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Introduction

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common histological type of lung cancer. Despite advances in treatment, the 5-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC remains poor, at <15% (1).

Over the past few decades, epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as gefitinib, have been the most widely used targeted therapy to treat patients with lung cancer worldwide and have significantly improved the overall survival rate of lung cancer (2,3). However, some patients develop resistance to gefitinib following an initial period of treatment (4). It has been determined that acquired gefitinib resistance is primarily linked to a T790M mutation, hepatocyte growth factor receptor or insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor gene amplifications or abnormalities of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins (5). Other reasons responsible for the development acquired gefitinib resistance remain unknown; the underlying mechanisms behind what causes this resistance to develop are yet to be elucidated.

Exosomes are small extracellular membrane vesicles 40–100 nm in diameter, which are secreted by a wide range of cells (6). Exosomes contain a substantial amount of RNA and may be transferred from one cell to another, thereby contributing to tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance (7,8). Exosomes from drug-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/DOC) may transfer resistance to sensitive cells (MCF-7/S) (9). In the presence of exosomes extracted from drug-resistant cells (DOC/exo), MCF-7/S developed drug resistance, which did not occur in cells exposed to their own exosomes (S/exo) (9). It has been reported that, following the release of exosomes by NSCLC A549 cells during cisplatin stimulation, the sensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin was decreased; this process may have been mediated by the exchange of microRNAs (miRNA) and mRNAs between exosomes via cell-to-cell communication (10).

To the best of our knowledge, the involvement of exosomes in the development of resistance to gefitinib in lung cancer cells remains unknown. In the present study, the effect of exosomes on the transmission of gefitinib resistance from gefitinib-resistant HCC827 lung cancer cells to their gefitinib-sensitive counterparts was investigated and the potential underlying mechanisms by which this may occur was explored.

Materials and methods

Reagents and cell culture

Gefitinib (Iressa®) was purchased from AstraZeneca plc. (Cambridge, UK). The human NSCLC cell line HCC827, which is sensitive to gefitinib and referred to in the current study as H827S, containing an EGFR exon19 deletion (DelE746-A750) was obtained from the Cell Resource Center of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). A gefitinib-resistant cell line (H827R) was generated in the laboratory and individual H827R-7-1 clones were isolated from single cell clone of parental H827R cells using the method of maximum dose dilution as described previously (11).

Cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) with 10% exosome-depleted fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin and 50 µmol/l β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). All cell cultures were maintained in an incubator containing 5% CO2 at 37°C. The resistant HCC827 cells were passed ≤15 times in the absence of gefitinib to maintain their resistance.

Exosome isolation and confirmation

Exosomes from the supernatants of H827S and H827R-7-1 cells were designated as S/exo and R/exo, respectively. The cell supernatant was centrifuged at 1,000 × g (10 min), 10,000 × g (30 min at 4°C), and 100,000 × g (120 min at 4°C) using a Beckman ultracentrifuge (AvantiJ-30I; Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA). The final pellets were resuspended in ExoQuick-TC exosome precipitation solution (System Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA) overnight at 4°C and were centrifuged at 1,500 × g (30 min at 4°C). The extracted pellets were diluted in 200 µl of PBS and stored at −80°C. Exosomes were observed using a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEOL, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Exosomes were quantified using an enhanced BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China).

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Exosomal RNAs were isolated using a mirVana™ miRNA Isolation kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer's protocol. Total cellular RNA was extracted using TRIzol (Life Sciences; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

The Bulge-Loop™ hsa-miR-21 RT-qPCR primer set and U6 small nuclear (sn)RNA RT-qPCR primer sets (both 100T) were purchased from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). miRNA was stem-loop reverse transcribed using a PrimeScript™ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Takara Bio, Inc., Otsu, Japan). qPCR was performed using a TaqMan™ miRNA assay kit according to the manufacturer's protocol on an ABI 7300 detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). A gene-specific probe mix (miR-21, 000397) was utilized. U6 was used as the internal control. The 2−ΔΔCt method was used to determine the fold change of miR-21 (12).

Experimental groups

To investigate whether R/exo induced gefitinib-resistance in susceptible cells, 6 groups were prepared as follows: Control (H827S without exosome and gefitinib treatment), H827S+gefitinib (H827S incubated with 50 nM gefitinib), H827S+S/exo (H827S pretreated with S/exo for 24 h), H827S+S/exo+gefitinib (H827S pretreated with S/exo for 24 h and incubated with 50 nM gefitinib for a further 48 h), H827S+R/exo (H827S pretreated with R/exo for 24 h), H827S+R/exo+gefitinib (H827S pretreated with R/exo for 24 h and incubated with 50 nM gefitinib for a further 48 h). The viability and apoptotic rates of cells in each group were measured following the aforementioned treatments to assess the effect of R/exo on the cells.

