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Introduction

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for >85% of lung cancer cases, with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma being the predominant subtypes (1). Patients with early-stage NSCLC typically undergo surgical therapy as it is currently the most effective form of treatment; however, 75% of patients with NSCLC present with an advanced disease stage at the time of diagnosis (2). Despite developments in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, overall prognosis is unsatisfactory as the overall 5-year survival rate is ~15% (3). The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system (4), according to histopathologic findings, lacks sufficient predictive value as significant differences in survival are often observed for the same TNM stage. Therefore, a combination of a number of biomarkers including p53, p21, Ki-67, KRAS, and cyclin D1, to more accurately distinguish patients with NSCLC with poor survival would be valuable (5,6).

Signal transduction and activators of transcription factor (STAT)3, a member of the STAT family, is frequently regarded as an oncogene (7). STAT3 can be activated via phosphorylation events within the Janus kinase-STAT and/or Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, producing tyrosine or serine phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) (8). p-STAT3 is able to increase the expression levels of certain target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor and mucin 1 (MUC1) (9,10). STAT3 may serve as one of the oncogenic critical factors in NSCLC.

MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein (11). In normal tissues, it is present on the apical surface of normal glandular epithelial cells (12). In certain types of cancer tissue, MUC1 expression is upregulated and presented on the whole cell surface (13). MUC1 may serve an important function in tumor development and progression and is associated with a poor prognosis in certain types of cancer.

A limited number of studies have previously demonstrated the prognostic value of STAT3 and MUC1 in NSCLC. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between STAT3 expression, MUC1 expression and the clinical features of patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, the present study also investigated the potential prognostic value of using STAT3 and MUC1 expression levels to predict the survival rate of patients with NSCLC using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Materials and methods

Patients

The present study was approved by the Shandong University Ethics Committee (Shandong, China). In total, 106 consecutive patients with NSCLC who attended the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Shandong, China) and the Department of Thoracic Surgery East Ward, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Shandong, China) between September 2011 and December 2011 were enrolled into this retrospective study. A total of 98 patients remained subsequent to use of the following inclusion criteria: i) Patients underwent a radical excision (lobectomy or pneumonectomy with regional lymph node dissection) and received confirmation of squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma via pathological analysis following surgery; ii) patients were diagnosed with stage I–IIIa NSCLC, according to the TNM staging system outlined by the International Union Against Cancer (2009); iii) patients accepted no pre-surgical radiotherapy, or chemotherapy and had no surgical contraindications; and iv) follow-up notes were well preserved. Patients who had incomplete or lost follow-up were excluded. The ages of the patients enrolled in this study ranged from 47 to 78 years (mean, 63.7 years). A total of 55 patients were men and 43 were women. A total of 52 patients had adenocarcinoma and 46 had squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 68 patients had lymph node metastasis and 30 patients did not have lymph node metastasis. A total of 24 patients had stage I disease, 52 patients had stage II disease and 22 patients had stage IIIa disease. Table I outlines patient clinicopathological characteristics.

Table I. Association between STAT3, p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression and clinical features of 98 patients with NSCLC.

Table I.

Association between STAT3, p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression and clinical features of 98 patients with NSCLC.

		STAT3			p-STAT3			MUC1
Clinical features	No. of patients	−, n	+, n	P-value	−, n	+, n	P-value	−, n	+, n	P-value
Total	98	16	82		47	51		37	61
Sex				0.596a			0.158			0.835
Male	55	8	47		30	25		20	35
Female	43	8	35		17	26		17	26
Age, years				0.176a			0.842			0.682
<60	45	10	35		21	24		17	28
≥60	53	6	47		26	27		20	33
Tumor location				1.000a			0.539			0.397
Central	39	6	33		17	22		17	22
Peripheral	59	10	49		30	29		20	39
Histological type				1.000a			0.005			0.036
SCC	52	9	43		32	20		25	27
ADC	46	7	39		15	31		12	34
Differentiation				>0.05a			>0.05a			>0.05a
Well	15	1	14		10	5		8	7
Moderately	51	12	39		23	28		16	35
Poorly	32	3	29		14	18		13	19
pT				>0.05a			>0.05a			<0.05a
pT1	11	2	9		6	5		8	3
pT2	73	14	59		35	38		26	47
pT3	14	0	14		6	8		3	11
pN				0.08a			0.001a			0.001a
−	30	8	22		23	7		19	11
+	68	8	60		24	44		18	50
pTNM				<0.01a			<0.05a			<0.01a
pI	24	8	16		17	7		17	7
pII	52	8	44		23	29		15	37
pIIIa	22	0	22		7	15		4	17

a Fisher's exact probability test. SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; ADC, adenocarcinoma; pT, pathological tumor size; pN, pathological lymph node metastasis; pTNM, pathological Tumor-Node-Metastasis.

Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis

IHC staining for STAT3, p-STAT3 and MUC1 protein were detected using the streptavidin-peroxidase method. The experimental specimens were included in the 98 cancer tissue specimens obtained from the 98 patients with NSCLC. Adjacent non-tumorous lung tissues were used as the control tissues. The experimental specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (cat no. M004; Shanghai GeFan Biotechnology Company, Ltd., Shanghai, China) immediately following surgery at room temperature for no more than 24 h. Each 4-µm-thick section was deparaffinised, rehydrated and incubated with fresh 0.3% H2O2 in methanol for 30 min at room temperature to block endogenous peroxidase activity. Following rehydration through a graded series of ethanol concentrations (95% 5 min, 80% 5 min, 75% 5 min) at room temperature, the sections were autoclaved in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 120°C for 3 min and then cooled to 30°C. Following rinsing with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4), nonspecific binding sites were blocked by incubation with 10% normal goat serum (cat no. WE0387-KPO; Beijing Baiao Lai Bo Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, dilution, 1:100) for 30 min at room temperature. Sections were then incubated at 4°C overnight with the primary rabbit antibody against human STAT3 (cat no. CAU29097; 1:100; Spring Bioscience Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, USA), rabbit antibody against human p-STAT3 (cat no. sc-7993 tyr705; 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA, dilution 1:100) and rabbit antibody against human MUC1 (cat no. bs-1018R; 1:500; Bo Ao Sen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) in PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin. The sections were then washed with PBS and incubated with biotinylated peroxidase labelling sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (cat no. A100970; 1:400; Nanjing Long Kwai Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China) for 30 min at room temperature, and incubated with streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex solution for 30 min at room temperature. The chromogen, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride, was applied as a 0.02% solution containing 0.005% H2O2 in 50 mM ammonium acetate-citrate acid buffer (pH 6.0). Finally, the sections were lightly counterstained with Mayer's haematoxylin for 30 min and mounted at room temperature. Specimens were visualized using the Envision System (Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) and an Olympus optical microscope (magnification, ×200). STAT3, p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression levels were measured using the IHC scoring system as described previously (14). Briefly, a score of 3 indicated that >50% of the cells exhibited mild to moderate staining intensity, or >20% of cells exhibited strong staining intensity; a score of 2 indicated that 20–50% of cells demonstrated mild to moderate staining intensity, or 20% of cells exhibited strong staining intensity; a score of 1 indicated that <20% of cells demonstrated mild to moderate staining intensity; and a score of 0 indicated that no staining was present. A score of ≥2 demonstrated positive expression.

Follow-up

In total, 74 patients received chemotherapy, 25 patients received postsurgical radiotherapy and 20 patients received epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Patients were examined every 3 or 4 months during the first 3 years. During each follow-up visit the patient underwent a thorough physical examination, chest computed tomography (CT), brain CT or magnetic resonance imaging, abdomen ultrasonography or CT. In total, 6 patients underwent positron emission tomography combined with CT examination. The location and time of tumor relapse were recorded. Patients who succumbed to mortality due to the tumor were included in the prognostic analysis.

Statistical analysis

Enumeration data were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability test. Spearman's rank correlation was performed to analyze correlations between STAT3, p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression. Univariate analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier estimator curve method, and the log-rank test was used to calculate the survival rates. Cox regression multivariate analysis was performed in order to determine prognostic factors. All statistical data were analyzed using SPSS (version 13; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Association between STAT3, p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression levels and clinical characteristics

