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Introduction

Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality (1). Despite significant advances in medical and surgical treatment options, the mortality rate for CRC remains high (2), with a reported 812,000–855,000 mortalities resulting from colon and rectal cancer in 2015 (3). In order to address this issue and improve the prognosis of patients with CRC, a more thorough understanding of the underlying pathological processes of CRC carcinogenesis is required.

The adenoma-carcinoma sequence represents the process by which the majority of CRC arise (4,5). In 70–80% of colorectal tumors, this sequence is initiated by the mutation and inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which acts as the gatekeeper of colorectal tumorigenesis (6). The APC protein combines with glycogen synthase kinase 3β, axin and casein kinase 1α to form a ‘destruction complex’ that degrades β-catenin (7). As a consequence of APC protein inactivation, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is often aberrantly activated in CRC (6). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is important as it serves a key function in the regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) (8). These are multipotent cells with the capacity to self-renew and thus sustain the proliferative capacity of the intestinal epithelium (9). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) act in a manner similar to normal ISCs to promote tumor expansion and progression in adenomas and adenocarcinomas (10,11).

In addition to Wnt/β-catenin, two other key signaling pathways regulate colorectal ISCs; the Notch signaling pathway, which is associated with generating cells with ISC-like properties (12,13), and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, which counteracts the effects of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (14,15). Cellular activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is characterized by the nuclear localization of β-catenin; these cells act as CSCs and are capable of tumorigenesis (6,12,16). Additionally, membrane-bound β-catenin is associated with the presence of epithelial cadherin, which maintains epithelial cell-cell adhesion; loss of membrane-bound β-catenin may contribute to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (17,18).

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) acts downstream of the Wnt gene and has been identified as a marker of ISCs and CSCs in CRC (19–23). It has been reported that increased expression of LGR5 occurs in colon cancer cell lines as well as samples of colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma, compared with noncancerous controls (24). In addition, LGR5 silencing in colorectal cell lines has been reported to result in downregulated Notch signaling (22). Specific activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via the loss of APC in ISCs expressing LGR5 is sufficient to promote the formation of adenomas in the mouse intestine (21).

GATA6, a member of the zinc-finger DNA binding transcription factor family, has been identified as a regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, the BMP pathway and LGR5 expression. GATA6 deficiency suppresses colonic tumorigenesis by antagonizing the β-catenin/transcription factor 4 complex by binding to the BMP4 regulatory region in APC null mice (25). Furthermore, GATA6 is able to bind to the LGR5 promoter region and, as such, knockdown of GATA6 decreases LGR5 mRNA levels to a similar extent as β-catenin knockdown (25). Decreasing the expression of LGR5 via suppressing GATA6 therefore inhibits the tumorigenic properties of CRC cells (26). Based on the available evidence, it was hypothesized in the present study that the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and increased expression of LGR5 and GATA6 may serve a cooperative role in human colorectal tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate this cooperative role by observing the varied expression of β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in a normal mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence in colorectal tissue samples.

Materials and methods

Subjects

A total of 65 patients with a pathological diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma and a history of adenoma that underwent surgical resections at The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Department of General Surgery (Liaoning, China) between June 2012 and September 2014 were retrospectively included in the present study. The Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage of patients was determined according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual (27,28). The baseline characteristics of the patients are presented in Table I.

Table I. Characteristics of patients with colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma.

Table I.

Characteristics of patients with colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma.

Characteristic	n (%)
Age, years
<65	31 (47.69)
≥65	34 (52.31)
Sex
Male	47 (72.31)
Female	18 (27.69)
Location of adenoma
Colon	25 (38.46)
Rectum	40 (61.54)
Histological grade of adenomatous dysplasia
Mild	29 (44.62)
Moderate/severe	31 (47.69)
Number of adenoma
Single	56 (86.15)
Multiple	9 (13.85)
Location of adenocarcinoma
Colon	26 (40.00)
Rectum	39 (60.00)
TNM staging of adenocarcinoma
Stage I/II	46 (70.77)
Stage III/IV	19 (29.23)
pTNM T stage
T1/T2	18 (27.69)
T3/T4	47 (72.31)
pTNM N stage
N0	47 (72.31)
N1/N2	18 (27.69)

[i] pTNM, pathological Tumor-Node-Metastasis.