Transfection

The Hsa-miR-21 inhibitor, 5′-UCAACAUCA-GUCUGAUAAGCUA-3′ and the negative control (NC), 5′-CAGUACUUUUG-UGUAGUACAA-3′ small interfering (si)RNAs were obtained from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

The following groups were designed to assess the effect of miR-21 on exosome mediated drug resistance: H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo (H827S transfected with NC siRNA and pretreated with S/exo for 24 h without gefitinib treatment), H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo+gefitinib (H827S transfected with NC siRNA, pretreated with S/exo for 24 h and stimulated with 50 nM gefitinib for a further 48 h), H827S+NC siRNA+R/exo+gefitinib (H827S transfected with NC siRNA, pretreated with R/exo for 24 h and stimulated with 50 nM gefitinib for a further 48 h), H827S+miR-21 siRNA+R/exo+gefitinib (H827S transfected with miR-21 siRNA, pretreated with R/exo for 24 h and stimulated with gefitinib for a further 48 h).

Oligonucleotides (50 nM) were transfected into H827S cells that had reached 70% confluence using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer's protocol. Following 24 h transfection, R/exo or S/exo were added to the corresponding wells. Following another 24 h, cells were exposed to 0 or 50 nM gefitinib for 48 h at 37°C prior to being harvested for cell viability assay and flow cytometry analysis, following the protocols described below.

Cell viability assay

H827S cells were plated into 96-well plates at a density of ~5,000 cells/well. Following 24 h incubation, S/exo or R/exo were added to the cells for 24 h at 37°C. The same volume of PBS without exosomes was added to cells in the control group. Cells were exposed to 0 or 50 nM gefitinib for 48 h at 37°C and cell viability was subsequently assessed using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Sensitivity test

Growth inhibition was measured by CCK-8 assay. Briefly, the cells were plated onto 96-well plates at a density of approximately 5,000 cells per well and exposed to a concentration gradient of gefitinib (0, 10, 50, 100, 500 nM, 1, 5 and 10 mM) for 48 h. This test was carried out to confirm the successful establishment of H827R.

Flow cytometry

H827S cells were seeded and cultured in 6-well plates at a concentration of 1×106 cells/well. H827S cells were incubated with S/exo or R/exo for 24 h and subsequently treated with either 0 or 50 nM gefitinib for a further 48 h at 37°C. The cells were then stained using a fluorescein isothiocyanate Annexin V apoptosis detection kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and BD Accuri C6 Software (version 1.1.264.21; BD Biosciences) was used to discriminate apoptotic cells. At least 10,000 cells were analyzed for each group.

Western blot analysis

Harvested cells were lysed with an ice-cold lysis buffer containing 50 mmol/l Tris-HCl (pH 7.4); 1% NP-40; 150 mmol/l NaCl; 1 mmol/l EDTA; 1 mmol/l phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and complete proteinase inhibitor mixture (one tablet per 10 ml; Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA). Protein content was determined using a DC Protein Assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) and western blot analysis was performed following a previously described protocol (10). Individual immunoblots were probed with antibodies against phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase B (Akt; Ser473; D9E) XP® rabbit mAb (cat. no. 4060S; dilution 1:1,000), Akt (pan; C67E7) rabbit mAb (cat. no. 4691S; dilution 1:1,000; both Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) and β-actin polyclonal antibodies (cat. no. AP0060; dilution 1:2,000; Bioworld Technology, Inc., St. Louis Park, MN, USA) at 4°C overnight and finally with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody (cat no. 7074S; dilution 1:2,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at room temperature for 1 h. Proteins were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence solution (Life Sciences; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software (version 20.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Comparisons between pairs were performed using a Student's t-test and multiple comparisons between the groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by a Student Newman-Keuls test. All experiments were performed three times and the results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Exosomes contribute to gefitinib resistance in NSCLC H827S cells

The inhibitory concentrations for 50% cell death (IC50) values of gefitinib were >10 µM for H827R and 0.05 µM for H827S, thus identifying gefitnib resistance in H827R cells (data not shown). Following exosome isolation from the cell supernatant of H827S and H827R cells, residual vesicles were observed using TEM (Fig. 1A). The diameter of the vesicles was <100 nm, indicating that exosomes were successfully extracted.