Results demonstrated that positive STAT3 expression was located within the cytoplasm and nucleus (Figs. 1 and 2), positive p-STAT3 expression was located within the nucleus (Figs. 3 and 4) and positive MUC1 expression was located within the cytoplasm (Figs. 5 and 6). STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression were identified in 83.7% (82/98) and 52.0% (51/98) of cases, respectively. MUC1 protein expression was identified in 62.2% (61/98) of cases. Table I demonstrates that increasing STAT3 expression was significantly associated with increasing pTNM stage (pI, 66.7% vs. pII, 84.6% vs. pIIIa, 100.0%; P<0.01), whereas p-STAT3 expression was significantly associated with pathological type (squamous cell carcinoma 38.5% vs. adenocarcinoma 67.4%; P<0.01), pathological lymph node (pN-23.3% vs. pN+ 64.7%.; P<0.01) and pTNM stage (pI, 29.2% vs. pII, 55.8% vs. pIIIa, 68.2%; P<0.05) MUC1 expression was associated with pathological type (squamous cell carcinoma 52.0% vs. adenocarcinoma 74.0%; P<0.05), pathological tumor (pT1 27.3% vs. pT2 64.3% vs. pT3 78.6%; P<0.05), pathological lymph node (pN-36.7% vs. pN+73.5%; P<0.01) and pTNM stage (pI, 29.2% vs. pII, 71.1% vs. pIIIa, 81.8%; P<0.01). Table II demonstrates that STAT3 expression was positively correlated with p-STAT3 expression (P<0.05), and that p-STAT3 expression was positively correlated with MUC1 expression (P<0.01). There was no correlation between STAT3 and MUC1 expression (P>0.05).

Figure 1. Immunohistochemical staining of squamous cell carcinoma tissue sections demonstrating STAT3 expression (magnification, ×200). (A) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating high expression of STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 3). (B) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating moderate expression of STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 2). (C) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating low expression of STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 1). (D) Photomicrographs of a corresponding normal lung tissue specimen with no STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 0) STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.

Figure 2. Immunohistochemical staining of adenocarcinoma tissue sections demonstrating STAT3 expression (magnification, ×200). (A) Adenocarcinoma specimen demonstrating high expression of STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 3). (B) Adenocarcinoma specimen demonstrating moderate expression of STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 2). (C) Adenocarcinoma a specimen demonstrating low expression of STAT3-positive tumor cells (scores 1). (D) Photomicrographs of a corresponding normal lung tissue specimen with no STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 0). STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.

Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining of squamous cell carcinoma tissue sections demonstrating p-STAT3 expression (magnification, ×200). (A) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating high expression of p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 3). (B) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating moderate expression of p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 2). (C) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating low expression of p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 1). (D) Photomicrographs of a corresponding normal lung tissue specimen with no p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 0). p-STAT3; phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.

Figure 4. Immunohistochemical staining of adenocarcinoma tissue sections demonstrating p-STAT3 expression (magnification, ×200). (A) Adenocarcinoma specimen with high expression of p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 3). (B) Adenocarcinoma specimen with moderate expression of p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 2). (C) Adenocarcinoma specimen with low expression of p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 1). (D) Photomicrographs of a corresponding normal lung tissue specimen with no p-STAT3-positive tumor cells (score 0). p-STAT3; phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.

Figure 5. Immunohistochemical staining of squamous cell carcinoma tissue sections demonstrating MUC1 expression (magnification, ×200). (A) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating high expression of MUC1-positive tumor cells (score 3). (B) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating moderate expression of MUC1-positive tumor cells (score 2). (C) Squamous cell carcinoma specimen demonstrating low expression of MUC1-positive tumor cells (score 1). (D) Photomicrographs of a corresponding normal lung tissue specimen with no MUC1-positive tumor cells (scores 0). MUC1, mucin 1.

Figure 6. Immunohistochemical staining of adenocarcinoma tissue sections demonstrating MUC1 expression (magnification, ×200). (A) Adenocarcinoma specimen demonstrating high expression of MUC1-positive tumor cells (score 3). (B) Adenocarcinoma specimen demonstrating moderate expression of MUC1-positive tumor cells (score 2). (C) Adenocarcinoma specimen demonstrating low expression of MUC1-positive tumor cells (score 1). (D) Photomicrographs of a corresponding normal lung tissue specimen with no MUC1-positive tumor cells (score 0). MUC1, mucin 1.

Table II. Association between variables in the NSCLC tissue group.

Table II.

Association between variables in the NSCLC tissue group.

Variable	rs	P-valuea
STAT3 and p-STAT3	0.239	0.018
STAT3 and MUC1	0.059	0.562
p-STAT3 and MUC1	0.306	0.002

a Spearman's rank correlation. rs, rank correlation coefficient.

Associations between STAT3, p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression levels and prognosis

The 3-year survival rate for 98 patients with NSCLC was 56.1%. A univariate analysis was conducted using the log-rank test, and the 3-year survival rate was significantly associated with the degree of differentiation (P<0.05), pT (P<0.01), pN (P<0.01), pTNM stage (P<0.01), p-STAT3 expression (P<0.01) and MUC1 expression (P<0.05) (Fig. 7; Table III). Cox multivariate regression demonstrated that pN and p-STAT3 expression were independent factors for the 3-year survival rate (Table IV).

