Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology

  • Authors:
    • Simone de Brot
    • Brian D. Robinson
    • Tim Scase
    • Llorenç Grau‑Roma
    • Eleanor Wilkinson
    • Stephen A. Boorjian
    • David Gardner
    • Nigel P. Mongan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK, Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA, Bridge Pathology Ltd., Bristol, BS7 0BJ, UK, Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
    Copyright: © de Brot et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1641-1649
    |
    Published online on: May 30, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8837
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Despite the recent approval of several novel agents for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC), survival in this setting remains poor. As such, continued investigation into novel therapeutic options remains warranted. Pre‑clinical development of novel treatments requires an animal model that accurately simulates the disease in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dog as an animal model for human UC. A total of 260 cases of spontaneous, untreated canine primary urethral and urinary bladder UC, were epidemiologically and histologically assessed and classified based on the current 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) tumor classification system. Canine data was compared with human data available from scientific literature. The mean age of dogs diagnosed with UC was 10.22 years (range, 4‑15 years), which is equivalent to 60‑70 human years. The results revealed a high association between UC diagnosis with the female sex [odds ratio (OR) 3.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57‑4.79; P<0.001], surgical neutering (OR 4.57; 95% CI 1.87‑11.12; P<0.001) and breed (OR 15.11 for Scottish terriers; 95% CI 8.99‑25.41; P<0.001). Based on the 2016 WHO tumor (T), node and metastasis staging system, the primary tumors were characterized as T1 (38%), T2a (28%), T2b (13%) and T3 (22%). Non‑papillary, flat subgross tumor growth was strongly associated with muscle invasion (OR 31.00; P<0.001). Irrespective of subgross growth pattern, all assessable tumors were invading beyond the basement membrane compatible with infiltrating UC. Conventional, not further classifiable infiltrating UC was the most common type of tumor (90%), followed by UC with divergent, squamous and/or glandular differentiation (6%). Seven out of the 260 (2.8%) cases were classified as non‑urothelial based on their histological morphology. These cases included 5 (2%) squamous cell carcinomas, 1 (0.4%) adenocarcinoma and 1 (0.4%) neuroendocrine tumor. The 2 most striking common features of canine and human UC included high sex predilection and histological tumor appearance. The results support the suitability of the dog as an animal model for UC and confirm that dogs also spontaneously develop rare UC subtypes and bladder tumors, including plasmacytoid UC and neuroendocrine tumor, which are herein described for the first time in a non‑experimental animal species.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D and Bray F: Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 136:E359–E386. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D and Bray F: GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC cancer base no. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France; International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013, Available from:. http://globocan.iarc.fr04 12–2017

3 

John BA and Said N: Insights from animal models of bladder cancer: Recent advances, challenges, and opportunities. Oncotarget. 8:57766–57781. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kobayashi T, Owczarek TB, McKiernan JM and Abate-Shen C: Modelling bladder cancer in mice: Opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer. 15:42–54. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Ding J, Xu D, Pan C, Ye M, Kang J, Bai Q and Qi J: Current animal models of bladder cancer: Awareness of translatability (Review). Exp Ther Med. 8:691–699. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Knapp DW, Glickman NW, Denicola DB, Bonney PL, Lin TL and Glickman LT: Naturally-occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder A relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 5:47–59. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Choy K and Fidel J: Tolerability and tumor response of a novel low-dose palliative radiation therapy protocol in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and urethra. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 57:341–351. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Knapp DW, Ruple-Czerniak A, Ramos-Vara JA, Naughton JF, Fulkerson CM and Honkisz SI: A nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor enhances the activity of vinblastine in a naturally-occurring canine model of invasive urothelial carcinoma. Bladder Cancer. 2:241–250. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Arnold EJ, Childress MO, Fourez LM, Tan KM, Stewart JC, Bonney PL and Knapp DW: Clinical trial of vinblastine in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. J Vet Intern Med. 25:1385–1390. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Abbo AH, Jones DR, Masters AR, Stewart JC, Fourez L and Knapp DW: Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinetics of intravesical mitomycin C in dogs with localized transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. J Vet Intern Med. 24:1124–1130. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Henry CJ, McCaw DL, Turnquist SE, Tyler JW, Bravo L, Sheafor S, Straw RC, Dernell WS, Madewell BR, Jorgensen L, et al: Clinical evaluation of mitoxantrone and piroxicam in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 9:906–911. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Moch H, Humphrey PA, Ulbright TM and Reuter VE: Tumours of the urinary tract. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. 4th edition. IARC; Lyon. pp; pp. 77–pp134. 2016