Figure 1. Influence of R/exo on the sensitivity of H827S cells to gefitinib. (A) Transmission electron microscopy image of exosomes. (B) Following stimulation with or without 50 nM gefitinib for 48 h, cell viability was determined using a cell counting kit-8 assay. (C) Cells were harvested for flow cytometry analysis and flow cytometry graphs are representative of three separate experiments. (D) The apoptosis rate was determined. **P<0.01 vs. the untreated group; ##P<0.01 vs. the H827S+S/exo+gefitinib group. S/exo, exosomes from H827S sensitive cells; R/exo, exosomes from H827R-7-1 resistant cells; PI, propidium iodide; H827S, gefitinib-susceptible HCC827 lung cancer cells.

Compared with the control group (100%), cell viability was 95.3±1.1, 95.7±4.5, 50.4±1.9, 50.7±2.1 and 67.5±1.8% in the H827S+S/exo, H827S+R/exo, H827S+gefitinib, H827S+S/exo+gefitinib and H827S+R/exo+gefitinib groups, respectively (Fig. 1B). Pretreatment with R/exo significantly increased H827S cell viability following gefitinib stimulation compared with untreated and S/exo treated H827A cells. Cells were analyzed using flow cytometry (Fig. 1C) and the results of the apoptosis assay were similar to those of the CCK-8 assay. The apoptosis rates were 3.2±0.3, 3.7±0.3, 3.6±0.5, 44.3±2.0, 44.8±0.7 and 27.9±1.4% in the H827S, H827S+S/exo, H827S+R/exo, H827S+gefitinib, H827S+S/exo+gefitinib and H827S+R/exo+gefitinib groups, respectively (Fig. 1D). Treatment with R/exo prior to gefitinib exposure significantly decreased the sensitivity of H827S cells to gefitinib compared with the cells pretreated with S/exo. Cell viability and rates of apoptosis did not differ significantly between the H827S and H827S+S/exo groups. These results indicate that exosomes released by H827R cells may decrease the sensitivity of H827S cells to gefitinib, whereas exosomes released by H827S cells have little influence on the sensitivity of H827S cells to gefitinib.

miR-21 expression is increased in R/exo and R/exo-treated H827S cells

miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs 18–25 nucleotides in length; these molecules post-transcriptionally inhibit gene expression by inducing degradation or blocking translation of miR targets (13). miR-21 is overexpressed in several human malignancies and has been implicated in various biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis (14). Evidence has emerged regarding the role of miR-21 in the regulation of drug resistance (15–17) and miR-21 overexpression is associated with the development of gefitinib resistance in NSCLC (18). To determine the involvement of miR-21 in exosome-mediated gefitinib resistance, RT-qPCR was performed to measure the expression of miR-21 in H827 cells. H827S and H827R-7-1 cells were seeded and cultured in 6-well plates for 48 h. Cells then underwent RT-qPCR and the results demonstrated that miR-21 expression was significantly increased in H827R-7-1 cells by 2.46±0.15-fold compared with H827S cells (Fig. 2A).

Figure 2. Expression of miR-21 in experimental groups. mRNA was extracted from (A) H827R-7-1 and H827S cells, (B) R/exo and S/exo and (C) R/exo-treated and S/exo treated cells and analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miR-21 was upregulated by 2.46±0.15-fold in H827R-7-1 cells compared with H827S cells. miR-21 was upregulated by 2.56±0.08-fold in R/exo compared with S/exo. miR-21 was upregulated by 2.28±0.12-fold in R/exo treated H827S cells compared with S/exo treated cells. The fold change in miR-21 levels have been normalized to U6 levels. **P<0.01 vs. the control. mi, micro; S/exo, exosome from H827S sensitive cells; R/exo, exosomes from H827R-7-1 resistant cells; H827R-7-1, gefitinib-resistant HCC827 lung cancer cells; H827S, gefitinib-susceptible HCC827 lung cancer cells.

For exosome isolation, H827S and H827R-7-1 cells were seeded in 15-cm plates for 48 h and exosomes were subsequently obtained. The H827S cells were incubated with either S/exo or R/exo for 24 h. miR-21 expression was significantly increased in the R/exo group by 2.56±0.08-fold compared with the S/exo group (Fig. 2B). In addition, miR-21 expression was significantly increased in R/exo-treated H827S cells by 2.28±0.12-fold compared with H827S cells pretreated with S/exo (Fig. 2C).

miR-21 inhibition attenuates exosome-mediated drug resistance

To elucidate the role of miR-21 in the ability of R/exo to increase cell viability and inhibit cell apoptosis in NSCLC cells, miR-21 expression was inhibited (Fig. 3). H827S cells were transfected with anti-miR-21 or NC siRNA. Following 48 h treatment, miR-21 expression was measured using RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that miR-21 expression was significantly downregulated in cells transfected with the miR-21 siRNA compared with cells transfected with NC siRNA (Fig. 3A).