Adenoma, adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissue samples (3-µm thick) were fixed in 4% formalin overnight at 4°C and embedded in paraffin. The majority of adenomas (89.25%; n=58/65) were in the same location as adenocarcinomas diagnosed in the same patient. The present study was approved by The Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

The tissue sections were initially deparaffinized in an oven at 65°C for 2 h, immersed in xylene 3 times and subsequently heated to 100°C in 10 mM citrate buffer (Origene Technologies, Inc., Beijing, China), pH 6.0, for 30 min. Sections were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin (A1933; Sigma-Aldrich, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and 5% normal goat serum (S-1000; Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA) in PBS plus 0.04% tween 20 at room temperature for 1 h. Sections were subsequently incubated with primary anti-LGR5 (1:100; ab75850; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-GATA6 (1:150; sc-9055; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) and anti-β-catenin antibodies (1:200; 51067-2-AP; ProteinTech Group, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at 4°C overnight. Samples were treated with a 2-step plus Poly-HRP anti-mouse/rabbit IgG detection system (cat. no. PV-9000; Origene Technologies, Inc.) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (cat. no. ZLI-9032; Origene Technologies, Inc.), according to manufacturer's protocols. Finally, samples were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin (cat. no. MHS16; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) at room temperature for 5 min and mounted with Histomount mounting medium (HS-103; National Diagnostics, Atlanta, GA, USA).

Evaluation of IHC staining

IHC results were evaluated as previously described (29). Images were evaluated in at least three fields of view at ×200 magnification using an Olympus BX53 light microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) which included either a whole section or whole layer of colorectal wall (mucosa-submucosa-muscularis-serosa) were evaluated and selected unanimously by two experienced pathologists. The pathologists also took into consideration the staining intensity and the proportion of positive staining. The intensity score refers to four grades of staining intensity: 0, negative staining; 1, weak/light yellow staining; 2, moderate/yellow staining; and 3, strong/dark yellow staining. The quantity score refers to the proportion of positively stained cells in the tissue sections: 0, 0–4% positively stained cells; 1, 5–24% positively stained cells; 2, 25–49% positively stained cells; 3, 50–74% positively stained cells; and 4, 75–100% positively stained cells. The final overall score ranged from 0 to 12 and was obtained by multiplying the intensity score by the quantity score. The mean of the overall scores of the selected fields was analyzed as the evaluative scores of staining. Tissue sections with unavailable staining were excluded from the final analysis.

Statistical analysis

SAS-JMP software (version 11; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analysis. For comparisons between groups, a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Steel-Dwass method was performed for abnormally distributed data comprising more than two groups. A Wilcoxon rank-sum was used when there were two groups. Data are presented as the median [interquartile range, (IQR)]. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the correlation between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Expression of β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in a normal mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence of colorectal tissue

To simultaneously observe the effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation, LGR5 and GATA6 on colorectal tumorigenesis, the expression of β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in adenocarcinoma, adjacent adenoma and normal tissue samples were evaluated. It was identified that β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 were expressed in distinct locations within intestinal epithelial cells: β-catenin was expressed on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus; LGR5 was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm; and GATA6 was expressed in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. The expression and intracellular localization of β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in a normal mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. (A) Immunolabeling patterns and (B) quantitative analysis of β-catenin; (C) immunolabeling patterns and (D) quantitative analysis of LGR5; and (E) immunolabeling and (F) quantitative analysis of GATA6 in representative colorectal tissues, including normal mucosa, adenomas and adenocarcinomas obtained from the same patient. Scale bar=50 µm. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. LGR5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GATA6, GATA-binding factor 6.

Nuclear expression of β-catenin increased in samples as they progressed from normal mucosa to adenoma to adenocarcinoma (P<0.0001), whereas membrane-bound β-catenin expression decreased (P<0.0001; Fig. 1A and B). A statistically significant difference was identified between all pairwise comparisons, with the exception of nuclear β-catenin expression in adenoma and adenocarcinoma samples. This suggests that increased nuclear β-catenin expression and decreased cell-membrane β-catenin expression may serve a function in the transformation from normal colorectal mucosa to adenoma.

To investigate the expression of LGR5 and its function in the normal mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma transformation, IHC staining of LGR5 in tissue sections were evaluated. It was revealed that, similar to nuclear β-catenin expression, there was an increase in LGR5 expression as the tissue progressed from normal mucosa to adenocarcinoma (P=0.0003; Fig. 1C and D).

Similarly, cytoplasmic GATA6 was overexpressed in adenocarcinomas compared with normal mucosal samples (P=0.015; Fig. 1E and F). In contrast, nuclear GATA6 was downregulated in adenocarcinomas compared with normal mucosa (P=0.001; Fig. 1E and F).

These data demonstrate that nuclear β-catenin and cytoplasmic LGR5 expression is higher in adenoma and adenocarcinoma samples compared with normal mucosal samples, whereas cytoplasmic GATA6 expression is higher in adenocarcinoma samples compared with normal mucosal samples. These findings suggest that nuclear β-catenin and LGR5 may serve a function in the transition from normal mucosa to adenoma and increased expression of cytoplasmic GATA6 may promote the formation of adenocarcinoma.