Figure 7. A Kaplan-Meier analysis of the overall survival rate after operation in patients with (A) differentiation. (B) pT. (C) pN. (D) pTNM. (E) p-STAT3expression. (F) MUC1 expression.

Table III. Univariate analysis with regard to the 3-year survival rate.

Table III.

Univariate analysis with regard to the 3-year survival rate.

		3-year survival rate
Clinical features	Patients, n	Patients, n	Survival rate, %	P-value
Total	98	55	56.1
Sex				0.149
Male	55	34	61.9
Female	43	21	44.2
Age, years				0.866
<60	45	25	55.6
≥60	53	30	56.6
Tumor location				0.261
Central	39	19	48.7
Peripheral	59	36	61.0
Histological type				0.060
SCC	52	33	63.5
ADC	46	22	47.8
Differentiation				0.033
Well	15	11	72.7
Moderately	51	32	62.7
Poorly	32	12	37.5
pT				0.002
pT1	11	11	100
pT2	73	39	53.4
pT3	14	5	35.7
pN				0.001
−	30	28	93.3
+	68	27	39.7
pTNM				0.001
pI	24	22	91.7
pII	52	27	51.9
pIIIa	22	6	27.3
Chemotherapy				0.636
No	24	14	58.3
Yes	74	41	55.4
Radiotherapy				0.939
No	73	42	57.5
Yes	25	13	52.0
EGFR-TKI therapy				0.152
No	78	47	60.3
Yes	20	8	40.0
STAT3				0.278
−	16	11	68.8
+	82	44	53.7
p-STAT3				0.001
−	47	35	74.5
+	51	20	39.2
MUC1				0.019
−	37	26	70.3
+	61	29	47.5

[i] SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; ADC, adenocarcinoma; pT, pathological tumor; pN, pathological lymph nodes; pTNM, pathological Tumor-Node-Metastasis; EGFR-TKI, epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor; p-, phosphorylated; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MUC1, mucin 1.

Table IV. Results of cox regression multivariate 3-year survival analysis.

Table IV.

Results of cox regression multivariate 3-year survival analysis.

Variable	B	SE	Wald	P-value	HR	95% CI
Sex	0.350	0.651	0.289	0.591	1.419	0.396–5.078
Age, years	−0.423	0.404	1.095	0.295	0.655	0.297–1.446
Tumor location	0.234	0.491	0.228	0.633	1.264	0.483–3.307
Histological type	0.356	0.523	0.464	0.496	1.428	0.512–3.977
Differentiation	0.420	0.323	1.692	0.193	1.522	0.808–2.867
pT	0.798	0.483	2.735	0.098	2.221	0.863–5.721
pN	1.996	0.848	5.544	0.018	7.362	1.397–38.794
pTNM	0.360	0.459	0.617	0.432	1.434	0.584–3.522
Chemotherapy	−0.570	0.466	1.495	0.221	0.566	0.227–1.410
Radiotherapy	0.046	0.402	0.013	0.910	1.047	0.476–2.301
EGFR-TKI therapy	−0.204	0.422	0.234	0.629	0.815	0.357–1.864
STAT3	−0.333	0.573	0.337	0.562	0.717	0.233–2.206
p-STAT3	0.898	0.417	4.634	0.031	2.454	1.084–5.556
MUC1	−0.276	0.423	0.290	0.514	0.759	0.331–1.738

[i] B, regression coefficient; SE, standard error; Wald, Wald value; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; pT, pathological tumor; pN, pathological lymph nodes; pTNM, pathological Tumor-Node-Metastasis; EGFR-TKI, epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor; p-, phosphorylated; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MUC1, mucin 1.

