novel Advances in Understanding of Molecular Pathogenesis of Hepatoblastoma: A Wnt/β-Catenin Perspective. Gene Expr. 17:141–154. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Jia D, Dong R, Jing Y, Xu D, Wang Q, Chen L, Li Q, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, et al: Exome sequencing of hepatoblastoma reveals novel mutations and cancer genes in the Wnt pathway and ubiquitin ligase complex. Hepatology. 60:1686–1696. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Eichenmuller M, Trippel F, Kreuder M, Beck A, Schwarzmayr T, Haberle B, Cairo S, Leuschner I, von Schweinitz D, Strom TM and Kappler R: The genomic landscape of hepatoblastoma and their progenies with HCC-like features. J Hepatol. 61:1312–1320. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Koch A, Denkhaus D, Albrecht S, Leuschner I, von Schweinitz D and Pietsch T: Childhood hepatoblastomas frequently carry a mutated degradation targeting box of the beta-catenin gene. Cancer Res. 59:269–273. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Koch A, Weber N, Waha A, Hartmann W, Denkhaus D, Behrens J, Birchmeier W, von Schweinitz D and Pietsch T: Mutations and elevated transcriptional activity of conductin (AXIN2) in hepatoblastomas. J Pathol. 204:546–554. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Tomlinson GE and Kappler R: Genetics and epigenetics of hepatoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 59:785–792. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Liu C, Liu L, Chen X, Shen J, Shan J, Xu Y, Yang Z, Wu L, Xia F, Bie P, et al: Decrease of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through downregulation of TET1. PLoS One. 8:e628282013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Nishida N and Goel A: Genetic and epigenetic signatures in human hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review. Curr Genomics. 12:130–137. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Rumbajan JM, Maeda T, Souzaki R, Mitsui K, Higashimoto K, Nakabayashi K, Yatsuki H, Nishioka K, Harada R, Aoki S, et al: Comprehensive analyses of imprinted differentially methylated regions reveal epigenetic and genetic characteristics in hepatoblastoma. BMC Cancer. 13:6082013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Cui X, Liu B, Zheng S, Dong K and Dong R: Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in hepatoblastoma tissues. Oncol Lett. 12:1529–1534. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Majmundar AJ, Wong WJ and Simon MC: Hypoxia-inducible factors and the response to hypoxic stress. Mol Cell. 40:294–309. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Semenza GL: Molecular mechanisms mediating metastasis of hypoxic breast cancer cells. Trends Mol Med. 18:534–543. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Liu Q, Liu L, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Wang D, Chen J, He Y, Wu J, Zhang Z and Liu Z: Hypoxia induces genomic DNA demethylation through the activation of HIF-1α and transcriptional upregulation of MAT2A in hepatoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 10:1113–1123. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Shahrzad S, Bertrand K, Minhas K and Coomber BL: Induction of DNA hypomethylation by tumor hypoxia. Epigenetics. 2:119–125. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Wu H and Zhang Y: Mechanisms and functions of Tet protein-mediated 5-methylcytosine oxidation. Genes Dev. 25:2436–2452. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Das PM and Singal R: DNA methylation and cancer. J Clin Oncol. 22:4632–4642. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Jones PA: Functions of DNA methylation: Islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond. Nat Rev Genet. 13:484–492. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kohli RM and Zhang Y: TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation. Nature. 502:472–479. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Ito S, Shen L, Dai Q, Wu SC, Collins LB, Swenberg JA, He C and Zhang Y: Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science. 333:1300–1303. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y, Pastor WA, Bandukwala H, Brudno Y, Agarwal S, Iyer LM, Liu DR, Aravind L and Rao A: Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science. 324:930–935. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Qiu GH, Xie X, Xu F, Shi X, Wang Y and Deng L: Distinctive pharmacological differences between liver cancer cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B. Cytotechnology. 