Correlation between the expression of β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in normal mucosa, adenoma and adenocarcinoma

Using normal mucosa, adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissue sections obtained from the same patient, the association between disease stage and β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in distinct intracellular locations was investigated (Tables II–IV). In adenomas and adenocarcinomas, a significant positive correlation was observed between cytoplasmic GATA6 expression and LGR5 expression (P=0.001 rs=0.481, Table III; P=0.007, rs=0.377, Table IV). In contrast, there was a negative association between nuclear GATA6 expression and LGR5 expression in adenomas (P=0.022, rs=−0.329; Table V). No significant associations were observed in normal mucosa (Table II). These results suggest that there is an interaction between GATA6 and LGR5 expression in colorectal tumors but not in normal mucosa. No significant association between nuclear β-catenin and GATA6 expression was observed in any tissues (Tables II–IV).

Table II. Correlation between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in colorectal normal mucosa.

Table II.

Correlation between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in colorectal normal mucosa.

Protein	Cell membrane β-catenin	Nuclear β-catenin	LGR5	Cytoplasmic GATA6	Nuclear GATA6
Cell membrane β-catenin	rs=1.000	rs=0.085	rs=0.146	rs=−0.176	rs=−0.048
	–	P=0.516	P=0.308	P=0.176	P=0.715
Nuclear β-catenin	rs=0.085	rs=1.000	rs=0.134	rs=−0.001	rs=0.056
	P=0.516	–	P=0.353	P=0.993	P=0.674
LGR5	rs=0.146	rs=0.134	rs=1.000	rs=0.122	rs=0.012
	P=0.308	P=0.353	–	P=0.399	P=0.934
Cytoplasmic GATA6	rs=−0.176	rs=−0.001	rs=0.122	rs=1.000	rs=0.074
	P=0.176	P=0.993	P=0.399	–	P=0.573
Nuclear GATA6	rs=−0.048	rs=0.056	rs=0.012	rs=0.074	rs=1.000
	P=0.715	P=0.674	P=0.934	P=0.573	–

[i] Statistical analyses were performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. LGR5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GATA6, GATA-binding factor 6.

Table IV. Correlation between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Table IV.

Correlation between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.

	Cell membrane β-catenin	Nuclear β-catenin	LGR5	Cytoplasmic GATA6	Nuclear GATA6
Cell membrane β-catenin	rs=1.000	rs=−0.141	rs=−0.086	rs=−0.056	rs=−0.002
	–	P=0.270	P=0.554	P=0.665	P=0.985
Nuclear β-catenin	rs=−0.141	rs=1	rs=−0.233	rs=−0.212	rs=0.251
	P=0.270	–	P=0.103	P=0.098	P=0.049a
LGR5	rs=−0.086	rs=−0.233	rs=1	rs=0.377	rs=−0.270
	P=0.554	P=0.103	–	P=0.007b	P=0.058
Cytoplasmic GATA6	rs=−0.056	rs=−0.212	rs=0.377	rs=1	rs=0.123
	P=0.665	P=0.098	P=0.007b	–	P=0.343
Nuclear GATA6	rs=−0.002	rs=0.251	rs=−0.270	rs=0.122	rs=1.000
	P=0.985	P=0.049a	P=0.058	P=0.343	–

a P<0.05

b P<0.01. Statistical analyses were performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. LGR5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GATA6, GATA-binding factor 6.

Table III. Correlation between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in colorectal adenoma.

Table III.

Correlation between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in colorectal adenoma.

Protein	Cell membrane β-catenin	Nuclear β-catenin	LGR5	Cytoplasmic GATA6	Nuclear GATA6
Cell membrane β-catenin	rs=1.000	rs=0.022	rs=−0.135	rs=−0.168	rs=0.305
	–	P=0.866	P=0.367	P=0.209	P=0.020a
Nuclear β-catenin	rs=0.022	rs=1.000	rs=−0.087	rs=−0.170	rs=0.148
	P=0.866	–	P=0.560	P=0.202	P=0.269
LGR5	rs=−0.135	rs=−0.087	rs=1.000	rs=0.481	rs=−0.329
	P=0.367	P=0.560	–	P=0.001b	P=0.022a
Cytoplasmic GATA6	rs=−0.168	rs=−0.170	rs=0.481	rs=1.000	rs=−0.235
	P=0.209	P=0.202	P=0.001b	–	P=0.071
Nuclear GATA6	rs=0.305	rs=0.148	rs=−0.329	rs=−0.235	rs=1.000
	P=0.020a	P=0.269	P=0.022a	P=0.071	–

a P<0.05.

b P<0.01. Statistical analyses were performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. LGR5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GATA6, GATA-binding factor 6.