13 

Humphrey PA, Moch H, Cubilla AL, Ulbright TM and Reuter VE: The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part B: Prostate and bladder tumours. Eur Urol. 70:106–119. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Knapp DW, Ramos-Vara JA, Moore GE, Dhawan D, Bonney PL and Young KE: Urinary bladder cancer in dogs, a naturally occurring model for cancer biology and drug development. ILAR J. 55:100–118. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Valli VE, Norris A, Jacobs RM, Laing E, Withrow S, Macy D, Tomlinson J, McCaw D, Ogilvie GK, Pidgeon G, et al: Pathology of canine bladder and urethral cancer and correlation with tumour progression and survival. J Comp Pathol. 113:113–130. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Patrick DJ, Fitzgerald SD, Sesterhenn IA, Davis CJ and Kiupel M: Classification of canine urinary bladder urothelial tumours based on the World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification. J Comp Pathol. 135:190–199. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Norris AM, Laing EJ, Valli VE, Withrow SJ, Macy DW, Ogilvie GK, Tomlinson J, McCaw D, Pidgeon G and Jacobs RM: Canine bladder and urethral tumors: A retrospective study of 115 cases (1980–1985). J Vet Intern Med. 6:145–153. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Shapiro SG, Raghunath S, Williams C, Motsinger-Reif AA, Cullen JM, Liu T, Albertson D, Ruvolo M, Bergstrom Lucas A, Jin J, et al: Canine urothelial carcinoma: Genomically aberrant and comparatively relevant. Chromosome Res. 23:311–331. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Dhawan D, Paoloni M, Shukradas S, Choudhury DR, Craig BA, Ramos-Vara JA, Hahn N, Bonney PL, Khanna C and Knapp DW: Comparative gene expression analyses identify luminal and basal subtypes of canine invasive urothelial carcinoma that mimic patterns in human invasive bladder cancer. PLoS One. 10:e01366882015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Decker B, Parker HG, Dhawan D, Kwon EM, Karlins E, Davis BW, Ramos-Vara JA, Bonney PL, McNiel EA, Knapp DW and Ostrander EA: Homologous mutation to human BRAF V600E is common in naturally occurring canine bladder cancer-evidence for a relevant model system and urine-based diagnostic test. Mol Cancer Res. 13:993–1002. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Patronek GJ, Waters DJ and Glickman LT: Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: Implications for gerontology research. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 52:B171–B178. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Dietrich K, Demidenko E, Schned A, Zens MS, Heaney J and Karagas MR: Parity, early menopause and the incidence of bladder cancer in women: A case-control study and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 47:592–599. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Prizment AE, Anderson KE, Harlow BL and Folsom AR: Reproductive risk factors for incident bladder cancer: Iowa Women's Health Study. Int J Cancer. 120:1093–1098. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kauffman EC, Robinson BD, Downes M, Marcinkiewicz K, Vourganti S, Scherr DS, Gudas LJ and Mongan NP: Estrogen receptor-β expression and pharmacological targeting in bladder cancer. Oncol Rep. 30:131–138. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Miyamoto H, Yao JL, Chaux A, Zheng Y, Hsu I, Izumi K, Chang C, Messing EM, Netto GJ and Yeh S: Expression of androgen and oestrogen receptors and its prognostic significance in urothelial neoplasm of the urinary bladder. BJU Int. 109:1716–1726. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Tuygun C, Kankaya D, Imamoglu A, Sertcelik A, Zengin K, Oktay M and Sertcelik N: Sex-specific hormone receptors in urothelial carcinomas of the human urinary bladder: A comparative analysis of clinicopathological features and survival outcomes according to receptor expression. Urol Oncol. 29:43–51. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Shen SS, Smith CL, Hsieh JT, Yu J, Kim IY, Jian W, Sonpavde G, Ayala GE, Younes M and Lerner SP: Expression of estrogen receptors-alpha and -beta in bladder cancer cell lines and human bladder tumor tissue. Cancer. 106:2610–2616. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Boorjian S, Ugras S, Mongan NP, Gudas LJ, You X, Tickoo SK and Scherr DS: Androgen receptor expression is inversely correlated with pathologic tumor stage in bladder cancer. Urology. 64:383–388. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Xiao GQ and Rashid H: Bladder neck urothelial carcinoma: A urinary bladder subsite carcinoma with distinct clinicopathology. Int J Surg Pathol. 23:517–523. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Sciarra A, de Matteis A, Mariotti G, Voria G, Lucera R and Di Silverio F: Histopathological aspects of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: Analysis of 20 years experience. Int J Urol. 11:467–475. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Stephenson WT, Holmes FF, Noble MJ and Gerald KB: Analysis of bladder carcinoma by subsite. Cystoscopic location may have prognostic value. Cancer. 66:1630–1635. 1990.

