Long non‑coding RNA BRAF‑regulated lncRNA 1 promotes lymph node invasion, metastasis and proliferation, and predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer
- Authors:
- Published online on: April 17, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8513
- Pages: 9543-9552
Abstract
Introduction
Recent data have indicated that breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in females in China in 2015 (1). In the last 2 decades, numerous advances have occurred in BC diagnosis and treatment; however, BC is a highly heterogeneous disease, and can exhibit different responses to existing treatments (2,3). Thus, the molecular characteristics of BC and the progressive mechanisms underlying it require further investigation, which may lead to the elucidation of novel, effective prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein-coding transcripts of >200 nt (4). Evidence indicates that lncRNAs are essential participants in the regulation of protein-coding genes, maintenance of genomic integrity, dosage compensation, genomic imprinting, mRNA processing, and cell differentiation and development (5). The aberrant expression of lncRNAs is associated with multiple diseases, including cancer, immune diseases and neurological disorders (6–10). A number of lncRNAs, including metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) and H19, have been revealed to promote the development of BC (11–14), and a number of lncRNAs have been demonstrated to be potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets of BC (13–18).
BRAF-regulated lncRNA 1 (BANCR) was identified by Flockhart et al (19) in 2012. Activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are present in >70% of melanomas, 90% of which produce the active mutant BRAFV600E protein. BANCR was identified as one of the potentially novel intergenic transcripts on massively parallel cDNA sequencing (RNA-seq) that genetically analyzed matched normal human melanocytes with and without BRAFV600E expression. Further investigations determined that BANCR was a recurrently overexpressed, previously unannotated 693-bp transcript on chromosome 9, with a potential functional role in melanoma cell migration (19). Additionally, BANCR silencing suppressed melanoma cell migration, which could be rescued by the addition of the chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11 to the medium (20). Since its identification, BANCR has been demonstrated to promote the progression and be associated with the poor prognosis of patients with multiple types of cancer, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (21), retinoblastoma (22), lung carcinoma (23), osteosarcoma (24) and gastrointestinal cancer (25); however, the functional role of BANCR in BC has not yet been elucidated.
The present study aimed to verify the potential role of BANCR in BC. To do this, the expression level of BANCR in BC cell lines and clinical samples was detected, and the association between BANCR expression and BC clinicopathological characteristics was statistically analyzed. Additionally, the prognostic value of BANCR expression was investigated. Furthermore, BANCR was overexpressed or silenced in BC cell lines to assess its function in motility and proliferation. In addition, the mechanism underlying BANCR regulating BC metastasis was also evaluated.
Materials and methods
Cell lines and cell culture
All human BC cell lines used in the current study, including non-invasive BC cell lines (MDA-MB-468, MCF7 and HCC1569), invasive BC cell lines (BT549 and MDA-MB-231) and normal human breast epithelial cell line, MCF10A, were obtained from Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). MDA-MB-468, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). HCC1569, BT549 and MCF10A cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The media contained 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin and incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
BC cell (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231) transfection was performed with Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer instructions. The number of cells transfected was indicated where used. Short interfering RNA (shRNA) BANCR silencing vectors (BANCR-shRNA.1 and BANCR-shRNA.2), a non-targeting shRNA (NC), pcDNA3.1-Vector and pcDNA3.1-BANCR were purchased from Genewiz, Inc. (Jiangsu, China). The mass of the plasmids and the shRNAs was 2 µg. After 48 h, the transfected cells were subjected to subsequent experimentations.
Patient samples
BC tissues and paired non-cancerous tissues of 216 patients treated in The Ningbo No. 2 Hospital (Ningbo, China) between May, 2010 and October, 2012 were included in the present study. The following patients were excluded in the present study: i) Patients who received anticancer treatments prior to surgical resection; ii) patients who had ≥2 malignances; and iii) patients who were diagnosed with recurrent BC upon surgery. Final diagnosis was concluded based on pathological results. All breast samples were obtained immediately following surgical resection, then frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in −80°C freezers until RNA was extracted. The clinicopathological information of the patients is presented in Table I. Notably, no patients with Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) (26) stage IV disease were included in the present study due to the patients with stage IV disease all receiving anticancer treatments prior to surgical resection. Follow-up studies were performed in the outpatient clinic in the Ningbo No. 2 Hospital (Ningbo, China), where physical examinations, laboratory analysis and computed tomography were performed if required. The deadline of follow-up studies was December, 2016. Overall survival (OS) time was defined as the time from the date of surgery to mortality or the latest date when censored. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) time was defined as the interval between the date of surgery and recurrence. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ningbo No. 2 Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient, and all specimens were handled according to accepted ethical standards.
