This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Lung cancer is the primary cause of mortality for patients with cancer globally, and the incidence of lung cancer ranks first among all malignancies in China and worldwide (1–4). Lung cancer includes small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a type of NSCLC and is one of the most common types of lung cancer. It accounts for 20–30% of all types of primary lung cancer, and its incidence has surpassed that of squamous cell carcinoma in a number of countries (5–9). At present, comprehensive treatment of LUAD in clinical practice utilizes multiple methods, including surgical treatment, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Recently, relatively rapid improvement has been made in the treatment of LUAD, but the prognosis and treatment efficacy of LUAD remains insufficient. The overall 5-year survival rate for all types of lung cancer, including LUAD, remains very low (<15%) (10–14). Therefore, it is essential to expand and improve understanding of the principal molecular mechanisms associated with LUAD.

Hox genes, also known as homeotic genes or homologous genes, are genes that specifically regulate the biological morphology of living organisms. The mammalian Hox genes are categorized into four clusters, Hox A, B, C and D; these clusters are arranged on different chromosomes and are located at 7p15.3 (HoxA), 17q21.3 (HoxB), 12q13.3 (HoxC) and 2q31 (HoxD) in humans. HOXA13 is a member of the HOX family (15,16). In recent years, the role of HOXA13 in cancer has been extensively investigated. It has been revealed that HOXA13 expression levels are associated with the occurrence of tumors of the digestive tract, gliomas, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer and ovarian cancer (17–24). There are currently only two studies on the role of HOXA13 in lung cancer. Sang et al (25) studied the association between the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) HOTTIP and HOXA13 in NSCLC. Another study examined the critical genetic landmarks in early LUAD by utilizing high-density genomic arrays to detect increases in the copy numbers of genes located on the short arm of chromosome 7; that study led to the discovery of certain important genes that had not previously been identified, including HOXA13 (26). However, the role of HOXA13 expression in the occurrence and progression of LUAD has not been investigated. The prevalence of big data [comprising data from TCGA (which collected and characterized high-quality tumor and matched normal samples from over 11,000 patients) and Oncomine (which including 729 datasets and 91,866 samples)] has also provided us with a novel opportunity to study the clinical significance of HOXA13.

The present study conducted HOXA13-related data mining of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; http://cancergenome.nih.gov/) and used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data from our cases and the case information in Oncomine (www.oncomine.org) for validation. In order to obtain a full illustration of the expression of HOXA13 in tissue samples representing different detection methods, the data of TCGA, in-house PCR and Oncomine were integrated to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis. In addition to the HOXA13 expression in tissues, the expression data of HOXA13 in lung cancer cell lines were also collected from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) database (http://www.broadinstitute.org/ccle) for further verification. Genes that were co-expressed with HOXA13 were subsequently identified through cBioPortal and Multi Experiment Matrix (MEM; http://biit.cs.ut.ee/mem/), and the potential role and mechanism of HOXA13 in LUAD was investigated.

Materials and methods

Extraction and analysis of data from the TCGA database

The raw data of rnaseqv2 in LUAD were downloaded from the TCGA database, including 237 cases of LUAD and 9 non-cancerous controls. Cases with expression values <1 were excluded. To further normalize the data, the HOXA13 expression values of the remaining cases were log2 transformed. The corresponding clinical parameters of the patients were subsequently extracted.

Validation of expression via oncomine

The Oncomine screening conditions were as follows: Gene name, HOXA13; analysis type, cancer vs. normal analysis; and data type, mRNA. Following screening, four datasets: ‘Hou lung’ (GSE19188, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE19188) (27), ‘Selamat Lung’ (GSE32863, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE32863) (28), ‘Garber Lung’ (GSE3398, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE3398) (29) and ‘Okayama Lung’ (GSE31210, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE31210) (30) were included.

Validation using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR data of the clinical samples in our hospital

Paraffin-embedded LUAD specimens from patients that had undergone pneumonectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical between January 2012 and February 2014 were collected and pathologically confirmed. A total of 29 cases with complete data were selected, including 20 males and 9 females; the ages of the patients were 23–90 years, mean age, 57 years. Lung cancer tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues were obtained from each patient. All specimens were removed, fixed for 48 h in 10% formaldehyde at room temperature, and the thickness of the specimens were 3 mm; they were subjected to routine embedding in paraffin. The present study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, and all patients provided written informed consent for participation in the study. Total RNA was extracted from FFPE tissues using the RNeasy reagent (Qiagen China Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and was reverse transcribed in a final volume of 20 µl with random primers using the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China), according to the manufacturer's protocols. SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) was used to detect HOXA13 expression levels. The results were normalized to the expression of the internal reference gene, GAPDH, and calculated using the 2−Δct method (31) according to the manufacturer's protocols of the Applied Biosystems Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The PCR procedure was: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min, denaturation at 95°C for 10 sec; refolding for 5 sec at annealing temperature 60°C; extension at 72°C for 5 sec (total 40 cycles). The primer sequences were as follows: HOXA13, forward 5′-GAACGGCCAAATGTACTGCC-3′, reverse 5′-CGCCTCCGTTTGTCCTTAGT-3. GAPDH, forward 5′-TGCACCACCAACTGCTTA-3′ reverse 5′-GGATGCAGGGATGATGTTC-3′ (25).

Validation using cell line data from CCLE

‘HOXA13’ was searched in the CCLE database and the expression data of HOXA13 from all the cancer cell lines was downloaded. A total of 192 lung cancer cell lines were selected. The PC-14 cell line has been reported to be contaminated or misidentified in International Cell Line Authentication Committee, Database of Cross-Contaminated or Misidentified Cell Lines (http://iclac.org/databases/cross-contaminations/), and was therefore excluded from the present study. A total of 191 cell lines were collected for further research. A heat-map based on the expression of HOXA13 in different lung cancer cell lines was created by HemI (Heatmap Illustrator, version 1.0; http://hemi.biocuckoo.org/). These 191 cell lines exhibited varying degrees of high (red) or low (blue) expression of HOXA13.