Table V. β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in adenoma stratified by histological grade of dysplasia.

Table V.

β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in adenoma stratified by histological grade of dysplasia.

	Cell membrane β-catenin			Nuclear β-catenin			LGR5			Cytoplasmic GATA6			Nuclear GATA6
Dysplasia	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2
Mild	27	8 (2)	2.17	27	4 (3)	4.33a	24	4 (7)	0.46	27	0 (4)	0.02	27	0 (3)	0.57
Moderate/severe	29	7 (6)		29	2 (3)		22	4 (4)		29	1 (3)		29	0 (1)

a P<0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. LGR5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GATA6, GATA-binding factor 6; IQR, interquartile range.

Analysis of β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma stratified by pathological parameters

β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression was investigated in samples of adenomas and adenocarcinomas stratified by pathological parameters (Tables V and VI). Adenomas with mild-grade dysplasia exhibited increased levels of nuclear β-catenin expression compared with adenomas with moderate and severe-grade dysplasia (P=0.038; Table V). This suggests that upregulation of nuclear β-catenin may be an early event in the pathogenesis of colorectal tumors. When protein expression was evaluated in adenocarcinomas with distinct pathological TNM stages, nuclear GATA6 was observed to be significantly downregulated in stage T3 and T4 adenocarcinomas compared with stage T1 and T2 adenocarcinomas (P=0.024; Table VI).

Table VI. β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in adenocarcinoma stratified by pathological parameters.

Table VI.

β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in adenocarcinoma stratified by pathological parameters.

	Cell membrane β-catenin			Nuclear β-catenin			LGR5			Cytoplasmic GATA6			Nuclear GATA6
Parameters	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2
TNM staging
I/II	44	5 (5)	0.09	44	3 (5)	0.04	38	5 (3)	1.74	44	1 (4)	0.97	44	1 (1)	0.69
III/IV	19	4 (4)		19	3 (4)		12	6 (4)		18	1 (4)		18	0 (1)
pTNM T stage
T1/T2	17	4 (5)	0.04	17	4 (7)	0.23	15	6 (3)	0.10	17	1 (3)	0.07	17	1 (3)	5.10a
T3/T4	46	4 (5)		46	3 (4)		35	5 (3)		45	1 (4)		45	0 (1)
pTNM N stage
N0	45	4 (5)	0.64	45	2 (5)	0.08	39	5 (3)	0.09	45	1 (4)	0.43	45	0 (2)	0.36
N1&N2	18	4 (5)		18	3 (5)		11	6 (3)		17	1 (5)		17	0 (1)

a P<0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. pTNM, pathological tumor-node-metastasis; LGR5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GATA6, GATA-binding factor 6; IQR, interquartile range.

Nuclear β-catenin expression is positively correlated with the depth of invasion of colorectal adenocarcinomas, however LGR5 and GATA6 expression is not

To explore the association between β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression and the depth of tumor invasion, protein expression was evaluated at distinct invasive depths (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa) in the same sample of adenocarcinoma. Nuclear β-catenin expression was significantly increased in the serosal layer compared with all other layers (P=0.042; Table VII). No significant difference in the cell-membrane expression of β-catenin, or the cytoplasmic expression of LGR5 or GATA6, was observed among layers (Table VII). These results suggest that nuclear β-catenin expression may contribute to the invasive capacity of colorectal cancer. In addition, these results are consistent with those of previous reports, which demonstrated increased expression of nuclear β-catenin in the invasive front (30) and that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and increases the invasive capabilities of tumor cells (31,32).

Table VII. β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in different invasive depth of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Table VII.

β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 expression in different invasive depth of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

	Cell membrane β-catenin			Nuclear β-catenin			LGR5			Cytoplasmic GATA6			Nuclear GATA6
Parameters	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2	n	Median (IQR)	χ2
Mucosa	28	4 (7)	1.63	28	2 (7)	8.23a	14	7 (4)	1.28	8	1 (4)	3.79	8	2 (4)	6.41
Submucosa	45	4 (4)		45	2 (4)		29	4 (3)		29	1 (2)		29	0 (1)
Muscularis	53	4 (6)		53	3 (5)		36	6 (4)		42	2 (4)		42	0 (1)
Serosa	10	2 (7)		10	6 (9)		7	4 (3)		4	4 (6)		4	0 (0)

a P<0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Steel-Dwass method. pTNM, pathological tumor-node-metastasis; LGR5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; GATA6, GATA-binding factor 6; IQR, interquartile range.