32 

Fulkerson CM and Knapp DW: Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: A review. Vet J. 205:217–225. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Guo A, Liu A and Teng X: The pathology of urinary bladder lesions with an inverted growth pattern. Chin J Cancer Res. 28:107–121. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Amin M: Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: Diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol. 2222. (Suppl 2): S96–S118. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhai QJ, Black J, Ayala AG and Ro JY: Histologic variants of infiltrating urothelial carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 131:1244–1256. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Madeb R and Messing EM: Gender, racial and age differences in bladder cancer incidence and mortality. Urol Oncol. 22:86–92. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yee DS, Ishill NM, Lowrance WT, Herr HW and Elkin EB: Ethnic differences in bladder cancer survival. Urology. 78:544–549. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Lee CT, Dunn RL, Williams C and Underwood W III: Racial disparity in bladder cancer: Trends in tumor presentation at diagnosis. J Urol. 176:927–933. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Hankey BF and Myers MH: Black/white differences in bladder cancer patient survival. J Chronic Dis. 40:65–73. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Tracey E, Watt H, Currow D, Young J and Armstrong B: Investigation of poorer bladder cancer survival in women in NSW, Australia: A data linkage study. BJU Int. 113:437–448. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

McGrath M, Michaud DS and de Vivo I: Hormonal and reproductive factors and the risk of bladder cancer in women. Am J Epidemiol. 163:236–244. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Annan AC, Stevens KA and Osunkoya AO: Urothelial carcinoma involving the ureteral orifice: A clinicopathologic analysis of 93 cases. Hum Pathol. 65:101–106. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Sui W, RoyChoudhury A, Wenske S, Decastro GJ, McKiernan JM and Anderson CB: Outcomes and prognostic factors of primary urethral cancer. Urology. 100:180–186. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Zhou M, Netto GJ and Epstein JI: Uropathology: Elsevier Saunders 1st Edition. 2012, View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Dayyani F, Hoffman K, Eifel P, Guo C, Vikram R, Pagliaro LC and Pettaway C: Management of advanced primary urethral carcinomas. BJU Int. 114:25–31. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Gakis G, Witjes JA, Compérat E, Cowan NC, de Santis M, Lebret T, Ribal MJ and Sherif AM; European Association of Urology: EAU guidelines on primary urethral carcinoma. Eur Urol. 64:823–830. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Svatek RS, Clinton TN, Wilson CA, Kamat AM, Grossman HB, Dinney CP and Shah JB: Intravesical tumor involvement of the trigone is associated with nodal metastasis in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Urology. 84:1147–1151. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Kobayashi S, Fujii Y, Koga F, Yokoyama M, Ishioka J, Matsuoka Y, Numao N, Saito K, Masuda H and Kihara K: Impact of bladder neck involvement on progression in patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A prospective validation study. Urol Oncol. 32:38.e29–e36. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Reis LO, Ferreira F, Almeida M and Ferreira U: Urethral carcinoma: Critical view on contemporary consecutive series. Med Oncol. 28:1405–1410. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Swartz MA, Porter MP, Lin DW and Weiss NS: Incidence of primary urethral carcinoma in the United States. Urology. 68:1164–1168. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Terada T: Inverted variant of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: A report of three cases and a proposal for a new clinicopathologic entity. Int J Clin Ex Pathol. 6:766–770. 2013.

52 

Kern WH: The grade and pathologic stage of bladder cancer. Cancer. 53:1185–1189. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Babjuk M, Burger M, Zigeuner R, Shariat SF, van Rhijn BW, Comperat E, Sylvester RJ, Kaasinen E, Böhle A, Palou Redorta J, et al: EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: Update 2013. Eur Urol. 64:639–653. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Mungan NA, Aben KK, Schoenberg MP, Visser O, Coebergh JW, Witjes JA and Kiemeney LA: Gender differences in stage-adjusted bladder cancer survival. Urology. 55:876–880. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Amin MB and Tickoo SK: Genitourinary diagnostic pathology. IInd Edition. Elsevier; 2016

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
de Brot S, Robinson BD, Scase T, Grau‑Roma L, Wilkinson E, Boorjian SA, Gardner D and Mongan NP: The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology. Oncol Lett 16: 1641-1649, 2018.
APA
de Brot, S., Robinson, B.D., Scase, T., Grau‑Roma, L., Wilkinson, E., Boorjian, S.A. ... Mongan, N.P. (2018). The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology. Oncology Letters, 16, 1641-1649. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8837
MLA
de Brot, S., Robinson, B. D., Scase, T., Grau‑Roma, L., Wilkinson, E., Boorjian, S. A., Gardner, D., Mongan, N. P."The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 1641-1649.
Chicago
de Brot, S., Robinson, B. D., Scase, T., Grau‑Roma, L., Wilkinson, E., Boorjian, S. A., Gardner, D., Mongan, N. P."The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 1641-1649. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8837
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
de Brot S, Robinson BD, Scase T, Grau‑Roma L, Wilkinson E, Boorjian SA, Gardner D and Mongan NP: The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology. Oncol Lett 16: 1641-1649, 2018.
APA
de Brot, S., Robinson, B.D., Scase, T., Grau‑Roma, L., Wilkinson, E., Boorjian, S.A. ... Mongan, N.P. (2018). The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology. Oncology Letters, 16, 1641-1649. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8837
MLA
de Brot, S., Robinson, B. D., Scase, T., Grau‑Roma, L., Wilkinson, E., Boorjian, S. A., Gardner, D., Mongan, N. P."The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 1641-1649.
Chicago
de Brot, S., Robinson, B. D., Scase, T., Grau‑Roma, L., Wilkinson, E., Boorjian, S. A., Gardner, D., Mongan, N. P."The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 1641-1649. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8837
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team