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was conducted with SPSS 24.0 software (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA), and plots were created with GraphPad Prism 7 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). The relative expression of HOXA13 is presented as the mean ± standard deviation. An independent Student's t-test was applied for the comparison of cancerous and non-cancerous samples, and paired t-text was used to comparison of cancerous and non-cancerous samples of PCR, one-way analysis of variance was used for the comparison of three groups and LDS-t test was used as a post hoc test. Correlations were analyzed by Spearman's correlation analysis. The associations between HOXA13 expression and the main clinicopathological characteristics of patients with LUAD were analyzed using the independent sample t-test, and alterations in expression between two groups were demonstrated by scatter plots. The diagnostic value of HOXA13 for LUAD was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated, and the Youden index [Youden index=sensitivity-(1-specificity)] was used to assess the optimal diagnostic threshold. The standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI was calculated using STATA 12.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). If SMD>0 and its 95% CI does not cross the 0 value, it indicates that expression of HOXA13 in tumors is higher than in the non-cancerous tissues. Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve, sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic score (DS) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated using STATA 12.0. I2 test was used to test heterogeneity between each of the studies. It was considered that there would exist heterogeneity between studies when P-values were less than 0.05 or I2 values were more than 50%. The random-effects model or the fixed-effects model were used to synthesize the data. The correlations between HOXA13 and clinicopathological features and the expression of related genes were calculated using Pearson's correlation analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Prediction of related genes

In MEM, the output option for each probe was set to 1,500 and the resulting similarity genes were then exported. Genes that were present in at least two probe groups were selected. cBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org/index.do) incorporates data from 126 tumor genome research projects, including TCGA, International Cancer Genome Consortium and other large tumor research projects, and includes data from 28,000 cases. The co-expression analysis module of cBioPortal is able to extract genes that are co-expressed with HOXA13; co-expressed genes are defined as genes associated with HOXA13 expression. The associated genes that were identified by MEM and cBioPortal were subjected to follow-up pathway analysis.

Gene enrichment and functional annotation evaluation

The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID; http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/) was used to conduct relevant pathway analysis, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed for the functional annotation of the co-expressed genes. Three GO terms [biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF)] were utilized to identify the enrichment of target genes. GO terms and KEGG pathways with P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The enrichment map of annotation analysis was drawn using Cytoscape version 3.3.0 (http://www.cytoscape.org/cy3.html).

The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network

The genes involved in the first four pathways of the KEGG pathway analysis were selected for PPI analysis. Four PPI networks were established through a bioinformatics platform called STRING (http://www.string-db.org). The PPI data were downloaded from the STRING database, and a map of the complete PPI network was created. Hub genes, which may be recognized as highly connected genes in the network, were identified according to the value of degrees of each node. Genes with the first and second values of degrees in each PPI network were considered to be hub genes.

Correlation between HOXA13 and hub genes

The log2 values of the expression values of HOXA13 and hub genes in the TCGA data were used for correlation analysis. GraphPad Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) was utilized to create the association diagram between hub genes and HOXA13 expression in the TCGA database, and scatter plots of hub gene expression in non-cancerous tissues and LUAD tissues based on the data from the TCGA database. The differences in the expression of hub genes in LUAD tissues and non-cancerous tissues were analyzed using the ROC curve. The AUC value was between 0.5 and 1.0.

Results

Expression of HOXA13 in the TCGA database

The expression value of HOXA13 in the LUAD group, which comprised 237 cases, was 3.74±2.694, significantly higher than its expression value in the non-cancerous group (0.92±0.608; P<0.001; Fig. 1Aa and Table I). The expression value of HOXA13 in the LUAD group was 4 times its value in the non-cancerous group. The diagnostic value of HOXA13 was calculated based on the ROC curve; the AUC value was 0.839 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.765–0.913; P=0.001; Fig. 1Ab). The cut-off value of HOXA13 expression was 1.27. The sensitivity was 76.4% and the specificity was 88.9%.

Figure 1. (A) Expression of HOXA13 in the TCGA database. (Aa) The expression value of HOXA13 in the LUAD group and the non-cancerous group in the TCGA database; (Ab) ROC curve for discrimination of LUAD tissues from non-cancerous tissues (non-cancerous, 9 cases; LUAD, 237 cases). (B) Validation of HOXA13 expression based on Oncomine. The difference in HOXA13 expression between patients with LUAD and healthy individuals. (Ba) ‘Hou Lung’ (normal, 65 cases; LUAD, 45 cases); (Bb) ‘Garber Lung’ (normal, 6 cases; LUAD, 42 cases); (Bc) ‘Okayama Lung’ (normal, 20 cases; LUAD, 226 cases); (Bd) ‘Selamat Lung’ (normal, 58 cases; LUAD, 58 cases). (C) Validation based on reverse transcription-quantitative PCR results of the clinical samples obtained at our hospital. (Ca) Distinguish LUAD from non-cancerous tissues (normal, 29 cases; lung adenocarcinoma, 29 cases); (Cb) lymph node metastasis (No, 15 cases; Yes, 14 cases); (Cc) ROC curve for discrimination of LUAD from non-cancerous tissues. TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the curve; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.

Table I. Expression of HOXA13 in the TCGA database.

Table I.

Expression of HOXA13 in the TCGA database.