 | Table I.Association between BANCR expression and clinicopathological characteristics of BC patients. |
Total RNA extraction and revere transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay
Total RNA was extracted from clinical tissues or BC cell lines using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to manufacturer's protocol. First-strand cDNA was generated with the extracted total RNA using the Reverse Transcription System kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The expression level of the target gene was evaluated by RT-qPCR with the standard SYBR®-Green PCR kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) on the ABI 7500 system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The thermocycling conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 sec, annealing at 50°C for 30 sec and extension at 72°C for 30 sec. Melting curve analysis was used to monitor the specificity of the PCR products and the 2−∆∆Cq method (27) was utilized to evaluate the relative expression level of the target gene. All experiments were performed in triplicate with GAPDH serving as the internal control. The primers used in the present study were: BANCER forward, 5′-ACAGGACTCCATGGCAAACG-3′ and reverse, 5′-ATGAAGAAAGCCTGGTGCAGT-3′; matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) forward, 5′-AAGGATGGCAAGTACGGCTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-CGCTGGTACAGCTCTCATACTT-3′; MMP9 forward, 5′-ACCTCGAACTTTGACAGCGAC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GAGGAATGATCTAAGCCCAGC-3′; MMP14 forward, 5′-CGATGTGGTGTTCCAGACAA-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGGATGCAGAAAGTGATTTC-3′; epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) forward, 5′-CATTGCCACACATACACTCTCTTCT-3′ and reverse, 5′-CGGTTACCGTGATCAAAATCTC-3′; Vimentin forward, 5′-GGAACAGCATGTCCAAATCG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GCACCTGTCTCCGGTACTCA-3′; GAPDH forward, 5′-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GGATCTCGCTCCTGGAAGATG-3′.
Cell proliferation assays
Cell proliferation ability was assessed with MTT and colony-formation assays. In the MTT assay, transfected BC cells and corresponding control cells were seeded in 96-well plates. MTT (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) reagent was added at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, followed by incubation of the plates at 37°C for another 2 h. Subsequently, dimethyl sulfoxide was used to solubilize the crystals. Finally, the absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a Multiskan® Spectrum system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).
For the colony formation assay, transfected cells (1×103 cells per dish) were seeded into a 6-well plate and incubated at 37°C, and the medium containing 10% FBS was replaced every 3 days. After 2 weeks, formed colonies were fixed with pure methanol for 20 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 20 min at room temperature. Images of the visible colonies were captured with a light microscope (×10, magnification) and counted manually.
Cell migration and invasion assays
For the migration assay, cells (2×104) were transfected 24 h prior to being suspended in serum-free medium and then seeded into the upper side of the Transwell chamber (8 µm pore size) (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The lower side of the chamber was filled with medium containing 10% FBS, serving as a chemoattractant. After incubation for 24 h, cells invaded through the membrane were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for another 30 min at room temperature. For quantitative analysis, images of cells adhered to the lower surface were captured with a light microscope (×10) and three random fields were counted. For the invasion assay, Matrigel (BD Biosciences) was pre-coated in the upper chamber of the Transwell chamber and the assay was performed as it was in the migration assay. Three independent experiments were performed for each experiment.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. Statistical comparisons of qualitative data were produced with the χ2 test. Quantitative data was compared by two-tailed Student's t-test or analysis of variance test followed by Dunnett's test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival, and the survival difference was compared using the log-rank test. Survival data were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, and variables with a value of P<0.05 in univariate analysis were further analyzed in subsequent multivariate Cox regression analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Significant BANCR overexpression in BC cell lines and tissues
The expression level of BANCR in BC cell lines was examined via RT-qPCR to investigated its functional role; the results of this analysis demonstrated that BANCR was upregulated in BC cell lines, compared with normal human breast epithelial cell line MCF10A (Fig. 1A). In addition, the BANCR expression level in invasive BC cell lines was significantly higher than that in the noninvasive BC cell lines (Fig. 1A). The expression of BANCR was also assessed in 216 BC and paired non-cancerous tissues, the results of which indicated that BANCR was significantly overexpressed in BC tissues, compared with paired non-cancerous tissues (P<0.01; Fig. 1B). BANCR overexpression in BC cell lines and tissues indicated that it may serve an oncogenic role in BC.