Discussion

Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway results in β-catenin translocation to the nucleus and transcription of Wnt target genes; this process has been implicated in the initiation of colorectal tumorigenesis (33,34). LGR5 is a target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (19) and has been identified in colorectal CSCs with an expansive phenotype (35,36); furthermore, this protein may be regulated by GATA6 during CRC formation (26).

To evaluate the contribution and interactions of β-catenin, LGR5 and GATA6 in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of human intestinal samples, matched samples of normal mucosa, adenoma and adenocarcinoma were used. The expression of these proteins in distinct intracellular locations and the associations between them were assessed. Compared with normal mucosal samples, adenoma and adenocarcinoma samples exhibited increased nuclear β-catenin and cytoplasmic LGR5 expression. These results are consistent with previous studies that have identified increased levels of nuclear β-catenin expression in colorectal tumors (16,30). Furthermore, suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in CRC cells has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor formation (37), whereas silencing LGR5 in CRC cell lines decreases proliferation, migration and colony formation in vitro, as well as tumorigenic capacity in vivo (22). Furthermore, ISCs that are LGR5+ and in which the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is activated tend to progress more efficiently towards intestinal adenoma (21). These results of this aforementioned study, together with the results of the present study, suggest that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and increased expression of LGR5 may occur in the early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis, and are sustained at high levels during the malignant transformation.

The present study also demonstrated that the expression of nuclear β-catenin in adenomas characterized by mild-grade dysplasia was significantly increased (P=0.038) compared with those characterized by moderate and severe-grade dysplasia, whereas there was no significant difference in the expression of LGR5 among adenomas of different stages. Taken together, these results suggest that the activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may serve an important function in the initiation of adenoma formation, whereas subsequent transcription of the LGR5 gene sustains self-renewing ISCs in order to propagate CRC development (20,22,38).

With respect to GATA6 expression, the results of the present study revealed that higher levels of cytoplasmic GATA6 expression were exhibited in adenocarcinomas compared with adenomas and normal mucosal samples. This suggests that there may be a cumulative effect of cytoplasmic GATA6 expression on colorectal tumorigenesis. A previous study also demonstrated strong cytoplasmic GATA6 staining in adenocarcinomas (39) and GATA6 was identified as a key regulator that sustains the tumorigenic capability of CRC cells (26). Taken together, these results suggest that overexpressed cytoplasmic GATA6 serves a role in the formation of colorectal adenocarcinomas.

In the present study, a positive correlation was identified between cytoplasmic GATA6 and LGR5 expression in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but not in normal mucosa. This suggests that the expression of cytoplasmic GATA6 is associated with the expression of LGR5 in colorectal tumors. Indeed, it has previously been demonstrated that GATA6 is able to regulate LGR5 expression and is required for tumorigenesis in colon cancer cells with APC mutations, as characterized by aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (6,26). In summary, the results of these previous studies, and those of the present study, implicate LGR5 as an important regulator of colorectal tumorigenesis.

The expression of nuclear GATA6 was demonstrated to decrease in the normal mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence in the present study, which is inconsistent with the results of our previous study (39). Furthermore, the correlation between LGR5 and nuclear GATA6 expression was negative in adenomas. It has previously been reported that GATA6 may regulate the expression of LGR5 by binding to the lgr5 promoter (25). The reason for this difference may be due in part to the interplay between the expression of GATA6 in the cytoplasm and the nucleus during colorectal tumorigenesis, or due to distinct modes of regulation of LGR5. However, the mechanism of cytoplasmic GATA6 regulation of LGR5 during colorectal tumorigenesis is unclear. Future studies are warranted to investigate the expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic GATA6 in human CRC tissues.

In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and increased expression of LGR5 may act together to drive the transition from colorectal normal mucosa to adenoma and to sustain the expansive proliferation of tumor cells. Simultaneously, the cumulative increase in cytoplasmic GATA6 expression, which is correlated with LGR5 expression, may promote the progression to colorectal adenocarcinoma. It has been reported that the activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway, LGR5 and GATA6 exhibit pro-tumorigenic effects on colonic and rectal epithelial cells. The results of the present study provide additional evidence for the cooperative role of these proteins during colorectal tumorigenesis, and suggest that LGR5 may be a novel and useful target for CRC prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, additional studies are required to further investigate the interaction between these proteins during the transformation from normal colorectal mucosa to adenomas and adenocarcinomas.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by Aohongboze Graduate Sci-tech Innovation Foundation (the President Fund of Jinzhou Medical University; grant no. AH2015001).

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References