		HOXA13 expression in TCGA
Clinicopathological feature	N	Mean ± SD	T or F	P-value
Tissue
Lung adenocarcinoma	237	3.74±2.694	10.527	<0.001
Non-cancerous	9	0.92±0.608
Age, years
<60	72	3.48±2.488	−0.96	0.337
≥60	165	3.85±2.779
Sex
Male	105	3.77±2.746	0.196	0.845
Female	132	3.70±2.662
Ethnicity
White	184	3.79±2.707	F=1.318	0.270
Black	21	2.96±2.223
Asian	2	5.39±0.069
T stage
T1+T2	202	3.74±2.672	−0.093	0.926
T3+T4	33	3.78±2.874
N
NX	7	1.97±1.771	2.647	0.073
N0-N1	188	3.67±2.677
N2-N3	42	4.34±2.775
M
MX	67	4.05±2.569	0.689	0.503
M0	155	3.63±2.680
M1	12	4.11±3.477
Stage
I+II	142	3.58±2.621	−1.160	0.247
III+IV	94	3.99±2.808
Status
Deceased	101	3.86±2.876	0.600	0.549
Living	136	3.64±2.557
Recurrence
Distant metastasis	42	3.86±2.561	2.780	0.069
Loco-regional recurrence	24	2.92±2.207
New primary tumor	2	0.39±0.486
Person neoplasm cancer status
With tumor	87	3.68±2.706	−0.212	0.833
Tumor-free	123	3.76±2.623

[i] TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; SD, standard deviation; T, T-value (Student's t-test); F, F-value (one-way analysis of variance); TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis.

Validation of HOXA13 expression based on oncomine

A total of four sets of data were obtained from Oncomine, including ‘Hou Lung’ (GSE19188, normal, 65 cases; LUAD, 45 cases), ‘Selamat Lung’ (GSE32863, normal, 58 cases; LUAD, 58 cases), ‘Garber Lung’ (GSE3398, normal, 6 cases; LUAD, 42 cases) and ‘Okayama Lung’ (GSE31210, normal, 20 cases; LUAD, 226 cases). In the study undertaken by Hou et al (GSE19188) (27), a particular trend was observed and the relative expression of HOXA13 was higher in the LUAD tissue group than in the normal lung tissue group (Fig. 1Ba), but this difference was not significant (P=0.0583). The expression value of HOXA13 was significantly higher in the LUAD tissue group compared with the normal lung tissue group in the study undertaken by Selamat et al (GSE32863; Fig. 1Bd; P=0.0026) (28), The expression of HOXA13 was lower in the LUAD cases compared with normal cases in the study undertaken by Garber et al (GSE3398; Fig. 1Bb; P=0.1429) (29). The opposite situation was demonstrated in the study undertaken by Okayama et al (GSE31210; Fig. 1Bc; P=0.5131) (30), consistent with the TCGA data obtained in the present study.

Validation based on RT-qPCR results of the clinical samples obtained at our hospital

The expression of HOXA13 in the LUAD group (29 cases) was 0.21±0.150, slightly higher than that in the non-cancerous group (0.17±0.134; Fig. 1Ca), but this difference was not statistically significant. The expression value of HOXA13 in the cancerous tissues was 1.3 times that in the non-cancerous tissues. HOXA13 was predominantly overexpressed in patients with lymph node metastasis, compared with expression in the non-metastatic group (0.28±0.138 vs. 0.15±0.138; P=0.020; Fig. 1Cb and Table II). HOXA13 expression was not significantly correlated with other clinical parameters (Table II). The present study also calculated the diagnostic value of HOXA13 for LUAD; the results demonstrated that the AUC was 0.590 (95% CI, 0.442–0.739; P=0.237; Fig. 1Cc). The cut-off value for HOXA13 was 0.13. The sensitivity was 69% and the specificity was 55.2%.

Table II. Differential expression of HOXA13 in LUAD tissues based on in-house reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Table II.

Differential expression of HOXA13 in LUAD tissues based on in-house reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

		HOXA13 expression (2−Δct)
Clinicopathological feature	N	Mean ± SD	T or F	P-value
Tissues
Non-cancerous	29	0.17±0.134	1.229	0.224
LUAD	29	0.21±0.150
Size, cm
≤3	8	0.22±0.166	0.167	0.868
>3	21	0.21±0.148
TNM stage
I–II	16	0.19±0.158	−1.011	0.321
III–IV	13	0.24±0.139
Sex
Male	20	0.21±0.165	−0.301	0.766
Female	9	0.23±0.119
Age, years
<60	19	0.23±0.156	0.938	0.357
≥60	10	0.18±0.139
Smoking
No	18	0.24±0.144	1.455	0.157
Yes	11	0.16±0.153
EGFR mutation
Wild-type	16	0.20±0.171	−0.520	0.607
Mutation	12	0.23±0.130
EGFR
No	18	0.20±0.157	−0.444	0.661
Yes	10	0.23±0.151
Vascular invasion
No	28	0.21±0.152	0.413	0.683
Yes	1	0.15±0
LNM
No	15	0.15±0.138	−2.467	0.020
Yes	14	0.28±0.138
EGFR protein
Low	19	0.20±0.141	−0.680	0.502
High	9	0.24±0.181
MET
Low	16	0.20±0.150	−0.550	0.587
High	12	0.23±0.161
Grading
I	5	0.19±0.082	F=0.151	0.860
II	21	0.22±0.172
III	3	0.18±0.062

[i] LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; SD, standard deviation; T, T-value (Student's t-test); F, F-value (one-way analysis of variance); TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; LNM, lymph node metastasis; MET, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition factor. Grading: American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual was used as grading system. GX: Grade cannot be assessed (undetermined grade), G1: Well differentiated (low grade), G2: Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade), G3: Poorly differentiated (high grade), G4: Undifferentiated (high grade). Group I contained GX, group II contained G1 and G2, G3 and G4 were included in group III.