67:1–12. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Rikhi RR, Spady KK, Hoffman RI, Bateman MS, Bateman M and Howard LE: Hepatoblastoma: A Need for Cell Lines and Tissue Banks to Develop Targeted Drug Therapies. Front Pediatr. 4:222016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Wang GL and Semenza GL: General involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in transcriptional response to hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:pp. 4304–4308. 1993; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Pugh CW, O'Rourke JF, Nagao M, Gleadle JM and Ratcliffe PJ: Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1; definition of regulatory domains within the alpha subunit. J Biol Chem. 272:11205–11214. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Robertson KD: DNA methylation and human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 6:597–610. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Gopalakrishnan S, Van Emburgh BO and Robertson KD: DNA methylation in development and human disease. Mutat Res. 647:30–38. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

López-Terrada D, Cheung SW, Finegold MJ and Knowles BB: Hep G2 is a hepatoblastoma-derived cell line. Hum Pathol. 40:1512–1515. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Capes-Davis A, Theodosopoulos G, Atkin I, Drexler HG, Kohara A, MacLeod RA, Masters JR, Nakamura Y, Reid YA, Reddel RR and Freshney RI: Check your cultures! A list of cross-contaminated or misidentified cell lines. Int J Cancer. 127:1–8. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Aden DP, Fogel A, Plotkin S, Damjanov I and Knowles BB: Controlled synthesis of HBsAg in a differentiated human liver carcinoma-derived cell line. Nature. 282:615–616. 1979. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ivanov M, Kals M, Kacevska M, Barragan I, Kasuga K, Rane A, Metspalu A, Milani L and Ingelman-Sundberg M: Ontogeny, distribution and potential roles of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in human liver function. Genome Biol. 14:R832013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Yang H, Liu Y, Bai F, Zhang JY, Ma SH, Liu J, Xu ZD, Zhu HG, Ling ZQ, Ye D, et al: Tumor development is associated with decrease of TET gene expression and 5-methylcytosine hydroxylation. Oncogene. 32:663–669. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Mariani CJ, Vasanthakumar A, Madzo J, Yesilkanal A, Bhagat T, Yu Y, Bhattacharyya S, Wenger RH, Cohn SL, Nanduri J, et al: TET1-mediated hydroxymethylation facilitates hypoxic gene induction in neuroblastoma. Cell Rep. 7:1343–1352. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Wu MZ, Chen SF, Nieh S, Benner C, Ger LP, Jan CI, Ma L, Chen CH, Hishida T, Chang HT, et al: Hypoxia Drives Breast Tumor Malignancy through a TET-TNFα-p38-MAPK Signaling Axis. Cancer Res. 75:3912–3924. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lin G, Sun W, Yang Z, Guo J, Liu H and Liang J: Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 14: 6457-6462, 2017.
APA
Lin, G., Sun, W., Yang, Z., Guo, J., Liu, H., & Liang, J. (2017). Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells. Oncology Letters, 14, 6457-6462. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7063
MLA
Lin, G., Sun, W., Yang, Z., Guo, J., Liu, H., Liang, J."Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells". Oncology Letters 14.6 (2017): 6457-6462.
Chicago
Lin, G., Sun, W., Yang, Z., Guo, J., Liu, H., Liang, J."Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells". Oncology Letters 14, no. 6 (2017): 6457-6462. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7063
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lin G, Sun W, Yang Z, Guo J, Liu H and Liang J: Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 14: 6457-6462, 2017.
APA
Lin, G., Sun, W., Yang, Z., Guo, J., Liu, H., & Liang, J. (2017). Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells. Oncology Letters, 14, 6457-6462. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7063
MLA
Lin, G., Sun, W., Yang, Z., Guo, J., Liu, H., Liang, J."Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells". Oncology Letters 14.6 (2017): 6457-6462.
Chicago
Lin, G., Sun, W., Yang, Z., Guo, J., Liu, H., Liang, J."Hypoxia induces the expression of TET enzymes in HepG2 cells". Oncology Letters 14, no. 6 (2017): 6457-6462. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7063
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team