Association between BANCR overexpression and prognosis of patients with BC
The clinical significance of BANCR expression in BC was further identified by analyzing the association between BANCR expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with BC, who were dichotomized for statistical analysis. All of the patients were determined to exhibit either low or high BANCR expression, with the BANCR mean expression level (1.9) serving as the cutoff value. The patients with BANCR level less than 1.9 were classified into the low BANCR expression group. Notably, BANCR overexpression was determined to be significantly associated with a larger tumor size (P=0.008), lymph node metastasis (P<0.001) and advanced TNM stage (P<0.001; Table I). The association between BANCR expression and the prognosis of patients with BC was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. As expected, patients with a high BANCR expression were demonstrated to have a poorer OS rate (P=0.006) and reduced RFS period (P=0.010), compared with patients exhibiting low BANCR. (Fig. 1C and D). Furthermore, univariate analysis indicated that positive lymph node status [hazard ratio (HR)=2.140, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.245–3.650; P=0.005], advanced TNM stage (HR=1.623, 95% CI=1.115–2.361; P=0.011) and high BANCR expression (HR=1.614, 95% CI=1.353–1.989; P<0.001) were three risk factors for patients with BC with a poor OS rate. Additionally, the same three factors were also identified as risk factors of a reduced RFS, positive lymph node status (HR=1.999, 95% CI=1.205–3.317; P=0.007), advanced TNM stage (HR=1.471, 95% CI=1.038–2.085; P=0.030) and high BANCR expression (HR=1.575, 95% CI=1.317–1.883; P<0.001; Tables II and III). However, further analysis of these factors using multivariate analysis, only high BANCR expression was highlighted as an independent risk factor of patients with BC with a poor OS rate (HR=1.585, 95% CI=1.298–1.935; P<0.001) and early recurrence (HR=1.532, 95% CI=1.272–1.844; P<0.001; Tables II and III). These data indicated that BANCR overexpression could promote the clinical progression of BC and predicts poor prognosis of patients with BC.
| Table III.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of recurrence-free survival of patients with breast cancer. |
BANCR promotes BC metastasis and proliferation
Next, the functional role of BANCR was detected in BC cell lines. RNA interference was performed in MDA-MB-231 cells, owing to the relatively high expression level of BANCR; BANCR ectopic overexpression was conducted in MDA-MB-468 cells, owing to the relatively low expression level of BANCR (Fig. 1A). The expression of BANCR in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells was demonstrated to be notably downregulated or upregulated following transfection, respectively (Fig. 2A and B).
The role of BANCR on the proliferation of BC cells was detected using MTT and colony formation assays. The results of the MTT assay indicated that BANCR deficiency in MDA-MB-231 cells notably reduced its proliferation ability (P<0.05; Fig. 2C), while BANCR overexpression in MDA-MB-468 cells promoted the proliferation (P<0.05; Fig. 2D). Similar results were obtained from the colony formation assay (P<0.05; Fig. 2E and F). Migration and invasion assays were performed to analyze the association between BANCR expression levels and the migration and invasion of BC cells. The results demonstrated that BANCR silencing could significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells (P<0.05; Fig. 3A and B). Contrastingly, BANCR overexpression significantly facilitated the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-468 cells (P<0.05; Fig. 3C and D). Notably, as shown in Fig. 3A and B, statistical analysis revealed that BANCR interference left ~50% of invasive cells able to permeate the membrane compared with the NC group, which may have resulted from the involvement of a wide range of molecules in cell biology, including protein-coding genes and microRNAs. lncRNAs function to regulate cell biology. Taken together, these data indicate that BANCR could promote the proliferation and metastasis of BC cells.
BANCR promotes BC metastasis through regulating MMP2/9 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
To investigate the mechanisms underlying the BANCR-dependent promotion of BC metastasis, the expression of invasive markers, including MMP2, MMP9 and MMP14, were quantified by RT-qPCR (Fig. 4). Expression of MMP2/9 were significantly suppressed in BANCR-knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas MDA-MB-468 cells overexpressing BANCR exhibited significantly higher MMP2/9 expression (Fig. 4A, B, F and G). The expression level of MMP14 was relatively stable despite the overexpression or knockdown of BANCR (Fig. 4C and H). EMT is a fundamental process in cancer cell metastasis (28). The expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the mesenchymal marker vimentin was thus analyzed using RT-qPCR. BANCR upregulation increased the expression of vimentin and reduced the expression of E-cadherin. Contrastingly, the vimentin expression level was decreased and E-cadherin expression level was upregulated following BANCR silencing (Fig. 4D, E, I and J).