Validation using cell line data from CCLE

A total of 191 lung cancer cell lines were selected. Each cell line had a corresponding value of HOXA13 expression. The heat-map for expression of HOXA13 in the lung cancer cell lines revealed that more than half of the bands were red, indicating overexpression of HOXA13 (Fig. 2; Table III).

Figure 2. Heat-map for expression of HOXA13 in lung cancer cell lines. Red represents higher expression of HOXA13 and blue represents lower expression. Each bar on the right part represents the expression of HOXA13 in a lung cell line. (Contains 191 cell lines).

Table III. Expression of HOXA13 in 191 cells lines from Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia.

Table III.

Expression of HOXA13 in 191 cells lines from Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia.

Cell line	HOXA13	Cell line	HOXA13	Cell line	HOXA13	Cell line	HOXA13	Cell line	HOXA13
DV90	4.2788	NCIH841	0.7102	NCIH3255	−0.5043	HARA	−1.7142	NCIH2286	−2.9416
DMS79	3.5889	RERFLCSQ1	0.6849	IALM	−0.5156	HCC827	−1.8388	LC1F	−2.4488
NCIH2887	3.5289	NCIH889	0.5643	NCIH727	−0.6598	NCIH1944	−1.8399	EBC1	−3.3316
NCIH596	3.1766	NCIH1876	0.5404	NCIH1693	−0.6740	NCIH661	−1.8609	NCIH322	−3.4082
NCIH1623	2.8782	HCC95	0.5247	SCLC21H	−0.6794	NCIH2081	−2.0335	NCIH2030	−3.4197
SW1573	2.3578	NCIH1563	0.3759	NCIH2342	−0.7339	NCIH1573	−2.0509	CORL88	−3.4777
NCIH1651	2.0894	NCIH2196	0.3758	CORL47	−0.7433	CAL12T	−2.1320	RERFLCAD2	−3.6440
COLO668	1.8870	NCIH2171	0.3050	EPLC272H	−0.7532	NCIH1299	−2.1557	NCIH1373	−3.8323
HCC1588	1.8287	SBC5	0.2387	NCIH1703	−0.7879	NCIH3122	−2.1605	NCIH1734	−3.9098
NCIH526	1.6789	NCIH2882	0.2228	CORL95	−0.8017	NCIH69	−2.2024	NCIH2009	−3.9414
NCIH2077	1.6358	NCIH2444	0.2217	NCIH446	−0.8065	NCIH1975	−2.2074	NCIH1339	−4.0712
NCIH1341	1.6292	NCIH1581	0.2110	SKMES1	−0.8347	NCIH209	−2.2441	NCIH522	−4.3385
CORL279	1.5814	LU99	0.1984	RERFLCMS	−0.8564	NCIH1648	−2.2627	CORL23	−4.3434
HCC33	1.4283	HCC4006	0.1795	NCIH460	−0.9768	NCIH226	−2.2702	NCIH1781	−4.4861
HCC1438	1.4113	HCC366	0.1595	HOP62	−1.0094	CALU1	−2.2783	NCIH510	−4.7854
KNS62	1.3009	NCIH2228	0.1497	SW1271	−1.0369	NCIH1436	−2.2898	NCIH2106	−4.9054
NCIH1435	1.2782	HCC2814	0.0881	SW900	−1.1013	NCIH292	−2.3158	NCIH1963	−4.9607
CALU6	1.2773	RERFLCAI	0.0679	NCIH23	−1.1273	HCC2935	−2.3359	DMS53	−5.0860
NCIH1694	1.2156	NCIH1184	0.0594	NCIH2066	−1.1527	NCIH520	−2.3892	NCIH2110	−5.1326
LUDLU1	1.2119	NCIH2085	0.0214	A427	−1.1568	LOUNH91	−2.3994	NCIH2291	−5.2189
NCIH82	1.1945	DMS153	−0.0090	NCIH2126	−1.1814	LK2	−2.4211	NCIH211	−5.2788
NCIH1650	1.1769	CHAGOK1	−0.0158	NCIH2087	−1.2020	HCC1359	−2.4218	BEN	−5.4123
NCIH1819	1.1239	EKVX	−0.0168	ABC1	−1.2440	NCIH2170	−2.6252	NCIH1437	−5.4137
NCIH1155	1.0312	NCIH1048	−0.0252	NCIH1355	−1.2445	NCIH2073	−2.6905	NCIH1915	−5.5001
NCIH2023	1.0235	LXF289	−0.0963	CALU3	−1.2737	NCIH1869	−2.6926	T3M10	−5.5230
NCIH1930	0.8981	CORL24	−0.1000	DMS114	−1.2950	NCIH1618	−2.7014	NCIH2122	−5.8422
NCIH196	0.8557	NCIH1092	−0.1403	HCC1171	−1.3019	RERFLCKJ	−2.7452	HCC78	−6.0506
DMS273	0.7985	HCC2279	−0.2188	CORL311	−1.4516	HCC827GR5	−2.8388	RERFLCAD1	−6.1791
NCIH1793	0.7809	NCIH1105	−0.2479	NCIH524	−1.6264	HCC515	−2.8437	SKLU1	−6.3869
A549	0.7753	NCIH1568	−0.2807	NCIH838	−1.6329	NCIH1666	−2.8924	NCIH1385	−6.5059
NCIH1792	0.7682	HCC1195	−0.3623	NCIH647	−1.6949	NCIH1395	−2.9056	HCC44	−6.5331
NCIH2172	0.7273	NCIH810	−0.3718	NCIH2405	−1.7055	PC9	−2.9099	HCC2108	−6.5814
HCC1833	−6.6062	DMS454	−7.1460	NCIH2029	−8.0433	NCIH441	−9.4254	TIG3TD	−13
NCIH1755	−6.6439	NCIH2347	−7.2593	HS618T	−8.1545	HCC15	−13	HCC364	−13
NCIH146	−6.6492	MORCPR	−7.2787	HLFA	−8.2115	NCIH650	−13	HCC2450	−13
LCLC103H	−6.6823	CORL105	−7.2875	HCC461	−8.2172	HS229T	−13	HOP92	−7.1239
NCIH2227	−6.8438	SHP77	−7.3918	LCLC97TM1	−8.8350	NCIH1836	−13	LU65	−7.7276
NCIH854	−7.0889	HCC2429	−7.6487	NCIH358	−9.2515	SQ1	−13	NCIH1838	−9.3866
SALE	−13