Discussion

STAT3 is regarded as a primary mediator of tumorigenesis and serves an important function in the proliferation, apoptosis and hyperplasia of tumor cells (15). Constitutively activated STAT3 has been identified in certain types of cancer, including NSCLC. In a study by Yin et al (16), a total of 76 patients with NSCLC were enrolled in the study, and the results demonstrated that STAT3 expression detected by IHC was associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation and clinical staging. Ai et al (17) used IHC to detect STAT3 expression in a total of 65 patients with NSCLC and demonstrated that increased STAT3 expression was associated with tumor differentiation. In the present study, 83.7% of tumor specimens exhibited STAT3 expression. STAT3 expression was significantly associated with pTNM, and STAT3 expression in advanced-stage patients was significantly increased compared with that in early-stage patients. These results suggest that increased STAT3 expression may be a frequent event in patients with NSCLC. A previous study demonstrated that constitutively activated STAT3 was enrolled in the janus tyrosine kinase/STAT signaling pathway of NSCLC, and results demonstrated that 22–65% of patients with NSCLC exhibited positive p-STAT3 expression (18). Wang et al (19) reported that the expression of p-STAT3 in NSCLC was significantly increased compared with that in paracancerous tissue, and it was associated with smoking and the size of the tumor. Xu and Lu (20) summarized 17 trials using meta-analysis and identified that p-STAT3 expression was associated with differentiation of NSCLC. In the present study, 52.0% of NSCLC tumor specimens demonstrated p-STAT3 expression which was associated with pathological type, pN and pTNM. The expression levels of p-STAT3 in the adenocarcinoma group (67.4%) were significantly increased compared with that of the squamous cell carcinoma group (38.5%; P<0.01). P-STAT3 expression within the lymph node metastasis group (64.7%) was significantly increased compared with that of the group lacking lymph node metastasis (23.3%; P<0.01). Furthermore, p-STAT3 expression in the advanced-stage group was increased compared with that of the early-stage group (pI, 29.2% vs. pII, 55.8% vs. pIIIa, 68.2%; P<0.05). The present study demonstrated that STAT3 activation increases metastasis of NSCLC. Results from the present study demonstrated that the 3-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC was 56.1%, and it was significantly associated with the degree of differentiation, pT, pN, pTNM stage and p-STAT3 expression. Additionally, pN and p-STAT3 expression were relevant independent factors for a poor prognosis.

MUC1 expression is associated with invasion, metastasis and poor survival in certain types of cancer. Previous studies demonstrated that increased MUC1 expression was present in breast cancer (21,22). In gastric cancer, increased MUC1 expression was identified in primary and metastatic cancer (23,24). Furthermore, increased MUC1 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis in oral, liver and pancreatic cancer (25–27). In specific types of cancer, including renal clear cell carcinoma and thyroid cancer, it was reported that increased MUC1 expression was also associated with a shorter metastasis-free survival time (28,29). Collectively, these studies demonstrate a marked association between increased MUC1 expression and cancer invasion/metastasis. Few studies have reported the clinicopathological characteristics of MUC1 in patients with NSCLC. Situ et al (30) demonstrated that in patients with NSCLC, MUC1 was more frequently expressed in adenocarcinoma compared with that in squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that in patients with stage IB NSCLC, MUC1 expression was associated with being an independent prognostic factor for survival rates. Demirag et al (31) identified that increased MUC1 expression was present in lung adenosquamous cancer, and was significantly associated with disease progression. Results from the present study demonstrated that MUC1 expression occurred in 62.2% of patients with NSCLC. Patients within the adenocarcinoma group demonstrated increased MUC1 expression compared with the squamous cell carcinoma group. Furthermore, MUC1 expression was also associated with pT, pN and pTNM. The present study demonstrated that increased MUC1 expression was associated with a decreased 3-year survival rate; however, MUC1 expression was not an independent factor for survival rates.

Previous studies demonstrated that STAT3 may serve an important function in tumor progression by mediating MUC1 expression. For example, Ahmad et al (32) identified that STAT3 was able to activate MUC1 transcription through the MUC1 carboxyl-terminal receptor subunit (MUC1-C) in breast cancer cells. MUC1-C and STAT3 may serve numerous functions in cancer cell survival in an autoinductive regulatory loop. Gao et al (33) demonstrated that MUC1 overexpression in NSCLC cell lines was associated with high levels of activated STAT3. Therefore, STAT transcription factors may stimulate the MUC1 promoter at the mRNA and protein level. The present study demonstrated that p-STAT3 expression was associated with positive MUC1 expression, and that p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression were correlated with pT, pN and pTNM. Results from the present study demonstrated that p-STAT3 and MUC1 were synergistically involved in the metastasis of NSCLC.

To conclude, STAT3 expression was associated with pTNM, and the expression of p-STAT3 was associated with pathological type, pN and pTNM. MUC1 expression was associated with pathological type, pT, pN and pTNM in patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, the 3-year survival rate was correlated with differentiation, pT, pN, pTNM stage, p-STAT3 and MUC1 expression, with pN and p-STAT3 serving as relevant independent factors. Additionally, p-STAT3 expression and MUC1 expression exhibited a significant positive correlation in NSCLC tissue. Collectively, the results suggest that p-STAT3 and MUC1 may serve as essential biomarkers for tumor invasion and metastasis in NSCLC.

Acknowledgements

The present study was funded by The Second Group of Jinan Science and Technology Development Program (grant no. 201602204).

References