Discussion
lncRNAs are regarded as pivotal regulators in the development and progression of cancer (8,29). A number of lncRNAs have been revealed as pivotal regulators and associated with clinical outcomes in patients with BC through various regulating pathways (17,30). A number of lncRNAs, including HOTAIR, lncRNA activated by TGF-β, breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4, urothelial cancer-associated 1 and growth arrest specific 5, have been demonstrated to be associated with anticancer drug resistance (31). The lncRNAs 91H (32), lncRNA inhibiting metastasis (33) and eosinophil granule ontogeny transcript (16) have been indicated to promote an aggressive BC phenotype. BC is a highly heterogeneous disease, and lncRNAs also display specific expression patterns in different subtypes of BC (11,34). For example, HOTAIR only provided a prognostic insight in patients with ER-negative BC (34), whereas MALAT1 overexpression was associated with poor RFS in tamoxifen treated patients with ER-positive BC, and may serve as a potential biomarker to predict endocrine treatment sensitivity (11). Each patient's lncRNA expression signature may provide a novel method for individualized anticancer treatments. Several lncRNAs have already been highlighted as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in BC (30). However, the significance of BANCR has not yet been identified.
Upregulation of BANCR has been observed in multiple cancer types, including gastrointestinal cancer (25), lung cancer (35), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (21), papillary thyroid carcinoma (36), endometrial cancer (37), osteosarcoma (24) and retinoblastoma (22). In demonstrating the functional role of BANCR in BC, the present study first observed that BANCR was overexpressed in BC cell lines and clinical tissues. It has been reported that BANCR overexpression accelerates the progression of various cancer types (21,23,24,35–41). The present study determined that high BANCR expression was associated with a larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stages in patients with BC (P<0.05). However, further research is required to investigate the association between BANCR expression and distant metastasis. Additionally, high BANCR expression predicted a poor OS rate (HR=1.585, 95% CI=1.298–1.935; P<0.001) and early recurrence (HR=1.532, 95% CI=1.272–1.844; P<0.001) in patients with BC. BANCR upregulation was also identified as an independent risk factor of poor OS and RFS rates for patients with BC. In vitro assays demonstrated that BANCR could facilitate the migration, invasion and proliferation of BC cells. Mechanistically, the expression of invasive markers, MMP2 and MMP9 was positively associated with BANCR expression. BANCR was also demonstrated to accelerate EMT in BC cells. However, as a limitation of the present study, the aforementioned observations were only obtained in the in vitro setting, meaning that further research is required to verify the association between BANCR and markers of invasion in patient samples. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the oncogenetic role of BANCR in BC and to indicate that BANCR could serve as an effective prognostic marker and therapeutic target in BC.
The detailed mechanisms by which BANCR regulates cancer biology have been investigated in a number of studies (37–39,41–43). BANCR actively functions as a regulator of EMT during non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer metastasis (42,43). The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway has been implicated as the target of BANCR in promoting the proliferation of melanoma and endometrial cancer (37,38). Additionally, Zhang et al (39) revealed that BANCR could promote gastric cancer cell proliferation by regulating nuclear factor-κB1, whereas p21 was indicated to be the target gene of BANCR, affecting the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells (41). Notably, the mechanisms underlying BANCR functioning vary in different cancer types, which requires further study.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that BANCR was overexpressed in BC, and this expression was significantly associated with the clinical progression of BC. Furthermore, high BANCR expression was indicated to be an independent risk factor for patients with BC with poor OS and RFS rates. In addition, the functional role of BANCR promoting BC metastasis and proliferation was demonstrated in BC cells. These observations indicated that BANCR may serve as a promising prognostic marker and therapeutic target in BC.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Authors' contributions
JJ collected the clinical specimens and conducted RT-qPCR, performed in vitro studies and wrote the manuscript. SHS, XJL and LS performed RT-qPCR and statistical analysis. QDG and CL collected the clinical specimens and wrote the manuscript. WZ designed the study.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ningbo No. 2 Hospital.
Consent for publication
Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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