Meta-analyses

To obtain a comprehensive result of HOXA13 expression in LUAD, data from TCGA, Oncomine and in-house PCR were integrated, and a meta-analysis was performed. Using the random-effects model, the pooled SMD for HOXA13 was 0.346 (95% CI, 0.052–0.640; P=0.068; I2=51.3%; P=0.021; Fig. 3A). The meta-analyses of diagnostic tests revealed that the AUC for the SROC of HOXA13 in LUAD was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.75–0.82; Fig. 3B). The pooled SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DS and DOR of HOXA13 in these studies were 0.64 (95%CI, 0.31–0.88), 0.77 (95% CI, 0.55–0.90), 2.81 (95% CI, 1.72–4.58), 0.46 (95% CI, 0.22–0.97), 1.80 (95% CI, 0.92–2.68) and 6.05 (95% CI, 2.52–14.54), respectively (Fig. 3C-H). The aforementioned results demonstrated that HOXA13 was highly expressed in LUAD, based on 6 independent studies and 826 cases.

Figure 3. Meta-analysis. (A) Forest plot of meta-analyses of the diagnostic value of HOXA13 expression for patients with LUAD with six datasets involved. Random effects model was applied when combining SMD. (B) SROC curve for HOXA13 expression for patients with LUAD with six datasets involved. Each solid circle represents a study. The size of the solid circle represents the sample size of each eligible study. The overall diagnostic efficiency was summarized by the regression curve. (C) Forest plot of sensitivity for HOXA13 in LUAD. (D) Forest plot of specificity for HOXA13 in LUAD. (E) Forest plot of PLR for HOXA13 in LUAD. (F) Forest plot of NLR for HOXA13 in LUAD. (G) DS for HOXA13 in LUAD. (H) Diagnostic OR for HOXA13 in LUAD. Each solid circle represents a study. The size of the solid circle reflects the sample size of each study; the error bars represent the 95% CI. LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; SMD, standardized mean difference; SROC, summary receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the curve; SE, standard error; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; DS, diagnostic score; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals, SENS, sensitivity; SPEC, specificity; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.

Prediction of related genes and gene-enrichment and functional annotation analyses

There were 20,437 genes co-expressed with HOXA13 in cBioPortal and 717 genes co-expressed with HOXA13 in MEM. A total of 679 genes were obtained in the intersection of the aforementioned two groups of co-expressed genes. The significantly enriched biological terms were identified by their P-values of less than 0.05 (Table III). The results demonstrated that the target genes were most highly enriched in the following biological pathways: Steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathway, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, and negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated (P<0.001; Table IV; Figs. 4 and 5). KEGG pathway analysis results demonstrated that the HOXA13-related genes were enriched in the following pathways: Proteoglycans in cancer, pathways in cancer, peroxisome and cAMP signaling pathway (Table IV). To better understand the functions of these co-expressed genes, a functional network was built based on the results of functional analyses.

Figure 4. Gene Ontology analysis of Biological Process category analysis of HOXA13-related genes. Each circle represents a biological process in which related genes of HOXA13 participate.

Figure 5. Gene Ontology analysis of Molecular Function category analysis of HOXA13-related genes. Each circle represents a molecular function in which related genes of HOXA13 participate.

Table IV. HOXA13-related signaling pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. The top ten significant pathways in KEGG and GO.

Table IV.

HOXA13-related signaling pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. The top ten significant pathways in KEGG and GO.