Figure 3. Effect of miR-21 on exosome-induced gefitinib resistance. (A) H827 cells were prepared for reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis following transient transfection with NC siRNA or miR-21 siRNA. Transfected H827S cells were then treated with S/exo or R/exo for 24 h and gefitinib for a further 48 h. Treated cells were harvested for a (B) cell viability assay and (C) flow cytometry, which was used to determine the (D) apoptosis rate. Significant differences are indicated by different symbols. **P<0.01 vs. 1; ##P<0.01 vs. 2; ΔΔP<0.01 vs. 3. mi, micro; NC, negative control; si, small interfering; S/exo, exosomes from H827S sensitive cells; R/exo, exosomes from H827R-7-1 resistant cells; PI, propidium iodide; H827S, gefitinib-susceptible HCC827 lung cancer cells.

As presented in Fig. 3B, compared to H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo group (100%), cell viability was decreased in H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo+gefitinib group (57.5±1.6%). However, H827S+NC siRNA+R/exo+gefitinib group had elevated cell viability (67.0±1.1%), compared to H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo+gefitinib group. Following miR-21 knockdown, drug resistance was partially reversed; cell viability decreased in H827S cells pretreated with R/exo and stimulated with gefitinib (61.3±0.9%).

The result of apoptosis assay (Fig. 3C and D) was similar with result of CCK-8 experiment. H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo+gefitinib group exhibited greater apoptosis (44.0±0.70%) compared with H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo group (6.1±2.0%). H827S+NC siRNA+R/exo+gefitinib group had a significantly lower apoptosis rate (32.4±1.21%). Transfection of the miR-21 inhibitor sensitized H827S cells that were pretreated with R/exo and underwent stimulation with gefitinib, with an increased apoptosis rate (40.0±1.7%).

Exosomes transmit resistance to gefitinib by activating the Akt signaling pathway

Akt is an important downstream signaling pathway of EGFR and Akt activation is associated with the prognosis of patients with lung cancer (19). To further investigate the underlying mechanism of gefitinib resistance transmitted by R/exo, the expression of p-Akt was measured using western blot analysis (Fig. 4). Gefitinib treatment notably downregulated p-Akt expression in the S/exo treated group compared with the control. However, R/exo pretreatment elevated p-Akt levels and promoted Akt activation compared with the S/exo treated group. However, miR-21 inhibition reduced p-Akt expression and blocked Akt activation in cells pretreated with R/exo.

Figure 4. Expression of Akt and p-Akt in H827S cells. Following 24 h incubation with either NC siRNA or miR-21 siRNA, H827S cells were incubated with either S/exo or R/exo for 24 h and incubated for a further 48 h with gefitinib. Cells were lysed and subjected to western immunoblot analysis with anti-Akt or anti-p-Akt antibodies. Akt, protein kinase B; p-, phosphorylated; NC, negative control; si, small interfering; mi, micro; S/exo, exosome from H827S sensitive cells; R/exo, exosomes from H827R-7-1 resistant cells; H827S, gefitinib-susceptible HCC827 lung cancer cells.

Discussion

Gefitinib is a major chemotherapeutic agent used to treat lung cancer and significantly improves the overall survival rate of patients with cancer that harbor somatic mutations in the EGFR gene (2). However, acquired resistance to gefitinib remains a major problem in cancer treatment and limits treatment efficacy. At present, the underlying mechanisms of acquired resistance to gefitinib are not fully understood.