Category	ID	GO terms	Count	%	P-value
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa05205	Proteoglycans in cancer	17	0.01558	0.00140
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa05200	Pathways in cancer	26	0.02383	0.00205
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa04146	Peroxisome	10	0.00917	0.00209
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa04024	cAMP signaling pathway	16	0.01467	0.00334
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa00920	Sulfur metabolism	4	0.00367	0.00405
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa04728	Dopaminergic synapse	12	0.01100	0.00448
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa04070	Phosphatidylinositol signaling system	10	0.00917	0.00641
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa04916	Melanogenesis	10	0.00917	0.00730
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa04921	Oxytocin signaling pathway	13	0.01192	0.00816
KEGG_PATHWAY	hsa04020	Calcium signaling pathway	14	0.01283	0.00865
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0070062	Extracellular exosome	154	0.14116	2.47E-09
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0005794	Golgi apparatus	60	0.05500	4.53E-07
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0000139	Golgi membrane	45	0.04125	1.54E-06
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0016020	Membrane	117	0.10724	1.81E-06
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0005783	Endoplasmic reticulum	52	0.04766	4.65E-05
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0005789	Endoplasmic reticulum membrane	52	0.04766	1.34E-04
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0016324	Apical plasma membrane	24	0.02200	2.08E-04
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0005777	Peroxisome	13	0.01191	2.49E-04
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0048471	Perinuclear region of cytoplasm	40	0.03667	2.49E-04
GOTERM_CC_DIRECT	GO:0005829	Cytosol	149	0.13657	3.92E-04
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0043565	Sequence-specific DNA binding	44	0.04033	1.22E-07
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0003707	Steroid hormone receptor activity	9	0.00825	6.64E-04
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0005096	GTPase activator activity	22	0.02017	7.84E-04
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0005515	Protein binding	343	0.31440	0.00120
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0000978	RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding	25	0.02292	0.00154
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0005509	Calcium ion binding	41	0.03758	0.00227
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0017137	Rab GTPase binding	13	0.01192	0.00249
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0019902	Phosphatase binding	7	0.00642	0.00443
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0008134	Transcription factor binding	20	0.01833	0.00509
GOTERM_MF_DIRECT	GO:0000287	Magnesium ion binding	16	0.01467	0.00522
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0009952	Anterior/posterior pattern specification	14	0.01283	3.74E-06
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0043401	Steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathway	11	0.01010	2.48E-05
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0001657	Ureteric bud development	9	0.00825	4.11E-05
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0035115	Embryonic forelimb morphogenesis	8	0.00733	9.67E-05
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0043547	Positive regulation of GTPase activity	38	0.03483	1.97E-04
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0045944	Positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	57	0.05225	2.02E-04
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0007031	Peroxisome organization	6	0.00550	3.01E-04
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0042733	Embryonic digit morphogenesis	9	0.00825	6.87E-04
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0045892	Negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated	33	0.03025	7.35E-04
GOTERM_BP_DIRECT	GO:0051216	Cartilage development	9	0.00825	9.79E-04

[i] GO, Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; MF, molecular function.

The PPI network

STRING 10.5 was used to conduct an online analysis of genes enriched in the first four KEGG pathways (proteoglycans in cancer, pathways in cancer, peroxisomes and the cAMP signaling pathway) and to construct a protein functional interaction network for related genes (Fig. 6). The nine genes were combined and eight different genes were obtained. We hypothesized that these eight genes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1), acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1), catalase (CAT), enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (EHHADH), peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11α (PEX11A), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIγ (CAMK2G) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II∆ (CAMK2D), are the hub genes associated with HOXA13.

Figure 6. Protein-protein interaction analysis of HOXA13-related genes in the first four Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Each node represents a different gene. Each line represents a connection between two different genes: (A) Proteoglycans in cancer (P=0.00140); (B) Pathways in cancer (P=0.00205); (C) Peroxisome P=0.00209); and (D) cAMP signaling pathway (P=0.00334).

Correlation of the expression of HOXA13 with that of individual hub genes

Based on the gene expression values in the TCGA database, the associations between the expression of HOXA13 and that of each of the eight hub genes in the tissues of patients with LUAD were verified. HOXA13 expression was significantly positively correlated with the expression of three of the eight hub genes: RAC1 (r=0.2638; P<0.0001), EHHADH (r=0.2709; P<0.0001) and PEX11A (r=0.1274; P=0.0426). The correlation between HOXA13 expression and that of the other hub genes was not statistically significant (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. Correlation between the expression of HOXA13 and that of hub genes. (A) Correlations between HOXA13 and EGFR; (B) correlations between HOXA13 and RAC1; (C) correlations between HOXA13 and ACAA1; (D) correlations between HOXA13 and CAT; (E) correlations between HOXA13 and EHHADH; (F) correlations between HOXA13 and PEX11A; (G) correlations between HOXA13 and CAMK2G; and (H) correlations between HOXA13 and CAMK2D. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1; ACAA1, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1; CAT, catalase; EHHADH, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; PEX11A, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11α; CAMK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

The expression of hub genes in the TCGA database

Expression of hub genes in normal and LUAD cases were as follows (normal, 59 cases; LUAD, 535 cases): Expression of EGFR in LUAD cases was lower compared with normal cases (P=0.5082; Fig. 8A), the opposite was observed in RAC1 (P=0.0058; Fig. 8B). Expression of ACAA1 in LUAD cases was lower compared with normal cases (P<0.0001; Fig. 8C) and the same trend was observed in CAT (P<0.0001; Fig. 8D). Expression of EHHADH in LUAD cases was higher compared with normal cases (P=0.5131; Fig. 8E) and the opposite result was identified in PEX11A (P=0.0003; Fig. 8F). CAMK2G demonstrated a higher expression level in LUAD cases compared with normal cases (P=0.1305; Fig. 8G) and the opposite result was observed in CAMK2D (P=0.7277; Fig. 8H) The ROC curve of each of the hub genes was also calculated; the results demonstrated that the AUC of EGFR was 0.532 (95% CI, 0.482–0.583; P=0.415), the cut-off value for EGFR was 12.33, and the sensitivity and specificity were 83.1 and 42.6%, respectively. The AUC of RAC1 was 0.633 (95% CI, 0.581–0.685; P=0.001), the cut-off value for RAC1 was 13.84, and the sensitivity and specificity were 55 and 78%, respectively. The AUC of ACAA1 was 0.700 (95% CI, 0.65–0.75; P=0.0001), the cut-off value for ACAA1 was 10.96, and the sensitivity and specificity were 91.5 and 48.2%, respectively. The AUC of CAT was 0.989 (95% CI, 0.982–0.996; P=0.0001), the cut-off value for CAT was 13.2, and the sensitivity and specificity were 98.3 and 95.5%, respectively. The AUC of EHHADH was 0.532 (95% CI, 0.481–0.583; P=0.421), the cut-off value for EHHADH was 9.78, and the sensitivity and specificity were 26 and 100%, respectively. The AUC of PEX11A was 0.677 (95% CI, 0.626–0.728; P=0.0001), the cut-off value for PEX11A was 8.57, and the sensitivity and specificity were 88.1 and 53.1%, respectively. The AUC of CAMK2G was 0.563 (95% CI, 0.513–0.614; P=0.110), the cut-off value for CAMK2G was 11.29, and the sensitivity and specificity were 41.9 and 89.8%, respectively. The AUC of CAMK2D was 0.516 (95% CI, 0.688–0.468; P=0.563), the cut-off value for CAMK2D was 11.16, and the sensitivity and specificity were 96.6 and 30.5%, respectively (Fig. 9A-H; Table V).

Figure 8. The expression value of hub genes in the LUAD group and the non-cancerous group in TCGA. (A) EGFR, (B) RAC1, (C) ACAA1, (D) CAT, (E) EHHADH, (F) PEX11A, (G) CAMK2G and (H) CAMK2D (normal, 59 cases; lung adenocarcinoma, 535 cases). LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1; ACAA1, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1; CAT, catalase; EHHADH, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; PEX11A, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11α; CAMK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Figure 9. ROC curve for discrimination of LUAD from non-cancerous cases. ROC curve of (A) EGFR, (B) RAC1, (C) ACAA1, (D) CAT, (E) EHHADH, (F) PEX11A, (G) CAMK2G and (H) CAMK2D. (normal, 59 cases; lung adenocarcinoma, 535 cases). ROC, receiver operating characteristic; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1; ACAA1, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1; CAT, catalase; EHHADH, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; PEX11A, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11α; CAMK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Table V. Expression of hub genes in The Cancer Genome Atlas database.

Table V.

Expression of hub genes in The Cancer Genome Atlas database.

							Gene expression
	Results of receiver operating characteristic							Mean ± standard deviation
Gene	Specificity, %	Sensitivity, %	P-value	95% CI	Cut-off value	AUC	P-value	LUAD	Non-cancerous
EGFR	42.6	83.1	0.415	0.482–0.583	12.33	0.532	0.5082	12.50±0.060	12.63±0.060
RACE1	78	55	0.001	0.581–0.685	13.84	0.633	0.0058	13.93±0.025	13.72±0.031
ACAA1	48.2	91.5	<0.0001	0.65–0.75	10.96	0.700	<0.0001	10.94±0.029	11.33± 0.040
CAT	95.5	98.3	<0.0001	0.982–0.996	13.20	0.989	<0.0001	11.91±0.035	13.92±0.047
EHHADH	100	26	0.421	0.481–0.583	9.78	0.532	0.5131	9.317±0.035	9.248±0.041
PEX11A	53.1	88.1	<0.0001	0.626–0.728	8.57	0.677	0.0003	8.542±0.034	8.916±0.051
CAMK2G	89.8	41.9	0.11	0.513–0.614	11.29	0.563	0.1305	11.20±0.024	11.09±0.029
CAMK2D	30.5	96.6	0.563	0.688–0.468	11.16	0.516	0.7277	11.52±0.034	11.55±0.029

[i] EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ACAA1, acetyl-CoA Acyltransferase 1; EHHADH, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxylacyl CoA dehydrogenase; CAT, catalase; PEX11A, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11α; CAMK2G, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II γ.

Discussion

Hox genes, which are also known as homeotic genes or homologous genes, are genes that specifically regulate the morphology of living organisms. HOXA13 is a member of the HOX family. In recent years, the role of HOXA13 in cancer has been widely studied (18,19,21,32,33). There are only two reports on the expression of HOXA13 in LUAD. One of these studies focused on the expression of HOTTIP in NSCLC and identified HOTTIP as a transcriptional regulator of HOXA13 in lung cancer cells (26). Ectopic expression of HOTTIP was revealed to decrease the endogenous level of HOXA13, while HOTTIP knockdown increased the expression of HOXA13. This previous study did not focus on HOXA13 and did not consider the expression or clinical significance of HOXA13 in LUAD (25). Another study examined changes in the copy number of genes in early LUAD and obtained evidence indicating that HOXA13 may be an important target gene in the progression of LUAC (26). However, that study focused on gene amplification patterns and on target genes on the short arm of chromosome 7, and did not use combined case data to investigate changes in HOXA13 expression in LUAD. The present study utilized the LUAD patient sequencing data in the public TCGA database and for the first time revealed that the expression level of HOXA13 in LUAD tissues is significantly higher than that in non-cancerous lung tissues. The results were validated using the Oncomine online database and RT-qPCR data obtained from clinical samples. In order to obtain a comprehensive result, a meta-analysis was performed. The results of this fully demonstrated that HOXA13 has a markedly increased trend in LUAD. The expression data of HOXA13 in 191 different lung cancer cell lines were also collected from the CCLE online database for further verification of these conclusions. In addition, bioinformatics were used to study the mechanism by which HOXA13 promotes malignant biological behavior in LUAD occurrence and development, and revealed that HOXA13 promotes the progression of LUAD by controlling the expression of a series of genes that induce changes in certain important pathways. These results suggested that HOXA13 serves a vital role in the development and progression of LUAD and that HOXA13 may have clinical potential.