Exosomes have emerged as important messengers of cellular communication in normal physiological processes and diseases, including liver and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the development and progression of cancer (20,21). In addition, studies have identified a close association between exosomes and drug resistance in various types of cancer, including breast (9,22), ovarian (23) and prostate (24) cancer, which suggests that drug resistance in lung cancer cells may be acquired via exosomes. Cisplatin exposure may increase exosome secretion and the interaction of these secreted exosomes with other cancer cells may increase the resistance of A549 cells to cisplatin (10). Exosomes derived from gefitinib-treated lung cancer cells decreased the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin, whereas exosomes derived from cisplatin-treated lung cancer cells did not significantly alter the antitumor effects of gefitinib (25). These results suggest that the inhibition of exosome secretion may be a helpful strategy to overcome drug resistance. In he present study, cell viability was decreased in the H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo+gefitinib group, indicating the inhibitory effect of gefitinib. The H827S+NC siRNA+R/exo+gefitinib group exhibited elevated cell viability and a decreased apoptosis rate compared to the H827S+NC siRNA+S/exo+gefitinib group, suggesting that gefitinib resistance in lung cancer cells may be acquired via exosomes. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to demonstrate that exosomes from gefitinib-resistant cells confer drug resistance in lung cancer cells, as it was observed that R/exo-treated H827S cells lost their sensitivity to gefitinib.

Exosomes transfer RNAs and proteins to mediate communication among cancer cells and exosome-mediated miRNA transfer may be a novel method of gene transfer among cells (26). Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that miR-21 is frequently overexpressed in various human tumors and in cancer cell lines, and promotes oncogenesis, suggesting that it is an onco-miR (27,28). Additionally, the association between miR-21 and drug resistance has been investigated and high levels of miR-21 were detected in 5-fluorouracil-resistant human pancreatic, cisplatin-resistant ovarian, doxorubicin-resistant breast and cisplatin-resistant neuroblastoma cancer cells (15,29–31). In a previous study, 20 patients with advanced NSCLC with the EGFR 19 deletion were treated with first-line EGFR-TKIs and divided into two groups: A EGFR-TKI-resistant group and a EGFR-TKI-sensitive group (32). The expression of plasma miR-21 was significantly higher in the EGFR-TKI resistant group compared with the EGFR-TKI-sensitive group as determined by a TaqMan low-density array (32). Li et al reported that miR-21 was overexpressed in the EGFR-TKI resistant cell line PC9R compared with the PC9 non-resistant cell line, that miR-21 expression was negatively associated with the expression of PTEN, and that programmed cell death protein 4 was positively associated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway (18). Additionally, the inhibition of miR-21 induced apoptosis in the PC9R cell line and inhibited miR-21, while miR-21 antisense oligo nucleotide (ASO) suppressed tumor growth in nude mice treated with EGFR-TKI (18). Shen et al (33) revealed that high miR-21 expression indicated a poor TKI clinical response and a shorter overall survival rate. miR-21 expression was upregulated in PC-9 gefitinib resistant cells (PC-9/GR) compared with PC-9 cells and miR-21 knockdown markedly restored gefitinib sensitivity in PC-9/GR cells (33). Similar to previous studies, the results of the present investigation revealed that miR-21 expression was elevated in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells. miR-21 expression was increased in exosomes from H827R-7-1 cells and R/exo-stimulated H827S cells. It was considered that miR-21 in H827R-7-1 was released into exosomes and transported into H827S cells via exosomes, thereby changing the sensitivity of H827S cells to gefitinib. Following miR-21 knockdown, drug resistance was partially reversed; cell viability decreased and apoptosis rate increased in H827S cells pretreated with R/exo and stimulated with gefitinib. These results indicate that miR-21 serves a crucial function in gefitinib resistance inferred by exosomes.

Akt is a downstream mediator of PI3K, which serves a central role in tumorigenesis. EGFR-TKIs primarily inhibit the downstream signaling pathway activity of EGFR via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion, as well as inducing apoptosis (34). The suppression of the Akt signaling pathway may preserve gefitinib resistance in NSCLC cell lines (35). It has been demonstrated that miR-21 positively regulates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (18,36,37). miR-21 suppresses tumor cell migration and invasion by reducing PI3K/Akt signaling and reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer (36). miR-21 also modulates the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer by inhibiting autophagy via the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway (37). Furthermore, miR-21 induces Akt phosphorylation and activates the Akt signaling pathway, thereby leading to the acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in the NSCLC cell lines (18). In the present study, p-Akt expression was downregulated by gefitinib treatment and miR-21 silencing in H827S cells, suggesting that miR-21 knockdown may ameliorate the exosome-mediated activation of Akt and increase the sensitivity of H827S cells to gefitinib.

In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that exosomes released by gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells decreased the sensitivity of gefitinib-sensitive cells. The present study indicates that miR-21 is a critical mediator in exosome-induced drug resistance. The inhibition of exosome formation and release may be developed as a novel therapeutic strategy of addressing gefitinib resistance in patients with lung cancer in the future.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by the general program of the Department of Health in Jiangsu province (grant no. H201410), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81402483) and by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (grant no. BK20141016).

References