The present study integrated data from a variety of sources, and the different detection methods used all suggested that HOXA13 is overexpressed in LUAD. Analysis of the TCGA data revealed that HOXA13 was expressed at a significantly higher level in cancerous tissues than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues. ROC curve analysis was used to demonstrate that a HOXA13 expression level of >1.27 suggested that the diagnosis was LUAD (AUC=0.839; P=0.001). This result indicated that HOXA13 serves a role in the development of LUAD and that it may be a prospective molecular biomarker for the diagnosis of LUAD. Oncomine was also used to validate these results. Among the four sets of data obtained from Oncomine, the expression values of HOXA13 in LUAD tissues were higher than those in normal tissues for the Hou (P=0.058) and Selamat (P=0.002) datasets, and the difference in the Selamat dataset was statistically significant. RT-qPCR was used to examine 29 LUAD tissues and 29 corresponding non-cancerous tissues. Although the expression of HOXA13 in the LUAD tissues tended to be increased, compared with that in the non-cancerous control tissues, the difference was not statistically significant. The reason for this may be that the number of cases analyzed was small. In order to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the clinical role of HOXA13 in LUAD, a meta-analysis was performed based on all cases from the TCGA database, the in-house RT-qPCR data and data from Oncomine, which included 189 non-cancerous lung tissues and 637 LUAD cases. The total SMD reached 0.346 (95% CI, 0.052–0.640). SMD >0 and its 95% CI did not cross the 0 value, which indicated that the expression of HOXA13 in tumor tissues was markedly higher than that in the non-cancerous lung tissues. The pooled sensitivity was 0.64 and the pooled specificity was 0.77. Furthermore, the results of the meta-analyses revealed that the DOR for HOXA13 in LUAD diagnosis was 6.05 and that the AUC was 0.78, indicating the variation in HOXA13 expression between non-cancerous and cancerous lung tissues (34,35). Additionally, in 192 lung cancer cell lines, distinct expression levels of HOXA13 were observed. These results demonstrated that HOXA13 expression is markedly increased in LUAD. Therefore, HOXA13 may be involved in the development of LUAD, but the results of the present study require validation by other independent cohorts and other detection methods.

The aforementioned results suggested that HOXA13 expression is associated with the development of LUAD, but the molecular mechanism of HOXA13 action remains unknown. Therefore, the present study attempted to predict the potential mechanism of HOXA13 action in LUAD using bioinformatics methods. To begin with, 679 genes associated with HOXA13 were identified through the cBioPortal and MEM databases. GO, KEGG and PPI analyses of these genes were conducted. Significant results were adopted according to the P-value provided by DAVID. It was revealed that these genes were most enriched in the cytoplasm, integral component of membrane, plasma membrane and extracellular exosome, which indicated a potential membrane-associated metabolism regulated by these genes. Furthermore, for biological process, these genes were significantly involved in positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, signal transduction and positive regulation of GTPase activity, which contribute to RNA translation and transcription, and may be associated with cell proliferation. As for molecular function, the selected genes were significantly involved in protein binding, transcription factor activity and sequence-specific DNA binding, which exhibited a high tendency toward cellular invasion. Furthermore, in KEGG pathway analysis, the targeted genes were most associated with Pathways in cancer, Proteoglycans in cancer and the cAMP signaling pathway, which indicated that the potential HOXA13 co-expression genes may participate in the development of tumorigenesis in LUAD.

To further determine the role of HOXA13 in the occurrence and development of LUAD, the genes that were most highly enriched in the four KEGG pathways were selected for PPI network analysis. The hub genes obtained from the four PPI networks included eight genes: EGFR, RAC1, ACAA1, CAT, EHHADH, PEX11A, CAMK2G and CAMK2D. EGFR and RAC1 were revealed to be hub genes in PPI analysis of two pathways and are therefore particularly notable as co-expression genes for HOXA13. Among the eight genes, RAC1, EHHADH and PEX11A were significantly correlated with HOXA13, and ACAA1, CAT, CAMK2G, CAMK2D and EGFR were not significantly correlated with HOXA13. The present study further investigated the association between expression of hub genes in normal tissues and LUAD tissues based on the data from the TCGA database, and the results revealed that 4 of the 8 hub genes, RAC1, CAT, EHHADH and PEX11A, exhibited a significant difference in expression of HOXA13 between non-cancerous tissues and LUAD tissues. Additionally, ROC curves of these four hub genes exhibited larger AUCs, with statistically significant differences between non-cancerous tissues and LUAD tissues (P<0.05). Notably, two of these four genes, RAC1 (P<0.0001) and PEX11A (P=0.0426), have a relatively clearer correlation with HOXA13, compared with the others. This demonstrates that RAC1, a G protein, is a signal molecular switch that regulates a variety of cell activities and gene expression. RAC1 is involved in the modulation of phagocytosis, adhesion, cell movement, cell proliferation and axon formation (36–39). RAC1 serves a pivotal role in cancer angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis (40,41). There are ongoing in-depth studies on lung cancer clinical treatment using RAC1 as the target (39,42). The role of PEX11A and its association with cancer has not yet been reported. The results of the bioinformatics analysis in the present study demonstrated that HOXA13 may influence the expression of these hub genes in such a way as to promote the occurrence and development of LUAD. However, this hypothesis requires validation in future in vitro and in vivo experiments.

There are certain limitations to the present study. To begin with, the number of cases used for the investigation of HOXA13 was small and the results require validation in future studies with larger sample sizes. Additionally, the mechanism of HOXA13 was predicted and identification of the specific mechanism will require further in vitro and in vivo validation.

In conclusion, the expression of HOXA13 in patients with LUAD and its potential clinical value were analyzed comprehensively in the present study using data from a variety of sources. Bioinformatics analysis was used to obtain evidence that HOXA13 may promote the occurrence and development of LUAD.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present study was supported by the funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81560469 and 81360327), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi, China (grant no. 2015GXNSFCA139009 and 2017GXNSFAA198016) and the Guangxi University Student Innovative Plan (grant nos. 201710598001 and 201710598080).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

YD and RQH conceived and designed the study. YD, RQH, RZ and BLG performed the experiments. YD and RQH wrote the paper. GC, XHH and YZ made substantial contributions to the design of the current study, acquisition of data, interpretation of data and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics statement and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References